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ݻڴ,Ժصһػ1908
û뵽һŰİ컨壬ϹЦһ¡
ϹҲ֪ԼûǲãǰʱΪùҲͲ˵ˣͶֲ㱻
ҲôúõִȻҲΪϷ籩ûҲֲԼͶˡʱһ˱ľƯںϣΪԼҪͶ̥ȥء
ϹڲҡͷЦʱ򣬲⴫
˵ŵӢ߽һҽͻʿ
ҽһº˵ͷѾûκˣϲ㡣
ϹӿЦһ¡ǰҵǮȴһ롣
ҽ¶һ˿Ц⡣Ӧøлϵ۵ʴȣϣһ˿ɾһ˱Ż˼䡣
ΪòˡϹ뿪Ц
ҪлϵۣȻ֪ԭ˾ʲôģϵ֤һӦȫϹڻԺûб͵ɿͣǱ͵ҽԺҽΡ
ȵ˳Ժҽæ·Ϲ⴩߳ҽԺ
Яľֻ֤ݵ֤ѾһǮܳԷŵϹûȥΧЩȥֻܴӻɵӰ￴ľs
ǮϹΣУΪȫ֪Լԭ˾ʲôģ֪Ժ׼ʲôֻ֪ڲ취ĻǮĶ֧Ųˡ
ЩʲôأǰѧУʦûн̹ڶʮͳ
ûʮͳjngȷ˵ĻǾ19081£ЩҽԺҽͻʿе֪ģڵλþ˵ĵһѡУҲνľɽɽ
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ҸطסȻڳԵ㶫ɡǵǮ⣬ϹѡһеС㲻ùݡ
ȻȫľɽɽǿϹôһ߽վǰ̨İϰ廹һ£ɴûмôߵһˡ
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ЩĶǮϹ⻹ҡҡͷˡץԿףϹлȻ¥ȥ

ӦøЩʲôءڴϣһοİ컨壬Ϲⲻ֪ԼЩʲô
Լһװ˶ĴӣȥĻ׬Ǯɡ
ʵϹܸԼ뵽ĳ·Ҳֻпôһ·ˣȻǰʱȷʵѧ˺ܶĶôѾʦˣο¸ѧûһչá
ʱϹֱһǾͺˣȻ顭
ҪҪȥ˽Ǳ߿ǻ˻ܻһЩɣҲְᷱ˵û⣬Сд˼Щϻ˲Ҹ˰ɣ뵽˵Щڹϻ˶ǱصĿֲһǿԼдļ֡
˵ʱŪģڿɻĩǸٶʮԺġ
ˣһһɣϵǮһʱ䣬ʵû취ĻҲֻܿȱˡ
ϹⲻͣȥϣҵһʵĹҲ֪ǲ겻ȻûһطԸϹ⡭
ѵҲ
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ӴϹȻϰ㲻ѣǱȽˣķº˹ȥ
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ͬǲӢ鷳ҵǼһ¡˵żķָһǰ̨ԱߵһԻ˷򸾡
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ӼķнӹǼǱ͸ֱʣںǶԻ˷򸾽̸˼ʼڵǼǱддʱϹܾøֱЩ˳֣Ƕżķ
ķԲ𣿡
ǵѧʱϹϲõľԲʣΪԲʲֱһÿ춼ҪīˮʹòСĵĻɸֱ¼ķСѧʱΪʦԲʣϹΪʦ͸ֱʳһġ
ԲʣʲôԲʣһԺˮļķЩֵʡ
дĸֱͣ㲻֪Բ𣿡Ϲ۾żķ
ķʼ硣֪˵ʲô߼Ʒû˵Բֶ
ڻûԲʰ޷ֹסϵЦݣڷɿдϹùݡ
ܵϺϹ⳯һ̵ɱȥڻûԲʵĻǿערȻȥ׬Ǯ
ڴ̵ֻ֪иֱʡǦʣȷʵûʲôԲʺϹ⻳ϲЦ»صùݡ
лˣķһ¼ķļҲ˵ΪʲôϹܻԼķ䣬ֻ¼ķǰ̨㶵Ŀ
Ǽһǰ컹ͷɥģôˣҡҡͷķӴһԿˡ

ڶϹһѶŪļķΪڷʵ顣
ķ֧ô˵ʱϹһƳɵԲߵ˼ķǰ
ܼܿªжʮ׳Ҳֱôֵӡ
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ͨĸֱһôãԿɡ˵һֽ˼ķǰ
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дýд˲ٸĸ󣬼ķһľ档
ֱֵڸľǺ׻ֽţʼҲܴÿ춼ҪīˮЩǡǡԲʵǿȻڵԲʻҪīˮģʷڵԲʻ©͵ëЩϹⶼѾˡ
㷢ģķԼҪʶһǰйˡ
ôһҾҪȥערˣѿȫ֧ˣӼķûԲʣϹ߬ȭͷ״
ȷʵܺãҲΪѷˡķȻ֪Ϲ⼸ΪʲôҲԵΪеˡ
ǰ⼸ɰҳˡżǰԼҪҪ˽ȥ֣Ϲ̾˿ʵΪŪ֧ԲǮҲûˣܾ콫ԲȥҪȥ˽֡
뿪ùݺϹ⻨СʱʱԲערȻע־ͽԲʣϾϹƶĴҲ벻ˡϹֻ˼СʱʱǵĴɽɽжټľߵĹ˾ļҵʵۺ
ֻҪԲʵרϹͿԽһļƻڶԲ
ղԲʡֽдĸо޽޷Ȼһй˷ġ
޽ôŵϹЩŵʡ
ɬϵǮȫͶԲϣܾȥĻҪ¶޽ͷˡ
޽ܵȻ©Ϲϵı飬Ϊһ˱Ӧóúõѹһ¼۸񣬲ѾѹԼͷϳʮǼҹ˾Ⱥͬˡ
ˣôõĶǲҪ±ҲҪġҡҡͷ޽ܻǷѹ͵ͷȷʵǸöĻ޷һй˷ġ
ⱾͲҷġϹƲһ졣׼Ǯ
֮ǰѾɽɽмľߵĹ˾ˣרűһֱ϶ġЧ㲻϶Ȼûзϴͷ
ǮȲᣬһһոԴ޽ĿǰˡҪйֱʵȨ𣿡
ȻϹһͷһعʱ򣬿ɲϣҪΪԼĶɷá
ɣԸԪרҲ˵㱣йȨô˵޽Цһ¡֮ǰҲ˽ǹ˾ȻҲһˡ
ԪϹﻻһ£ʱԪ൱ʮԪӣпܻҪٶһЩʱһԪʮ׻ǰ˽⣬൱07670ǮӣԪȷʵˡ
ϹףǰӸļǮܺеҪΪɽɽһǮҪĹ˾ĸһЩҲûּۻֱˬĵǾͳɽˣ
ϹӦˣ޽ֱһݺԼȻǩԼڵݸϹ⡣
ϹϸĲ鿴һ£沢ûʲôԼҲǩԼ֡
ŵʮӣ޽ܵȡԪֽϹ޽һֺ뿪ΪķءĹ˾
ϰ壬ֵ֧Ԫ𣿡һ޽ʮּªԲʣǸʵ
Ȼѵһ𣿡ԼŽչ޽Цһ¡
ʵʷԲԺһξһ֧ÿ֧ļ۸ʮԪ

Ԫǰʱ伸¶޽ͷֶ׽
ȥԸȻҸӰɣùݵķȻȴ̫СˣʱԼҪŪٵĶһСİùݸը˵Ļ
εΣϹʱ򣬽ͻȻһ̶
ȻѾԽһʱˣǰıܷӦʶһߡ
ɣĺǹ˲㱻ײķŭܿϹͻð
ĻƤӣѵ㲻ῴ·𣿡ȻϹһװ˶߿ҪԼ࣬ƺ˾İӻƿڴȻ󲻵ϹӦﳤȥˡ
ܳȵԶ˲ŷӦϹ⳯˾һָ⻹һߣҲûô⣬ϾÿҶа࣬ϹֻԼһ
ȵϹ߽һҿܲĲԷȴԱԹ˿ͿΪɸϳȥʱŷ֣Լôһһ࡭
һֱʱϹע⵽ϵڿԼʱȷʵЩֻȥԼһֱûзѡ
ӰϹЦһ¡˵ʱڣһЩݵѧУȥѧɣȷе˵ݵѧУ
˵Ϲ⻹ҪлԼˣ֮ǰѾӸˣһͷĶ̷ףȻĻΧ˿¾Ͳֹıˡ
ЦϹ⻹ǺܿҵһڳķӣλȻƫƧһЩǿռܴ󣬶ҼǮҲϹصùԼԭķ˵Ȼڵ̵һЩصӺҲס¼ˡ
ļϹһŪһٶƵһһ
ȻȫһЩС⣬Ϲ⻹ǵõһĳƺţһߵŦԼ֪ھɽɽһϹйвٵĵػϹ⣬ҲʹϹĵ£ŪԼһζء
ʱϹѾ˾ʮԪ൱ڶٶ򡢽ԪȻЩǻûа취ȣھɽɽҲǸˡ
ڲپɽɽˣǾɽɽ˻ڵϹŪµķǷܹԽʱȴ֪Ϲһһ¼йˣʱѾԼԴĶȫͿˣҲʱϹ⿴һűֽһŹ𽺵ı׶
19ĩ20ͳʱҵĿٷչ𽺵ӡͬʱҲΪڶ๤ҵƷ˲ϡֳ𽺵̥ϺڲЬƤЬһ˫Ьҳ֮ΪЬȻڴƵ£ǱʱҲճšЩ⣬ƷǲҲ˳ΪһŵĲƷ
ȻҲ˵һĹϵ1908ʱΪʱû˹𽺵ĴڣʹõȫȻģǵڡصԼ𽺵ģڶ޷Ҳעһʱ𽺼۸ĳ߸ߡ
ӵǰ𽺹ƱǴ1908꿪ʼģʱ˵׶гϵ𽺼۸ǳɱҲ¸˿ʼͶ賴𽺵ΪС
Ҳʱ򣬿ʼ𽺹˾ʺ˾ܲȫԶĽϺԱʡЩ˾ϺıֽϿǹ棬˵ʲô𽺾δ´ڻ˺͵ػ˹𽺹ƱټһЩƹ˾̧ɼۣڵʱʮǺ飬ߵʱﵽ˶ʮ߰˱ˮƽ
ȻվʱֻһصĻҽȵ׶صĹбʱ򣬵ʱĻֽͺͺһȱʬ
ʱ͢ĻϺжʧܣҲĩ𽺹Ʊchoʱйʧǧ㣬͢ò·лȻٵѺȥҲĴı·˶
ΪѹĴı·˶¾Ĵѹ飬Ҳɴ壬ʹйĿchoС
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˵ûйƱchoĻôٿ꣬ڴǲòл֧ɳ°ͬ־ѧʱǽѲĳ̵ȫͬ־ǳ°뵱ʱϺ̨˻гѧ̵ȫ˻ͣʹ˻ѾҪɹľжܴɣ»ҪٵȼܵȵɹϢ
ȻЩ¥˸Ҫл°ʮ˱ڡ
ڣϹҪ׶ȥԼĲƲʮ˱ġȻž޶ĲƸعΪ°ͬ־帴Ĵҵשߡ

治վڿֵĴ״ԶĳУڿֿҪӴʱϹӻͳһִϣһԼ׼ÿ͸еܾȡ
һʱ׶ػĽģΪǿҵ׶׶صϼ൱ĳٵһ׶صһ
ֻԲϹڡ
׶ءżʹڶʮһҲǷǳģǳһξ͸ɵһ˵׶¼׹
Ҫ֪ʮͳʱ׶صĴ󲿷˶úȼϵģɴ˲׶صֱ绢Ȼ׶¼мʮŻᷢʹϹ⻹ǲڵжʣʱ׶ؿ׬ǮĻϹǾԲٵĵط
ȻϹΪԼ˵оǲʶ̧٣ֻôõʱ׶صо̺˶жʣ
˿֣ܿϹڸۿڵĲԶҵһҿ㲻ùݡ
йˣrˣϹ߽ùݵϰԾȵʵ
йˡļ£׶صĿϹѾܶмͶԷԶµѾֲˡ
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û⣬ˣй֭𣿡ͳһڵʳ޷ѺϹ̧ͷʵ
ûУȥԱߵ̵ȥ򡣡պǮùݵϰ彫Կ׽Ϲ⡣ȵĵ߸䣬ʲôĻҡ
õġϹ⳯˼ܿת˻ˣһ׶֤
ʵһң
1973ǰν׶ؽһҽǼʮҽͳƣڵõϢϹܾȡΪֻҪܵȥѹƱ˾ͿƨɻڿҪȽ⼸ʮҽȫ˲С
ʮԪ൱ʮӢʱҲǾ޿ˡȻЩǮڹʽϵˮƯûУɲ𽺹Ʊոʱ򣬻һ֤Գܵˡ
˵ڶ죬׶֤ʱĹƱϹԼʧԼɣ
ų׶ı˹֤ϹŷԼȷʵСʱĽڡ
ʮӢ൱ھʮԪʮԪ07Ҿǽҡ
ʱǮĸҶԳƵǸˣǾڸոգų׶֤ȴһССˮƯûҳ
Ȼʵһֻһ˶𣿡װƱ䣬æµĽϹ˵ſĽʺ޵Ļ
ڽ൱ھʮԪӢȫ˸ճ¯𽺹ƱϹֻʣԪԪʱĻѾӽʮԪֻҪһϹҪ̫ݳޣҪǮȥȫûġ
οϹȥһٶȫֱȥģҲһЩרǿպģЩרϹÿ껹յǧԪĺԺ󻹻ԽԽࡣ
ֻǰڸÿԺѾ㹻ˡҵ09ʱľʮԪʹܷʮʮ߰˱Ҳȫûġ
ֻǡ
ˣôиڣ
˵rˣйˣ
й˰ɣrгôߴġ
йˣôûбӣ
ΧĿ⣬Ϲ⽫ƱȫŽ뿪֤
ϹķֱЩĿ⵱ЩӣЩǺ棬ЩǱŶģô
ʹٶĽǮԼĹֻǸȹңԼֻǸ壬ԼķsֻǸȷsôԼҲֻǸȸˡ

źͳ⳵صùݺվǰ̨ùϰϹк
ô˳𣿡۾ֻǮùϰ廹㲻ҲϹĿ˵׶𽺹Ʊģڿʵ
˳˵Ϲ⽫ԼǸƵĿժֻҪžͿˡ
ΪһӢˣΪһ׶صĴе׶ˣùϰһֱϹŸָеЩΪһǮȤˣȤĻǸ𽺹Ʊ
ȥǸ𽺹Ʊ׬ܶǮ𣿡ΪĽĺĳУ׶ؿùǾԲ˵ģֻ淽Щǿˡ˵𽺹Ʊֶ׬ܶǮϰҪҪͷϵǮҲͶȥͬĹһ
ʱгϵֻҪͿ򵽣Ѿǵˣ˵ܲ׬Ǯùϰһ⶯ӣϹֽŵֶֻ棬׬˵ĻҪʱȻ˿ɾ޵Ļᶼûˡ
仰ѾƯڻֽϵǰˣϹ10̵ʱ̩ʿƯŵǰԲȻֽ١
Ϲ˵ЩҲֻΪùϰΪ˲ȻǮִЩ˿ֲԼĿвûӣҵĿ⣩ԲŻô˵ġ
ùϰ岢ûнϹȰȥԽڴˣϹҲֻ̩ʿϵĸʬûϰ塣
ƱѾֻ֣ҪǮͿԣٹҲҪйˣ֮ǰЩҪ

ϹոջصԼķ䣬ùϰѾʼ𽺹Ʊ顣ڵ֪𽺹ƱȷʵʮֻȣҲһЩѾ׬Ǯùϰ彫⽻ĻȻеǮɱ֤
ʱϹڴϣԼ顣
1908ѾҪˣΪΧ˵Եʣй˵ĵλ˽ҲȽǾǲÿ˶й˱ӣĽֻǺ棬ͬʮйͻȻһ˵ĻΧ˶ὫèһΧۡ
˵˽йһȼģҲǾԲܵġʱϹھӴܣĺҲмЦйӣ׶صĿϸ˸һӢ˿͸´ܵjngһΡ
ôһϵʱԶҲܻһĻᡣҾ֮Ҳŵλ𣬾֪̩̹˺ţϹ⻹ǵСʱⲿӰʱ̩̹˺żûʱȵϾͧ׸棬Ȼʵ̩̹˺¼֮ƶĹ򣬶ڵʱȵϾͧһȲպͶȲյĳ˿ֵ֮ͣȲա
ֱӰЩӣڵӰﺢӺͺӵļ˿ȵǴǳһȲյĶͯʮˣֻһˣȲʮˣȴʮֻΪȻǺȴȲյĺӡͬһ֮ˣοһȹҵĸ̣
ԼĹҲܱǿôӵٶĽǮҲֻһȵĸпܻΪĳЩеķҪıһ״Ļֻһ취ǾԼĹұǿ
Ǿ˭йǿɽ쵼ͬ˻᣿Ԭƿصıյ͢ѾֱӱϹӵˣǴԽǰǴԽϹⶼԱʹ˵һӱӵĻãԼԼ˵ˡ
ڵǣɽͬ˻ᣬԬıֻǡ
Լ»ع
ͬ˻߻ӣɽνʺͻĸߣҲгĻsҺͬ˻ﻹҪռܴһ֣ʣµһѳûdlα
Դ۵ɽνʹ뻯ʱйȱȴʵ˲š
ⷽƣ˵ʱй˲кܴһֶԬ£ұͬ˻ҲӵıţԬҪʵյȡĻ
ԬȡҲȥͶڴϣϹһܵȥҪͶ˼ңڳǮ֮⻹ʲôƴ𣿸οԬµѾˣܹȥҲֻǱżķݡ
뵽ϹȻҪԼƱǾʮԪ귭߰˱ûģҲ˵ʱҲиԪ
Ԫ൱ڣһǧԪ𣿡Ϲ̾˿
һǧԪ٣ʵҲȷʵǲ٣Ҫǿǵʱһսн߰ʮԪĻ1911ڴﻪ1913µսн伶һǧһǧʮ򣬸һǧŰԪ
ʱ齨һ֧ʽҪ߰˰Ԫͬʱÿʿʮľ㣬һʦһÿҪһٶȻټƽrĻʳѣҲԲ̵ʱҪηѣrѵʱеҩġ
찡ɱҰɣϹⱧԴѸո滻ùϰĻƸһ
ոոյļ㣬һǧԪʦ齨һʦÿάֵķþҪ򡣻˷ͻе͵ҩģϹѾȥˡ
ȻϹҲŪЩں֮ڳǹûڵһ֣Ļйʲôĸء
֮ǰһҪ׬Ǯİ취ӴվϹȭͷ״ǡñΪһɤӶùݻƸˡ
jng񹥻һİڵȻûΪϹjngùϰǮ˹ƱùݻƽԼһжϰùϰһƨڵϷǳϹĻ
ڶ˴׶صĴƱϹڿɥϰ延뿪ùݡ
Ϲո뿪ùݣùϰͽ⽻ƣȻһɱ֤㽫ĹƱȫȥϵ֤ʱȴ𽺹ƱȻ˲١
ƱȫļƻȻսᣬùϰ廹һЩ𽺵ĹƱʱһŷԭ𽺹ƱѾȫˣҪĻֻܵЩ𽺹˾µĹƱµ𽺹˾ˡ

ͷ󣬿Щǰ˵ȺϹŷԼһƺе̫µˡ
Ҳûа취Ÿյ࣬ͷһֱķŪЩ׬Ǯֵ׶𽺹Ʊʲôʱȥѡ
λ󣬾ͻйȥɡϾйԼ
صϹȥ˽һԼŪЩרôõϢ㲻۵ԶԤڵʱҪãԽ׷ֺʱϹܵõĴŻᳬһԪǰԤڵļǧԪ
˵Ǹʱÿ궼ô룬Ϲ˵ȫùݵ˳ȥһ٣ڡ
һԪԪٸëɪ98Kٸ˺죬ǰ߲һӪһӪһ㡭ȷ˷帴ԸϹԽǮתʽѾʳǹеߵĻӦÿʮͦǵɭʮͦ
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Ķ֮ҾҪйĴƱ˰
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˵ҲᵹùĺҵǰһϺѰɡ֪ΪʲôϹͻȻðôһͷ
ϹĶ٣඼һЩŪʱĹߣʵЩֵǮһЩߵͺӴЩ˻йĻҪйЩĳɱҪߣǵ³ľɻг
ȵھɻгЩԺϹͷֶ˼Ԫ
ԪһǧԪСҲ⣬οЩԪĹ൱ںҡ
ǰйĴƱ󣬿ǵڵľƲǺ̫ƽϹܵǹ֧ǹ̵ϰƼǱʱFN˾ĲM1900ڶͯĻ͵¹ƷƵΣϹ⻹ѡëɪǹҲνĲǹ
ҲǹϺˡڴһٶ෢ӵϰǹϹ⽫֧ǹϡ

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PSƼƱڴллˡµͷ
ڻع֮ǰϹ֪ͨһЩཻ㲻ˣԵ뿪ʱʮͷ϶ԵصĻ塣
Сϰ˵λعҪʵҵ칤ԪȥðɡһŹչɽͷϹ˵ͷ߳һ꣬ԸĽһ佻Ϲ⡣
⣿䣬ϹЩ֪롣
ɽͷϹҲʶջƣƽrЩϣΪȴܲ
һϹ˴ܴӮˣԷ˼ͬ𣬾ͷʮæ
ͷŰɣֻЩϼһһ⡣rŪЩǻ˲ǮǷģҲܸɳʵ˵⣬ϻͷƳһܱۡȱТȥˮƯĺá
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ﰵ˶ԻϵĸмϹ䡣
ʱͷϵǴڸ˻ϺĻ˺Ϲĳ˿һ˿֡
̫ƽ󰡣ϣһεĺ̷˲Ҫ̫ˡһκɴʱһ·ϵķϹԾ˿ͷϹֳ;ڻôһð

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Ϲһ߳Ż֣һߺ˼ʱһͻȻӢʵйˣrˣ
ʱϹѾҪˣͷҲûתȥͲͷĻشйˣʲô𣿡
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ȷ磿ȷѪȷ磿ǰôһѿƵ˾ȻҲ֣Ϲ˷縸ĸе塣
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Ϲ⣬游Ǹסѿ˵֣ϹⱨԼ֡
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ʱѿˣȿȣ˷ҲЩ֡˷ĸѧȻȡǸĸӣ˷ȴûиȡ֣ҲûаȥԼȡġ
ѿôҲ벻ǰ˸󵫻ʱϹ⣬ȻҲû֡
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ͷϣϵ˺ǰеһһֱȵʻ˸ۿڲ뿪

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үүΪʲôҪ͸ǸϵôǮڻȥ·ϣһʮֽ׳˴Ӻ첽ڻϵԲĵ
˴Ӻ첽лϵҲߵЩȻͻϵǸһԻϽǮ͸Ϲܲ졣
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İɣүү˾ûˡȻһɽҲϣԼĶȥʲô˿׻sһȰû취˭лһɽôһӣ˱ĶӶģһ߹ȥˡ֪ͲôӵģȻڴ֮ͥºүүӲҲ֪ʲôͷ
֪׵Щʲô׻ֻǴ˿Ȼ˵ͷ
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ʱڿϵϹ⵱Ȼ֪ΪĹϵŪûƼҷңһʶļһǺ
ʱϹڴ״̬У׼ͷڵҲϡ
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Լһͷ̷Ϲ⣬˷ͻȻЩʲô
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˰ˣʱƱӣΪԺ󲻴𣿡һҧϹ⻹ǽӴԴϣֻǲôúܲһǾ÷ǳŤ࿴һ۶Ը⡣
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֣ûʲôЧӦΪʲôоôأôȣ˻ǻطɡ˲ͷð亹Ϲ⻹ṳ̂ȥʺЩ˫ܰļǡ
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ʮĩʮͳʱ׬ǮģһѻƬϹⲻܸɣҲܸɣһǾϹûǮɣҲɲɣһǷ֯
֯׬ǮҷչҲףϹйûκθԵһĴڹڿһҷ֯
ֻ֯ϾһӾܱģԼھǰĴĻôĩʱܽ֯ѾܲˡϹѯһ»ļǮԼĻҪʱ˵ϺĴͳɶ֮ľϾ֮ȥʵ̫鷳ˡ
ڶһ磬ԹԺϹܵһС
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˵ϹҪ֯ʱ飬֪Ϲֻ׼ʮԪĻһֻʱϵı
ʮԪǺܴڲֿҲһЩҪĻʱԡȸռϹʱҪ䵭Ķˡ
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ְܵԱһ£ǺܿͻشԭǲḺ͵ģǿ԰ܸ͵Ĺ˾ģ乫˾Ѿк꣬Ǻб֤ģҲеµ˼Ǿʲô飬Ҳ⳥ġ
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ڽȫźԺϹܵ˲նƽ̨Ϲۿܵķ羰
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ϧǸʱһѾĴıˣȻĻۼ֤һʱ̡

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ʱ򣬿ָոͣںڵͷϡ

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ȻܵڶͿԵǴҲǲĽˡ
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ȻڽһЩƾҲ֪ģǾǽֹ1910ף˾ɽ1198УzhngfͶֻ23ңͶ245928Լռܹɱ77%˵ܶջϣ·ȫ崨ˣҲǺ·˶Ĵݱһԭ
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˳ŶӽǮ󣬳ŵʿҲѲͷϹȥˡҲǣɶʮˣÿһǵʱҪѲĻһʱҲѲꡣ
ϹǺڳһҷס£ȵڶ۳Ͷ֮Ѱ𽨳ĳַ
֯ҳעһٶרȵƱǮҲԴѡһЩʵרҪռغܴаʱһĶֻҪʮԪͨĵػҪһЩ
ϹڳǶҵһʵĵطǸأҲƽ̹ҪǸһӶΧҲûʲôӡ
ص˳ɶϹŹٸڵ֪Ƭ֮ر㻨ǧԪʮ꣬Ϲ˲ٵĺȥܿͰ˽
ֻҪͿˡеѾԼأϹͻȻµĸоΪͻȻ뵽ԼҪˡ

ǵղغƼƱ
ллˡʮٶ
ҼӰѾʱͷɱ˸ҡվڹϣϹ⳯ŹĹǴĺ
ллϰ塣
ϰ˰
Ϲľܿ͵õ˹ǵһӦΪѾϹɱĵʮͷˣԹɻĹǵҲϹƭǡ
ǮʱܳԹܷĻɱͷϰҰ
ǰ
Թ﹤ǵĸ̾ϹֻЦЦͻͷͼļĻ̸ȥϺ顣
׬Ǯɱͻ˵˼ʽϹڵȻǸˣĿȴǸֻΪôһİˣôʹȴ³ɶҲᱻɶchngqngǱߵĸԼᵳǸȥ
ֻ֮ǻһǮͿԻõķôֻܶĸһЧҲֵõģʱõʿʹǹٸҲ׶ãĩδ֮ǰ˵кܴĺô
ȳԺȥһϺǰѻͿԿˡ˵ֶ⼸ƵǼйסֻ¼ȡʶֵģʶֵĲҪ𣿡һȴϹЩ뵱Ȼˡ
ϰ塭һЩΪѡŮʶֵĺ٣ʶֻľ͸ˣǲܸһģ
ϹһţʱŮxngٵĿɣʶֵŮÿ¾ſ󣬲ʶֵÿ飬ôпеٰɡ
ˡƵһͷȻеߣȻǮϰģôϰԸⶩȻǶ٣Ҳûйϵ
Ϲĵͷͨʱ򣬸ЩŮÿrĹҲһǶѣһǮδ׬õŮ˶飬ҸôߵĹҲɡĹֻ¾ˮƽһ㣬ſĹ¾Ҫ߳һϹҲвˡ
ˡϹתͷƵȥϵһ޻ĹӦ̣׼ãǴϺͰ޻͹
᲻̫˵㣿ŻûĹЩɡ
ûϵܱȵʱĺá
ˡڹҲĲ࣬ҲѾǰµģҲϹ

һԺһ䳧ҲˡϹǲɢ˴󲿷ֵĹ˺ֻʮʶֶ彡׳Ṥˣÿÿǵ
Ȼ¾ʿһ㣬¾ʿһÿcoҲûʲôΣգʮ˾ô
ǵҲܼ򵥣ǿĿǰһĹҪ˰ѴźʹʲôĸͿˣʣµĵȵϹϺ˵
˵ڶ죬һȫ׼׵ԺϹƺǹıӳɶchngqngchngqngͷ˿ֵĴƱˮ·ǰ人
chngqngͷʱϹĵһ˸طúõһӡ
ʱϹԼǺʹԵԽʱΪѣԭ˹ҵˣͣºΪ׬Ǯ˿ֺɴû˹ƱҪںһδ֮ҪӾɽɽ̫ƽصй
صйΪûҺЩ˫ܰļ̸ûҪ人Ȼڴ人chngqng
ˣˣˣԼҪchngqngΪʼһǧﳤ
ϰ¸ͣƺڵıһΪϰʲôȴ֪ϰֻǶѡ
ǴԺƺͷ羰ϹڴţԷ羰ֶϹһȤûС
ô죬ֲŵִ人
Ǻǰһɽ˺ȻǰŸո뿪人Ϲ⻹Ƿĸп
人ȥϺĴƱ֪ڶдϹĸ˵궩˷䣬һ¡
˵ڶʱϹĸ˳˵㶫󣬾͵ǰϺĿ֡ڵϿֵʱϹⷢҿƺԼϺ人ʱһҡ
ɰϹվ̾ŵʱȴ֪ʱڳĿʵôңԾɸҲûʲô
εĿֱȴchngqng人Ŀ**Ϲⶩ˼䣬һǸλҲϾϴŹĲƲòСһЩ
Ȼº٣ˮʲôĸٵĿϱŵ֧ǹҲǳصģСһЩ޴󰭵ġ
ʵҲ֤Сȷʵûд
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ǵղغƼƱллˡʮ½ϣһ
һˮˣⱲ޵ľǸĸûֺ֮һС֣ΪͿԺżҹˡȻż֪ԼֺСֻһԺſʼ׷ġ
׷żˮϡú·Ժһֱûɹʲô£ƽʱҲǽһЩС̴洬ˣΪһֻںӿ͸֮Ҵûʲô󰸣ԵصĹٸҲûǵʲô¡
Ҳܴڽٵ̴洬ʱֻҪ;˴ϵˣûʲôҲһ֮ġ
һصĹٸ͸ǵˣͷҵﻹȥЩСˮˡ
ֻǽ죬һֻǻᴵͷ죬첻֪ԴʲôҩȻҪȥٽ֡
֣ǿǽ֣ǧֵĽ֣ƽrٵС洬ҾЩʶֵĴϴҲףƽrЩ洬̴ٸǲǵģҪǶ˽ֵĻ
ͷɲÿ˶˹˾ģ̨ʹҲȨƵˣںϻڽߵģϼᱸһЩǹ֧һǧҵĽǹ˻Ƕ࡭
ɵsЦһ¡
ǰĻʮҲȥٽϵִ˭ǰʱڶķһǮأķĺ̨൱󣬱Ҳжʮǹ˼һȾëȲϡοǶʮǹ󲿷ֶǹ컹ʮһǶֵġ
ǴƱ֮󣬽ǷķǮ˾͸Ͻ·Ҳ֪Щܰ촬˹˾˺̨Щʲô˼ҵĴǾ
Ȼ˵ĻǺƯģʲôһҵ֮ġ
ΪµĶʮ˶ԴģȻٽЩɣûʲô顣
Ҳ֪Լµ˶ЩʲôsֻǽĿתԼµһСͷĿ
һʮĽ׳꣬ǹǹõġ
СԭǸɽԻһδԵʱشΣҲ֪ǲ漣ֵԵʣԭ˶ǰҲգ۵߾Ȼ͸ոսٻĲһɽկֶһĹ¡
ֻͺи˳ȴһȻһҪȴôġȻûñȵģӶȲϣ
֮ԶģΪͶ뵽ºΪáǹãΪԺܿм˸ߵˮ˼һС壬ȻһҪߵľ֮߶ȴԽԽ¼ˡ
ϴĻһϣԼĹɵȵ³ֺȴֿʼ»ƷԼ
ô˵ǸСߵˮ˼սǿģһȴǰڶû˻ɵġ
ξͿˡѾһƱ·ļ
İɣͷ졣֪ЩһͷȻʹ׼ȥˡ
߶ϵľϹǳĿ֣Ӣ͹˾˲֡
1000ֵˮ߰ٶλҲ֪ǲǳıӵȻҴҴ⡭
ȵеȫɢȥȥ׼Ժƽʱʹõĺ
Ѿûлͷ·βѪǲˡ

ҹ+һһ𡰴ꡱϹ⣬ͺʹˮֺͳ˿һ֪˿һֻжʮ˵СˮŻｫĿ׼ǣԭjngˮҲ
¹ش󣬹ٸӢͽһһ飬Ծ߹ģˮȫֻʣ㻹СС֡㣬˵ٸӢ˶мȥᣬȴ֪еʱҲܸɴµģ߾һȫĴ¡
ڵ֪˲ֵĳʱ߱Ѿ¶˰ߡ
ҹ֮˲ֽ˺٣ʹʲôͻҲиתϾǳ̫ƽʹ󣬷ʲôĻתز󡣿Ǵȴ֪һεͻˮˣ˲ֵʱٱֻʮ๫һٸǸṩ˷㡣
ע⵽ĿѾֺߺһŴӭȥȻס˿ֵĻԼС֡Ǵû쳣һֱڸjngˮ־ȻûзȻλϴ
˿ߴȥű㳯Žŵķ첽ܹȥȽŸס
Ҳ֪Ϲǲת˲ˣ˴齫ֻҪǶǮľûһΣŵ亦ÿϹ56ˣһƵĹƣôȥĻȵϺ˵µĹʣܲϹѾܲˡ
ڻƺͱѾЩsʱͻȻ巢ˡһ졣
ϹҲ⣬˲ڳҲָĴˣһײײģղŵǺܴ󣬻ֻײƮľ洬ʲôİɡ
ʵոϹǰڻϵСͿײϵ˶ϹһΪײʲôƮĶȻø
һǹ컮棬Ϲ֪ûôˡ
ϹóǹӸһһѺԼѣȻֽһӸһͷȽϴĻơ
ǼҺ棬ǳȥϹ֪ĳʲô£Ǳ˸ڴǵԾ³ȥʱϹȻûʲô·ֱ
һӵϹıӷ˹ȥһҽУϹ⵹˻˴
ϰ壬ϰ壬û°ɣæӵȥ
û¡Ϲվӡոҽвҵġ
ոӵűӷɹĸоϹһʱȻ̽ȥոӵɹĵطǹһֱִһҽϹûŪǹ˵ݡ
ϣҪˮֻͨĳ˿ͣȻĻҲֻаǹˮװ޹ˡôţϹ̽ͷ뿴ûʲôˡ
ʱյĳ˿ҲǹͲҽֻϴǹĳ˿ͱϾԼÿ˿Ͷ˴ﲻȾȻһҲûС
֣Ӧˮ˵Ĵɡ
һڿϹ߳ȥûºҲ˳ŵƹǹڵϵʬЩɵĵ
ǸˮˣϹָһߵʬڿˮϵ·Ѿȷˡ
ȻԼողûɱ޹˸ең뵽ϾȻˮˣϹֲĸо
Ǽߣȵȫĵطȥ˵Ϲܵˮ˵ʬԡ죿ʬǹϹ⽫ӸһûǹĻơ
죬Ұʬӽȥ˺ʬӽ󣬷һͬڵϵˮֲܣŴβķȥ
ʱ򣬴ִǹͲҽм˱ǹɱˡ
һ£еĳ˿Ͷ֪ϳˡ
ʱѾ˽źͿϵĵ籨ûֻʱҴѾܵǵĿơ

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ллˡʮ½ϣ
ߴźĵһ¾һǹн֪ʲôĴſ£ˮ򽫽ˮǿ½ȥĴԺʾ¿ö֣һ¿ƺôϵĵ籨
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ܼǹ棬Щ඼ǲԵˮ˳żĲҽЩˮǵ˲ô
ͷ죬ҪҪȥѳ˿Ǹϵһ𣿡ʵ
ãסȫֿϽĴգȻǵĲȫѳЩͷȲյĳ˿ͣǮġծƷѾֻǮˡ
ס˵ͷԼļ˳ȥ
Ǽǿˣȥû©֮㣬Ȼڽ˿ȫһ𡣡뿪˽Ժ߶ſضֺ͵籨µ
֪ˡ
ʱϹѾ˴βңβʱûˮڡ
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ᡣͬʱͷ
ǾͺãʵڿסͶҲУ֮ǰɵǵˣǾÿס˵ϹóʮӵŲǹĻơӵʮʡŵùˡ
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ǣϹ⿴һڡҴȥǲ°ɣ
¡ͬʱҡҡͷ˼ҵıڣ˼ҵĹǮʱ˵Ҳûʲô壬ǶԼǹǺŵġ
Ǹȥǰˮ˵٣ǾͰȫɹ⣬˶ĻǾͲܲܵϹѹû֮ģΪӾ
׼ĺѼӣڵʲôҲ£ˮ
ȿȣΪʲôԽʱ㱻ԵʣֱӵˮӾǺñסһľͷѾʼڶδԽˡ
ڣϹ˶ƽ̨ʱƽ̨Ѿûһˡ
һ£˵ǹڶ׼¥ݺϹ˵
šҲŽǹڶ׼¥ݿڡ
ȻЩˮѾ֪ƽ̨һˣҲû鿴һ£ֻǽĳ˿һĸϽڶЩռȽϴķ
żǹͲҽһЩ˿ҪˮϵǹȻǶʧˡ
ôŹʮӣˮ㽫˿ͺͲдˮȫе漸ȽϴĴ;иڷģȫǵС
мǵһμѪȽ˷ܣڽɱԺ󣬾Ȼ뽫ԱЩҲȫɱ⣬ԱŵĻ֪Ҫˡ
ЩŵˮҲΪģˮ𣬾ߵûɱˣٵҲǻѪģֻ֮ɱ˻᳹׼ŭٸʱҶ첻ȥˡ
һֱʱЩǶ֪ǵϴѹûȥǴһƱ˶ķǮȻֱ·
ʱȽϻңԻûˮ˷˱ϹɵǸ㷢ҲνϾЩֻһֻٹ洬С̴ˮˣȻͻȻϮϮĹлм˱ˮָɵˣԾ㷢ҲֻᵱǱˮָɵˡ
һſƽ̨ϣϹЩˮ˵
ԺϹ⽫ȷΪʮˣȻҲųλûˮ˵ĴڣӦò̫ࡣ
ϰ壬ڸô죿һЩŵʵ
˵ŵʮĲǹǶʮŵҲջȥͻϮʣЩˮ˵ķҲǺùġ
Ϲÿ󷢸ǣɾͱ¾ʿôһ㣬ڵְΪӦõģЩûǷǮƾʲôΪƴ
ʱˮѾȫĳ˿ͶϽʮĴյȫŪԺֻţʣµȫ׼չβ
ţûʲôᣬеĻͳȥЩˮ˸ɵûеĻϹЦһ¡ǾͿܲﰲȵĴһҹɡ
˵Ϲڵ¥ݿغˣֻҪͿǹ￴ţʲôͽǡ
ţ֪ˡڵһͷٴܵ¥ݿǱߣǹڶ׼
һһȻڱϽһյĳ˿ͣϹ̾˿ԲҲֻȹԼˡ
ôڼװſʮӣϹΪһҹҪﴵʱͻȻһsoűһС
ڸոգֵһװٸԭվһԿµɵۣŶ˵ҪٸһŵĴȥ
ʱֻҪǳ۾ľ֪ҪʲôһԵˮֻЦĿţڴĳ˿ͺˮȴǸŭԡ
ٸҪקյʱͻȻһƺٸӵкҪߴٸ߸ϿֻСȭͷߴȶûʸֻǴ¾ͱһ߿ײ˻ϡ
ɽٸһҪȥȴһץס
ֻҪҽգұŹӣȻĻ߳һʾһ£ԭЦŵ˹˱ߵĺҪӽ
ȻĻҾͰĺӽι㡣˵ţynЦٸȫ
װٸһ˿͹ŷģǳȣԷκһʱ׼ҪǰƤʹҹҲһ⡣Ψһϧľɢŵͷ覲褡
ԭڴź˯ٸǹʱ;ЩԾǹȷʵǳˣԼж˷һӦǽͷŪɢŪúҽŪࣨϧûУȻŪһ·Լ˷ĸס
ϧһȫ֮ǰߵѾѵǵĴա
ٸźӵͷȺûжȥ
ۼٸҪ߸קˣʱոѲֵ˹סͷ죬ôǲǡ˵Ѿˮһ࣬ҸոҲǹɱ˼ˣĳЩǸԼƶһЩߡ
ι磬ʲôõġԱһ޴Сվ˳˵ŻynЦò뵱һɡ
ΧˮȫЦ
ͷ죬˿ɲҪǰ
ǰôƯɱֵһܰ
ΪЩҲЦİɣ߿ɲֻԼܵˣ˾Ҳһ˵һٴΰٸק
ֻק£ٴߵǰ
ͷ죬˵ǲɱ˵Ϊ˽ٴѾɱˣôܸء
ΧǵЦҲͣʵҲûߣǸСӲŻվԭΪһͻ侲һ㣬û뵽Ȼվ˳
Բı飬ǸСԱ߿˿Ų󣬿һĻԭͲ߸ǻ˵һƱԺҪԶ߸߷ˣⲢͲµ˺Կ
ǡʱٸĺҧסץˮ˵󣬵ˮ˲ҽɿʱкٴγ
ܳΪЩcoһԵĺ죬ǹкݺݵСԴȥ

ǵղغƼƱ
ллˡʮ½ϣ꣩
⡭ֲһ·ɽϵİsҺsͬsһ
ٸߵ˵ﱧסкʬ壬ڸ߽һкֺ赹˹ȥ
ȻҲû뵽ԼһȥôǹİsԽȫ֪ӦʲôӦ
쵰ôСĺӶŹ㻹𣡡ʱ򣬱ŭһץסߵ죬ҡ
һѾеǸˣһ
ħ
ʹڴʱҲûҪߣֻǿߵĿε뿪ˮ˼Ŷѡ
Ȼ߿ڵٶȴǶԼļð
**췴coָ
߽ǹָһֱļѾcoǹָߡžͺӦһˮҲǹָ⼸ˣ⼸ָ˻ȥ
ֻתۼ䣬ոտ˲ֵˮ˼žڧľ档
ãܺáǰľֱð̣Զ׼Լǹȴ
19ˣǴʱˮ۳ߺԺ17ˡ
175ˣʣµ12ߵġ
125ȥⷽռƣǴϵĿռСûжأ˫Ѿ׼˶ԷԾԼǹɱԷͬʱҲʧأԼصǻĲ
ԾҪж˿ˣ˿ҲֻһĽš
ȻҪɵ˵ϾԼľˣȻ࣬ȴûҪߡ
Ƿǹʱȴһǹ졭

ڷ19ˣȫˮڶʮϺϹѾƽ̨洵һҹ׼ȻҲʱ벻鷢ˡ
ڧߵִϹﰵ
ǺģΪԼԭ͵ߣΪЩԺԼͷŸɣҲΪϹ⿴˻ᡣ
ϹĽһ¥ݵıڡ
Ҳʱ򣬳һǹɱкһĻץסߵ죬ʮˮ˻ǹָŶԷϹһۻҵĸо
ȵҲſԺϹҿǹԺǱߵļˣҴһߵļˣסǸ˲Ҫ򡣡Ϲеĺָľ
֪ˡڵһͷ
ǾҪµļ˽ǹʱϹǹˡ
žǹһλ棬ýĳһ֡
·ǹǹ֪²Ҳܸոյǹ쾿˭ŪľԱһһxngԭؿڵӵֻļ
ܳһ߸ڲһǹҪױ㱻˸һǹ
һǹȻѾ˰Ϲģϵ¾ô룬˵ϹǹôҪڴ׼Ǿǰ˽ˡ
ʱˮѾսһţûע⵽ԼһѾˣмע⵽Ҳ˼
һ棬һˣߵˣһȡ
һֻʣˣʣ¾Ÿˡ
13ǰߵĲൽֵزʹǹҲпߵĹӣӦðɣȻߵΪʤȯգһԽʣµ쵰ɵʱӵͬجһˡ
һߵܼǹ󣬵һӦϻбڣӦҲˣϧҳ⼸ǹ֮ǰѾԶĸ硣
Ƭ̺󣬳Ǹȥٸ⣬Ⱦֻʣһˡ
ϵ˿ڣҧŴβķȥ
ʱϹѾȥıӰһڸ뿪ǹ㱻Ϲ
Ȱѱڴĳ˿Ͷųȥ׷Ǹˡ˵ϹֵСĵ㣬λÿܻ©֮㡣
ϰ壡һںһϹֻǰ˰֡
ϹıӰһ̾˿
ˣǻȽ˿ͶųɣǸˮûǹҼһǹκβϰġһҡҡͷһڵ˵һԵĴնĳ˿ͺǵģ
µĴ˱סĴգ汻סĳ˿ȫ˳
ʱϹ׷ųβܵ
ܳһﲻǹôܵô죡ϹһһﰵҲ֪ˮǳʲôģһǹȻܵĻ졣
ðɣʵϿΪϹլеˣԲŻˣô˵ϹԽ׷ԽԶʮ׵ľ۳žҪûˡ
ˣԭǴСܵڿǲҷˡۿѾ˿ľ룬ϹŻ˽ŲץסȻڷŵСӼסԼĶ飬
֪һտʼʹأϹ߷ߵĵڵȻҲԴ򣬲ƾֻܴˡ
ǰŵҲ죬֪ΪʲôǸ׷ԼļһﲻǹܲǳķԼܰɣ
ڲϹŻ˽Ų󣬿ŽߵĴβҲ
ȻҪܵβĹսʱһ֧ǹͻȻյǰ
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ϹĿҪˮʱǼʦѾ˹
ϣһָӵʱǳ䵱һ·𣿡ͷʦڵ
⼸ʦǲæҵıȽϾҵһ֣ʦһٵĥ󹤣ֻԵҲһЩȱ㣬˵ĵȷ档
ȻҲʲôᣬǡ𣿡֮ǻǻ˵ģҲ˶ѡ
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ʯͷԼĽŰ˵طϻôһЩ˵Ļôĩʱzhngfϲ㣬Ѿǳ׵ͷˡ
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ϹףˮĴǻֻϧ˵ĴйĻ
ϹҲҪҳµ·ʱйҵľްǺӱɽҳ40000֣޴ӱȽϡ
ҳϵķݶǿŴ˴ģ⾺ĻϹζֱӷ뷨
ڷҳ뷨Ϲζȫעе˷֯ϡ֯ǷǳÿٿԸϹһԪ֮£ҳÿ¿۳˸ֳɱֻ߰˰Ԫѣʵٵÿ
гĲͬҲ;׬ǮȵĲͬ

ڵĸķϣղغƱƱʮ׶
ڶһҳ󣬻˾Ҳʵࡣ
Ϲϰ˴ϰ壬ζҲܾ
Ȼ˸ܾôȻҪζעȫ˱֯ϣͲԸɢһ˿ҳϹȻܹעҳҳҲȷʵʲôá
ǺǸĻƾͱΪҳľˡ
Ȼʱҳͷ֯һȾͺ乬һǾͻƾĸĸͻһĿȻģڵ֪ԼΪҳľϲ̵ȥˡ
Ȼ
ϰ壬ôǮϹ˵ԼĩʱٿԪҲһǧϵʽζһץסϹļ
һǧԪǸĿܺܶ˶˽⣬Ͼʱ齨һʦҪ߰˰򣬶άһʦķ
˵1912ʱȫǼǵĹʱܶ5500ԪĻ¾ÿ˶Կˣʱ1909ĩȫʱܶ»ﲻǧԪ
仰˵Ϲ⽫ǮȫͶ뵽ʵҵϵĻôһ˾Ϳռȫʱܶһ룬˵ǰ곬5500Ŀ
ζֺϹЦһ¡Ҳòôɡ
ôܲһǧȫͶʵҵϵĻ
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ȷʵζͷƽһ¼顣ǿȽ֯һʱԪĳ͹ȻϰŵĲװֽʲôҲͶԽˡ˵ζƳϹһۡʱʱҪʮ򣬻Ǹˮ೧ҲԲ
ǡϹЦŵ˵ͷɲҵԼĹܼҡ
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Ȼ˵ڶʱֻҪгᱥǾͿԽһ·ĻҲٽļʡҡζﲻͣĳﻮʱϹȴ̾˿
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⻰ζһ¡ϰ壬һѾܲˡ
1917꣬ĴɴӯҲ76⻹Ǹ˵һսЭԼڸʵĺʱһȷʵˡ
1913ǰȫʱһҵҲ17ңϹһͿ׬һҵǮǽЩǮͶ뵽桭
һ֧ҪʮԪһǧ߾żⵯҪһԪһʦһÿһ֧Ҫһʮ򣬻߻ǹÿҪ䱸һЩɣ150ھϵҲ˵ͨҲһӪɣ
rĻʳͱԼƽʱѵĵĵҩģһһԪˮн
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Ѿ1909꣬ĩҲ£ʣʱ屬ʱ֮ǰϹ⻹ҪǮ

£Ҳ190911µʱڽ˾ζϹchngqngִϺϺ˴ǰ׶ء
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ھһ൱ĺ̺Ϲڵִ׶صĸۿڡ
ʱ׶ؾͺϹһȻһӣֻ
𣿸о׶صȥʱŨһЩˡվִ׵ļװϣŸۿŨϹѾԴ
ϰ壬׶𣿺ôϹȥԶӢûʲôģ׶صĴЩȣϾ׶صôĻǺټġ
û׶ˡ˵Ϲ⽫׼õĿִϣȻֽļַָǡҲϽϡ
ȻЩǻԴ˿֡
׶ʱ򾡿ܵĴϿ֣ҪժǶϺϹѵ
Ϊʲôϰ塣Щˡ
ǰĴ𣿡Ϲָһ½׶ض˵Ĵ
ǵ˵ͷʾˡ
ǵǹ̴ųô
ȻǵáǶǹıô̴ܿ
ǹһ׶صвҲǹųģˡ
Ϲ˵ģ̴ж仰ǽĸʵˡ

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뿪ۿںϹ˳һǰסùȥ
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㣿㲻ǣڹùϰ忴Ϲָ˵
㻹ǵңϹЩȣڰ˳öһϹ⻹ǺģôҲû뵽һùϰȻǵԼ
Ȼǵ㡣ùϰЦЦһǰsҪࡣôߴĻ׶ǺټģһǰҪȥ𽺹ƱһҪлء
׬ˣ
ϰĻشҲֻ֡ܶ࣡
ԴһǰͷϵǮȫ𽺹ƱǮѾ˺üˡùϰҲһϰߣ糿ʱȵ׶ص֤ȥһ
ˣ˶ǺһİɣڿϹ˺ùϰ̧ͷʵ
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һҰɣҲпܻǰ¡ƱƱϹҲ֪Ҫ೤ʱܽĹƱȫȥϾЩƱѾʮԪˡ
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Ȼ˵ùϰóԿסˣ׶ʲô飿Ϲ¹ڳһ˵ˣùϰЩʵ
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׶ص𽺹ƱͬϺ1908꣬1909ĩﵽ˸߷壬ڶ1910chn졣
޿ǵʱҲ19106𽺹Ʊĭѵʱ򣬹Ͷʢ˥׶𽺹Ʊ鱩
ԵڣҲ1909ĩʱ׶ص𽺹ƱǷѾǹȥôˣҪڷһصǮϺϺ𽺹Ʊ19102µʱ򲻹20һɣ4µʱͱ50ȻԺЩƱҲͱȷֽǿһЩ
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ȻЩùϰ岢Ϊһֱʱ׶صĹƱ黹ǺܲģȻ֮ǰһƷ񣬵ȻŲͷʱҪѹƱȫ
㲻Ƿ˰ɣ˵ùϰϹԴǲǷˡ
ϹĿϰ֡ȻȷʵеðûպͿĵز
ô뵽ҪƱѵ֪׶صĹƱжѵ𣿡
ԴзǺ׶֤𽺹ƱѾһˡ
ҲҪĳȥʱ˵Ϲ⿴ùϰЦһ¡ܲΪһԶɣ̫Ҳȼһ졣
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ˣ˵ˡùϰҡҡͷϹ˦ȥ˵׶ΪƱ԰ɣ
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ЩƱ᲻̣ŵġ
ùϰͷϵǮֻ࣬ϹʮɣϹùƱʱȴͣĺҮջ֡
ùϰ߬һ˫֣ԼвϳֵҮջϴүϹҲֻܳһȷʵܼᶨȫûһĹƱһŵá
ϢһϹĹƱ׶֤ԼĹƱȫ
ùݵϰһ֤ĽԱڿҪƱʱҲһԾӣĹƱ°͸ɴ͵
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һǧ˰ٶԪֻҪڳＯԪǧԪȻȫͶ뵽ʵҵеĻzhngfġĶ˾³̡ϹԳΪ̲ͷȹʹ٣ͷƷ±ʽش˫ƣ˳㻹Ϯĵȹʹ١
ϧϹЩȫûȤ˵ƷѾˣڸùϰ壬ųֻϺʱϹֻһ⣬Ǿôһǧ˰ɸǮ
ҪܶǮİ뵽ȻеҪԤڸ߳һԪϹ⻹Ǹ˲
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ղغƱƱʮйһ
صϺʱѾ190912ĩ
봨ǰѾζ˹ļƻֺϹֱӱС
˵Ϻ񱱷һһͻñѩأǽϵʱ˺ܶࡣϹȻŷ£ǾЩ䡣
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ÿʮԪһʮ򡣡
˵ͷЩֻʱԴߡ
з֯֯ҪڽһԴɹһЩɴ֯
֯ͷ롣ϴĻȻһЩʣºܶ࣬ӦùõˡڲεʮңҲһ⡣
ȻϹȴЦߣļ򡣡֪Ϊʲôһ˵Ǵ𣿡
Ȼףһ״
Ҵ㹺ɴ40000֯800̨֯Ϊʲô˵Ǵ˰ɣ˵ϹµĿŲǺ˵
ʮ꣬Ҳ1897ʱʷ֯ڻʱİٶʮһɴĿ160000ˡӢ˺͵¹˶С֯鲻
ͳ꣬Ҳ1911ʱֶһrˡ
1913꣬ڻ֯ɴʮǧŰʮ֯1986̨
仰˵Ϲɹɴ൱1897ڻķ֮һ1913İ˷֮һ֯൱1913Ķ֮һһǳ˵֡
ʱйʵҵżֱ·֯ɴһֱ1911Ŵﵽ40000Ŀ
ĳϽֻҪЩɴ֯ȫ˻ĴͶʹã֯Ϊȫйķ֯ͬʱҲΪй֯еľͷ
ϹĲɹƻ󣬱˰ֻһ仰
Ҹɡ

⵱ȻһЦ40000ɴ800̨֯ĿǰϺĲֿȷʵûôĴĽֻǷ籨۵ܲܲĲֿûôĴûеĻֻܴӢˡ
ڲֽͷװҪ豸ڵϺвֻֿʱȡװĴ
ڵ֪һϹ˵ͷԵƬ̡˵˵ȡʮ򽻸֮ǰѾʼŻװ豸ˡ
۵ܲҲܿص磬ʾڲֿ㹻֯ɴ
ҪĻھͿԸܲǱ߷籨ǽ豸ȫװ˵ŲϹһۡܲǱ߻˵ԸһŻݣͬʱȫá
ϹԺȴsh˵֡ϻ
40000ɴ800ֵ̨ܼ֯һԪмֵʮ豸ôϺκһжʱлҪѵĻǵܾԴˡ
ȵϹԼո˵ʲô󣬿һεĲҲֻͷʾĬ
ڽ˱֤󣬲ܲ˷籨ʾܲǱ߿װˡ
ϣһϢҪ㣬ɴ֯ʵ̫ˣܲǱҪһֲܷꡭڽӵܲǱߵĵ籨󣬲һźĿϹ⡣
ӦǺϢŶԡϹЦЦ40000ɴ800̨֯ǲһȫͶʹõģڶڳɶǱļˣԷ͵ĻɶǱߵʱ䷴ǿԳԣһЩ
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Ժ󣬵һһִ۵ִϺһֲûϺɴ֯ж£ֱת人ȻֱchngqngζҲѾchngqng˰ţֻҪִֵchngqngĳоͻֱӽ֯ɴ͵ֳɶ
ϹˣϺһһһĴ
ͱ˵һһֺϹվͷһ⣬ǾԼҪҪ뿪Ϻ
ڹһʱ䣬׶ص𽺹ƱȾҪϺˣὫȫĽǮͶ뵽𽺹ƱϵĻʷ19102µ4¹Ʊֵͷһļ¼ϹԪҪһǧһ׵顣
ôһǮȻͶϲܶ࣬ڸĳڶһʱ仹ûģֻ
ѵֻһС𣿡Ϲ⽫һʯ߽ӽڡ
̤·һΨһĿйΪǿĹңһǧԪһǾԹ˵ģҪıйȴǱˮнһϹ⼴ʹ֪δҲûá
֪ڿԲ룬Ϊ㻹ҪһΪʵ볡
ϹҪǮҪܶǮҪԶԶһǧԪǮ
ֻǡ
ǮӦôأ

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һĴһйش˽ʵҵϢܿϺ˺䶯
ȻϺеĴǶŭԼ£Ȼôһⶼûвʱ֪ͨϢʱȴֻs౯̾˿ȻĵĵһǮͺˡ
йֳһҴʵҵȻܸˣҲֻԼɴʱ࡭
˽ɴʱͬΪ˳ＯǧӶܶȣ˵۵ĺһһֱɴ֮ǰʵʳＯʱʮ
ֱ֮ǰҲڹʮҹأÿνӵ򾴷ĸ漱ʱһĪչʱrи̾ͨɶܡͨгʱʱϾԺнˮңʱùһǮҲˡ
Ϻѵʱ÷ѶûеĵزֻܵＯ÷ѣ״Ԫǲȥ
ҵôǮֻҪʮҲͲôˡ
˼ʱһ鿴Ĺɶڵ
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żɶһǣЦһ£ǿڰ
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Ժ󡭡ȻһЦϵĻǮǴѵǳصģ
ȷʵˡ봴ҵ֮ļѣӼд߳ɶеǾϵЦҲˡ
ǹɷƵѴȻǴĴʼͬʱҲ쵼ߣҵӵŷǳߵţƽʱȴҪչ˹ɶǵͰǵĽš
Ϊɶܴ²Ż׷ģ㲻ܸǴʱ򣬱1923˾ʱǶҲûõġ
˥ҲȷʵкܴĹϵһżֱԼҲ޷ϵġ
֮ϹҪɶˣΪ칤ǮԼģ˾ҲȫģҪչκ˵ֻҪ˼ȥͿˡ

ڴĹȻһЦʱϹȴϺjngű¼ϴŵĻsҲΪѪ˺s
СʱǰϹϺ֣ЩǲҪȥοһĳЩߣϾǮҪѧģϹҲƸŮǿеɡ
վǰܸϹһɥȥʱͻȻӹսǴһﻹŰǹ
˻ûзӦ֮ǰͷѾץϹ⣬кš𶯣
ֻǱָոճڣǹҲûеסϹԴѾӦϹòǹŶǹ
û뵽Ϲĸ̣ȴһֱǹڳϸɵüˮ˰ɡ
ʱҲӦæͳǹʣµļsh
ھһǹսļٴеǡûǵߴǸλãҲһ˴ȸˣϹֻǱǸͷĽһѪ
ļһͷȻϵϹһϻǹȴûϵΪϰϹϾȻҲǹһѲǹϹⶥŶǹ͹ˣ⻹һͬ˴ȣˤڵϵʱϹһǹš
ʣµȻǺ죬ڻȴϹǵ֧ǹֻǾݵϹҲ岻ȥڽһʱϺϾԶĽģԺܿjngֵjng͸ϵҽǰΧ
һﵽҲһjngΧ˾ӵϵǹͷ˳
˵ıڱ͵ҽԺϹһڵjng¼
ϹӵƷΣjngֵjngϹ⵽ҲȵϹͳһƱʱjngǶ˲赹ˮĲˡ
Ϲ⸶ǮǱ߸ѶjngȻǼӱܿͱ˹
ԭֻһŻϺһЩǮȻȡϹһ鴫ǾͶϹ⡣
һ۲˼ǷϹ˵ϲûǹ˭û°ǹó԰ڣһֱסаŵķˡϹֻڻĻһﻹûǸ֣ϾеϺͬСɣڷϹ⾭󣬱ÿʱᾭĵط
ʵҲϴŵǹԲȰϹˣͶ
ֻû뵽ΪϰϹȻϲǹеһֱὫֻǹϡ
ΪŻﷸµİӲ٣Ľֻܻ̣ϹⲢ
ȻûиϹʲô˺ȴϹʷһʵӡ
1946꣬С۴֯ٵϺܣǴΰܷٵļſڣ˿ԪټҽǮŷˡһ˵εİܰǹ񵳸ɵģΪͽõjng˾ĳ͹񵳵˾ġ֤ʱۻȻΪǾ»ͽͨϺֱȳjngơٵŻأ˻ݱթĿ˵ǹ8ˡټΪлjngֺйط棬Ⱥ󸶳60Ԫ
ϹǧȻûж֪һȴȫϺ֪һȺ壬һȴһˡ

ղغƱƱʮֻҪ΢ЦͿ
Ȼһεֻ龪һrϹʱǽ࣬ͬʱϹ㱻ܵҲϺѾϹ˴һݾߡ
ǰһܳȥˣϹȻֻϺҸ죬Ϻܱ֮Ϊ˵ҲֻºͲˡ
ֻǸȻÿ괬һʱļڣɵļѾˡڱʾǸֻܴԼñӻصȥ
أϹĽ˵ʵرֻΪϹ⵱ڴϾºͰ͹˾һѣԲŻὫϹ⵱ѡֻϾǸȻʱϺÿ춼кܶҪæϹ͹˾ĴͻԻܳһʱ
ڣϹͲ̸žʲô׬ǮĻ⡣
Ϊֻʣ½ʱˣȫȻԪҪͶԼ룬ԶԶ
׬Ǯ⻹ѻƬɣѻƬǺ׬Ǯġ
Ϲʲô׬Ǯ󣬲°͵Ȼ͹˾Ѿмʮ겻ѻƬˣǶѻƬг黹Ǻ˽ġ
ɣҲܸɡҲġ
ܶѻƬ˧Ϲ⻹ԼԼˡ
Ǿ;𣿡
ǸҪǮġ
֯
ھڸˡ
һԴʱ׬Ǯ·٣ǿ׬Ǯȴ̫ˡ
ѵֻܵȵºϺƱchoǮͶȥȻһǧԪ𣿡ȻôɵĻȷʵǷǳĴ󣬶coҲܼ򵥣ֻҪǮͶȥͿˣʱҲ̣ܶһֱȵ4·ݵʱͿԣǡ
ϹܾԼӦûѡıƱõѡ
ҲΪʲôϹҪͲ̸̸ԭΪҪС
˵ǻһѻƬȾ𡢱ȷ֯Ķ׬ǮҲ׵˵ŲϹһۡ׶صĹƱ
Ϊ˵ʲôнxngĻϹԴ̾˿
ڹƱϹԲ˵Ȼûнȫֻ˵Լ׶ĹƱԲһξóһٶ
Ѿ˵׶عƱж׬ǮĲԺһֱĿ⿴ͺڿջԴļһ
ðɣϹȷʵһԴ˵ļһ𽺹Ʊ׬ǮʱȻȫ׵ˡϹ⿴׶ǱߵĹƱѾִ۷壬ҲǲȥˣֱֽȻͶӦͶĵط
׬Ǯ10Ϻпɱ׶߷ˣ¾ֱӷһ׶عʱҲûز
ȻЩǲ֪ģֻ֪ϹǸԴļһ
˵ʵһǳ׬Ǯİ취Ϲ̾ʱ򣬲Щԥ
˵ɡѾϹڵ
ҡҡͷԼĳ﷭˼űֽ
ʯ͡
ͺͬڵжҪʯͳأȻ08ʱ˹ҲʣѾʯͣ˵ﻹֻһƬĵء
ʱʯʹ̽ʱ̽ҪĿī硭
ʱʯ;ͺвƱһֻҪһڿõ;ôֵ˾Ϳ˲Ϊǧֻ̣ʯƱļǮɲˣī羭ҪнȴֻõҵĴۡ
ʯ͡ڴӲԺϹ֪ԼһֱҪʲôˡ
ʯͣϹֻ֪Ҫ䵽һˮԼ治һ׬ڴﻪҲǲܵ顣
ȻʯͲȦطͿˣҪʽأҪҵʯ͵˱ǰ棬ϹڿԶõʽ𳬹Ԫ϶Ϲ˵û̫Ѷȡ
Ѷڣôҵʯͺôҵʯ֮ȫĻ
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Ƕţ뵽Ѿ1909ĩһʱ1910ʱϹԴʼ
ȻѾīҵʯˣϹ⻹Ƿ˴ӲҪıֽ
ֻڷһʱϹȴһܴ⣬Ǿڱֽ沢ûйī顭
ˣҼǵǸ1908Ѯʱ򱻷ֵģôֽûУΪ벻ͨϹ⼸ݱֽǰİ칫ҡ
ӲõȴǣȻīȷʵʯȣΪֹûī緢ֹʲô͵
Ǻ֡ϵıֽɢ䵽ϣϹⲻ֪Լʲô顣
ֻһ侭̨ݡ
Բʱ̣Ҳ֪Ӧı㡣
ֻҪ΢ЦͿˡ
ϹϳһǳѿЦݡ

ƱƱղءʮºЧӦ
ʷī1908Ѯͷ˴ϹڱֽȴûҵϢѾЩĵϹڷæòæѼīʯ͵ıֽ
죬ϹһıֽӲ칫뿪صԼķֱֽȷʵûйڴϢΪûзִīʯѾʼˣвٵīͶؽɱ
⾿
ϹԼԴֽԭֻһīûʯͣȻǲܵġ
ڶǺЧӦ
һֻѷȴеĺżȶ³򣬿Ժ¿˹ݵһ硣
Ϲ19081£īĴ˹˹1ž19086¿ʼġ
˵ô̵ʱڣϹֻС޷ȳķģϹĵһ¾ŪӦڼ꣬ǼʮŻֵĶıⱾѾԭеʷ̣֮׶𽺹ƱĴķ֯ȵ̱øӻˡ
ȻʷĳֻǺܼͦģһս˫׼˼ʮ飬ϹֻС޷ţֻīһ;һͻһͣΪĳԭ̽ƫԭеλá
ƺһܵ飿

Ϲ㿪ʼѼīʯ͵鱨
ڵõԼҪ鱨ϹǵȡʮԪһ֯ɴĻֻصĴ
ߵʱͰˡϹζļһɵĵʮѡĶԱ
ġ
һλشϹֻǽʮԪζʽʮѡʮԼȥȥʲôϹⲢûжǽ͡
ϹûжЩԱ˵©˷ûжζ˵ԡ
ԪīϹ˵ȥĻ˶ΪˣζҲԻᷴԵģΪôͺڰѼԪӽ̫ƽzhngyng
ʵϹҲʧ˻ôԲŽһСʽĴһɹȻǽԴϲʧҲжɽĻᡣ
ȻϹⲢԼʧܣڵĵֻڽҳôܰȫĴǮ
ҲΪʲôҪʮȥļıȣӢ̫ױ
Ȼʮ뿪ڹ˾ıֻʣ¶ʮˣϹֻζļʮˡ
chngqngٴεִϺϹⲢûжԲ˵ԼҪȥΪϲÿӵϹ⿴ţϹ⻹ڲﹺһǹ
Ϲ⹺ĲëɪĲǹǱʱFN˾ĲM1903ǹϾȥīֻΪ˷ѣҲǹļ۸ԲȷʵҪһЩ
ȻҪǣڲǹĻŻݼֻۣв
һ׼Ϲʮ˵ǰ֡
ϣʮŴűӵй൱עĿʮĴҲһ汦ӣ
̣ʮһ汦ӿŴ󺣵ʱһǶ൱鷢ˡ
ǵǰϹժԼñӣȻ⵽ҲûʲôϹȴժԼıӣ¶ķǳɾĹͷ
һֱʱȺ˲֪ԼϰԭŵǸٱӡ
磬ǲ֪ϰŵǼٱˡȵϹߵıȽԶԺһȽıһ
Ϲͷĸһ֣ƽ˶һ磬ڴ統ȻϹϰˡҸոϹժӵʱڳֻıûб仯ҲΪ֪ˡ
֪˵ͷһֱϹô֪ܲǴǰϹȥͷȥġ
ôǰһЩԹĵ͹㶫Ϻֱzhngfһֻ۱һֻ۵ĵطͬʱĴ˱ӿҪɱͷģڷϹıǼٵԺ
ʲôҲû˵ֻƳһ۾ˣֻʮڼװϴ۵Сۡ
ھ˳ʱĺкڵִ˾ɽɽ
һεĺк˳ϹȥκǻһЩߣȻҲˣڿϹʮ˺û
˾ɽɽϹ´ٴǰ˽ְݷûϣһûм׻
ڵ֪ϹҪݼϺ󣬻׻ƲƲ죬żͬͬ˻ֵȥݼոյִɽɽɽȥˡ
ʱ䣬ѾϹֳ׵ĸеᷳˡ

ղغƱƱʮһֻһ
ʱͬ˻ȻѾھɽɽ˷ֲֲֻüªݣȡ˻ƺõͬɽס˻ƺõļƺãǾɽɽֲĴʼ۷ɵĸס
סҲȫһͬ˻Ա
ڻ׻ǾɽɽֲһĳԱҲڷֲĽ˲ٵԺ׵ʹżСֵܼڿֽɽ
ˣѾСưҫ۷֪׻ھɽɽֲĳг˲ɽԻ׻˵̬ȺС
ֻڹɽ֪ԭ׻Ǵڶģ֮ԽֻΪ˱ܿϹ⡣
ȵ½̸׻СֵһᵽϹʱɽǱֳ˺ܴȤ
Ǹ֮ΪйϹ𣿡ǰҲϹⷢǶʱ䣬ֽϾϹ֣ɽӡ
û׻˵ͷһĽʺޡ
û뵽үүȻôĽ飬ܰҲͬ˻ĻʱɽνϹͬ˻ᣬͬ˻Ӱ
ɽôһᣬ׻ȴһ뷨
ǸһĴʵҵǺǮģҲ˵׶صĹƱֵеİٷ֮һٷ֮һԸҲкܴЧģȻһҲпڴţʮûİɣ׻뵽Ϲ뿪ʱ͸ԪʵҵʽݽڣԼǻϵӣӦûġ
뵽׻Լ뷨ɽ˵һ£ɽ˵ϹҺҲܳԾȻ׻Ҳ˵пܻЩˮ֣ɽҪԼһ
ļ赱Ȼǿ϶Ҫģܽͬ˻͸ˣӰ࣬Ҳ౶
ͺһʱͬ˻ڳǳѡ
ʱzhngfں⻪ȵлһģҲһЩÿڴкʦүŻɱͰͬ˻Ա
ҵʱϲɽΪԸЦɽĸڴţǸ޷ֵġʣµҲһ㣬ڼսܺ󣬶ԽǮˮƯûʲôȤ
Щ˵⣬һЩвʿɽ²䲻ԣĴǺηߣҲɽЩ˿zhngf**ˣȻӦƷΪϾˡ֧֣һعѱ֮ǡܹɽĸֵ֧ģе²ڡȻȺΪȣæڱһڳһϸɽǡ
ɽŻϹȤӰ죬ٿӰһ»ˣһǮԪװŷޱ׼沽ʦˣ˲ͬ˻ỹҪʲô˽
ֻȵ׻ܻؼȥϹɽһʱȴϹѾ뿪ˣȥˣ
ī硭
ûܺϹһ棬ɽǺźģȴ֪Ϲ֪ԼһͿԺɽˣɽ˸ӵź
ɽĿϹͬ˻ᣬԼʲôģ
ͬ˻̸Ԫû⣬͵ǼƱˣϹ⿴ֻҪܼɽһ棬ʮҲǾûģȻֻˣΪϹɲ¶Էɽ
֪ԼոպɽʱϹոհǧīǰī硣
·ϣϹĶֻ֪ҪεгܹɹұǰԼȫõȻ󻻳ɽҲûˡ
ֻƳһۡõɽҲû⡣
´λöȡ

Ӿɽɽī·ȻϺɽɽһ˵·;ȴԲΪڿҪִīʱǳĿַǳù˱ꡭ
ܺãȻûгҲʮСŪŵģ˴ԺϹֻȶһЩ䣬Щ˺úõһʱ˵
ʱ䣬ϹǿվڰǶ۴̹̽ƤƵϢû̹Ƥơ
ȻīʯϹ˽ĲǺ̹ܶ࣬ƤƺΪ̹Ƥƶīʯ͹˾ī֮ӥʯ͹˾ţϹ⻹˵ġ
ȻΪϹֻСȵʵ̫ˣԭӦ1908ѮѾ̹ƤƷʯ͵ī֮ӥ˾һֱڶûз־̹Ƥŵʯ͡
ҸϹϢΪϵī֮ӥѾƵƲīʯ֮ȻһЩҲõ
Щī֮ӥ.Ƥѷīʯ͵İ».຺˵һϢϹ˵ȴһĺϢ

ƱƱղءʮº
ϰ壬ȻŰɣҿžͿˡָϰʵϹ߳ˣæǰȰ
ں﹤ˣȻԾЩⲻȥ
䰡˽ºϹͷҲá˵žܻط䱧ů¯ȥˡ
ϹڵİǶλīǵĿĵ̹ƤλīĶʱ˺ӲûпͨҪ̹Ƥְֻ취
һǺ̫ƽٺӡȻɴִ̹ƤơȻϺԼһ̫ƽ󡣣
һǺӰī磬Ӿɽɽ½·ִ̹Ƥơ
һϹ׼ߵ·ī磬ֱӴӰǶ۵ִ̹Ƥơ
ī磬óʵǺֻܳ˰ٹѣһ֮ھͿԵִ̹Ƥƣֻ
ֻҪһ뵽Ҫܵĵ֮࣬Ϲûأ󶼲ҪԼԸ·
žડһƿ˽˴궳Щϰ壬Ѿװˣǲھͳ
šϹͷŽʣµĹ֭һ
һȡ£ȻݸϹ⡣
Ϲ߳˷䡣
īǳĸӶغͶϲƽԭȴֻǶǾٲ˵ġ
ãʱī粻񱱰һѩأȻĻ·Ҳøˡ
ȵϹһ죬ʮɵĳӳ̹ƤƵķ򱼳۶ȥ
һ·ϣʱĻīþȵĿ⿴ӣֻΪϵÿŴִıӡ
Ϲһг̹ƤƵķ򱼳۵ʱԶھɽɽɽҲ˻𳵣׼ǰ֥Ӹ磬֥Ӹ罨һµͬ˻ֲͬʱļ
ֻɽ֪ļܶѣ뿪֥ӸʱҲ֪ɹʱ

žžžžડ
ֵòī˶㵽˵·ԣȻþȵĿ⿴Ķ飬ʻ̹ƤƳڡ
ȻǶ޲סԼĴִȴôעĿ
Щй˰ɡһԼʻһīЩȷ˵ΪҲûмйˣֻǴһЩ˵Ŀй˵Ҫһйǵıӡ
ȻīǶ֧۷׷ףڵϹȴֻùݵķ
ʲôʯͣʲô׬ǮֻҪһطúõϢһ£һڣʵЩܲˡ
ȻҲͬУԺָܿһ䵱ı
Ȼ֪򵼾ںЩʲôǿ׵ģԱתͷһȥ
ľͷת˷Ҳ׷׵ĸȥ
ȻϹǵѾȥˣǽϵīǻ۷׷ףԴ.Ƥѷķʱ䣬ȴûҵһԺ̹ƤƳǾҲЩðռǵĿ̹꣬ƤҲ˺ڼˡ
йˣ̹ƤƵīûһ˵ейˣȻй˿Ĺҡ
̹ƤƵīΪϹ۷׷ףЩ.Ƥѷ޹ء
īȻѾǶ죬ٻЩ̫ģȻ˿Ƥѷȴĺһ
.ƤѷԭһӢˣһīа̵ģĿʯȣҲ˽⵽꾮ҵ1906īϲϿһΧĴƬأĴ߲ķ¬˹У뵽īָ̽ī֮ӥʯ͹˾
Ȼֻ̽ʥ˹вҵһСǣ򶫺չڵϿڵΤ³˹ȡݵȨǸһӣûЧʱ຺Ѿ̹ƤƴָͣϽת̹ƤƵĸƬȡʹȨ
ԭеʷӦ1908Ѯͷ˴ҲǶ˹˹1žҿʼīʯȵķchoȻΪϹֻСĹϵȻڶûзһ;
Ѿʱˣʱ˿ֻʣ¿𣬻ò˶ʱ䣬ҪλʿٵĿһھɱˡ
˵ӦʲôʽɱһЩûʹ࡭ϵǹҩһrﲻĶӿԺС
λ.ƤѷڿžӦɱʱϹһҲѾִ̹ƤƳһҷꡣ
ҷϹǽõϢȻǶԿƤѷеŰݷá
Ȼ̹ƤƵȷȷʵʵŲʯͣٶƤѷԣڵϹǾǱҮջϴүҪɰˣȻò˶ͻҧгݡ

ղغƱƱʮ̹Ƥ
칫Ƥѷһ֧ǹҧгݡ
ϵǹͶҩУѡǹҲɵһְ취ֻǿеǹƤѷȴһֱ²˾ġ
ǵ뵽˾һֱڿУҲծ̨ʱ
ˣµҳɱ⻹ʲô·ˡ
뵽ƤѷŽǹԼĿУ׼۾硣
ʱƤѷûĽŲԡ
أ
أ
һǰ칫ҵűƿʱΪľŻײǽϡ
ڵڶƤѷŵǹС߻ˣõʱǹܲûҲͣڶӵֻϲһѪۡ
žǹ˵ϣƤѷҲ̱
ɱϾÿ˶еģÿ˶Ҫɱܸжж٣ҪǣһɱʧܵĻ¾ͺڹڶεˡ
Ƥѷڸʲô
ƤѷԼ֪ÿ޻ǸЦʱŽ鿴ǽϵǹۺ͵ϻð̵ǹҲһǺܿʹ
Լô˵ԭ̱ϵƤѷҲһץס졣
ڸʲô˵ڸʲôҺ֪֪
ɱʧܽҵԺƤѷֻʣ˺¡
ȻƤѷյЩǷƤѷ˫֡
Ĵ˼ŸϽм֪ͨ
£ʲô¡˵ƤѷɥԼӡ
ȻʱǲɱˣĹ˾ծ
ΪʲôոյһǹֻǲҵƤأ˵ƤѷһԼһ˿Ѫ˿
ƤѷһǷϵӣеֻѾð˵ǹҲż
ǵģƤѷһйҪ
йˣƤѷЩֵĿԼһۡûǷйʲôǮʲô£
Ŀǰرǵ˼ǴչǵĹ˾˵ʹǰƤѷī֮ӥʲôĺƤѷһڵ֪Ҫչī֮ӥ󣬾͸Ͻܹˡ
ֻʱƤѷͲҪԼѾ
ģ

ƤѷϵҵʱһΪ߽ҵʱйȫǹָ
ǹ°ɡȷֻƤѷϹ⽫֧ǹ±ϣȻʾǽǹ
ϹǽǹƤѷЩɲ˹
ǣ
ϹڨЦһ¡ûʲôֻոһǹ죬ЩӦ˵Ϲ⿴ƤѷһۡƤѷɣ
ǣȻԸոյһǹЩ죬Ƥѷʵ
ϣϹ⣬ǻ˾ϰ塣˵Ϲ֡Ȼû˵˾ΪǸճġ
Ƥѷֻǵ˵ͷֻϹǰʱȴЩ뷨
˵Ķôھ˵йȻһûпĹңֻȷޡʺ̩ȹǿһЩѣҡ
ͬʱйй˵ƭĴҲƤѷĶУ˵¹˽ίԱ1888ǹ䵱ëɪǹй˾еĵ͡
ǰйˣƤѷͺһ
ȻƤѷ֯ԣβϹϸһ⣬ֲԼȥĿ׬һʵʱϹһڱƤѷ
˵Ƥѷī֮ӥ˾ҪƲˣ˵ϹµĿƤѷsȻϵǵѪ˿ҲûзŹ뵽ո¥ϴǹƤѷողǹɣ
ƤѷòҰ׵sϹ⿪ĵЦ
Ȼ֪ոƤѷЩʲôԽֻǸһϵеһ²⣬Ƥѷsƺ²ȫȷġ
û취˭ֻһأ
㾿ô
Ŷ̷йħƤѷɳɤʵ
ĵءϹܳʵ
̹ƤôһֱûҵʯͣΪʲôҪءƤѷɻ
ȻҲ˵ƤѷһͶûҵֻҵīʯ͹˾Ķ຺һҪôʷǳԭͣҪôǲС;±Ǳ֧ƽⶼܣֻһֱ״̬
ƤѷĻϹ⵱ȻܸԼ֪̹Ƥֻ֪ͣʲôԭһֱûҳ
ϹֻҡҡͷҪ׬ǮҪðյģжжΪʲôҪĵأˡ޿ɷ桭
ȻЩĽԼпܳ͵һйˣƣһʱƤѷǵͷˡ
գϹԪƤѷ̹ƤƵأͬʱʮԪ̽豸ī֮ӥ˾ļ⣬ֻʣһտˡ
ƤѷҲûջǮֲʧͬʱҲծ塣
ڸ㶨ƤѷϹֺͶ຺īʯ͹˾̸УֻƤѷȣ຺īʯ͹˾Ҫ࣬Ϊʯȫ·ȥˣīļп˵ӵȫõĵ·
຺̹ƤƵرϾûзֹϹ͵ԪȴʵʵڵģϹ⻹һԪĴ۴Ӷ຺й̹ƤƵء
ˣīʯʹĵ̹ƤƣѾȫϹˡ

ղغƱƱʮ°..¸
ȻѾӵ̹ƤƵأӵؽֻǵһ
ڶ̹ƤƵĵҵʯ͡Ƥѷ̹Ƥ˼꣬ȴֻɳһЩ磬൱;ϹɲΪԼҸطȥʯ
ΪϹȥһīǣҴһרҺʯ͹˻
Ȼ⼸רҺе㱻ʣµɣΪ˶ԵϹ⸶нˮǻǺ̹ܿƤΪϹһֵһλãڼ
νԭ˰ɣͰʯͣϹȻרЦ
ԴϹ׼ȻһûгɹϹⲢûиеʧ䡣
ô˵ʹ̹ƤƵĵֻͣҪ;ͺðˡ
ϰ岢ûרҵԵķ˵ģΪϹѡ˼λãֻЩλȫ͵һ;һʵԭͣʲôľ͸ˡ
Щʵԭֻ·ãīѾж຺īʯ͹˾һˣ仰˵ΪֹϹһǮû׬
ʱϹΪʲôƤѷɱˣÿڰ칫￴Ÿ֧ǲˣϹŽֻ¶ѣƤѷѾˡ
ΪϹÿ¾ͻīǸζһݱƽĵ籨ԺܿȫīĿ̽Ƕ֪һϹйƤѷǿֻԭ͵ĵء
ϹйˣѾī翱̽߿еһЦͬʱӵеǿأҲ˿̽൱еһЦ
ȻڽЦͬʱЩ̽ҲһʶǾ̹ƤȷʵûдƤѷһ˶Ϊҵһй
ÿʱƤѷ϶¶ҸЦݣΪѾԼеծ
һԺ̹ƤƵֶ˼;Ȼ⼸;ҲǰЩһһЩûκô;
ʱȻϹȷ̹ƤƵʯͣҲ÷
ûϹһֱ̹ƤдʯͣЩʯ޷ɳ˵ҲĻǾ͵ûС
Ѿ1910ˣڹһʱǱ·˶ʱ䣬ڹĻ塭
ǸʱŽʯͿ̽ĻϹҵ̹ƤƵµʯʲôãܲǮȫĴ˶һɣ
ôͲءŴŵһ;Ϲһ̾˿

ϹҪʱҲЩż
⼸ȻЩרǵĻҡͷ̾;ɥıǿĺ׵ģϹƽrֻƬҲµ
ȻһǰϹ⺦ֵܹҵԼҲһǹʹʼնôһЩ黳ϹµʱϹȴһֱԼ˿ЩʲôҲ顭
ģҲϰԼµݡ
ȻʿΪ֪ĵزȴϹǡ
ֻĴʱȻҲһЩ飬ЩȴûΰϹҵʯ͵İ취Ҳֻż
ʱͻȻһڵ
ϰ塣
ʲô£
Ǽרˣ˵Ҫ֮һֲмĸо
ϹʮѾȫǼרҵƭǮˡ
ǼרңȻڶû߲;ȴһεĸоûУΪ̹ƤƵĵûдѾī磬ǿҵȻǺõģҲҲԹǣΪ̹ƤȷʵûдҲС
ΪˣϹϰʱ⼸רһֵԽУȻûκεĳɼǶϹⷢµнˮҲİá
ǽϹȷʵЩ顣
λǵ¸ڴһ߽һרҽܵ
ãе¸˵ûרҵԽУڼϹʱܿĵ
ãʲô𣿡ǰˣϹЩͷԡ
ʱոյרվ˳ٴνܵ
¸ǶѧϵѧͬʱҲһʯ͵ʿ̽ңϣĹ˾ְ˵רǰ¸ʵ־ֳƼš
ŶϹЩĿ˵¸һ֪ۡʲôԭõ¸뵽ҵĹ˾ְϹ֪ԼѾīʯͿ̽߿еЦ顣
¸Щ̫ŵĵ̹ƤƣĵӦŴʯ͡
ǼרƲƲ죬ʵɵʱǶ˷ˣΪ̹ƤûдѾҪΪȫī繫ϵˡֻȻһʵ־ֳƼţҲֵһ¡
ȻϹȴһվôΪ𣿡
ȻȫΪ..¸϶ĵҿ϶һʯ͡

ղغƱƱʮ»һ
..¸ʯͿ̽۲ţ÷ʯ͹˾ĴߣͬʱҲʯ͵ʼЭĴߡ
1910괴漣Ĳ޵ŵ4žԶµģڸ߲;ÿ15000ֵԭͣʮ֣˵ֻôһھ㳬ҹĴ
˳һᣬ1910괴漣Ĳ޵ŵ4ž̹Ƥơ
Ȼʱ̹Ƥƻ˵ī磬δһrֵĸ߲;΢һﶼûСӦ1908Ѯֶ˹˹1žƤѷڸΪƲΣò̹ƤƵϹ⡣
ӦѾչ̽ĵ¸Ҳֻһոձҵѧ
ʷϵ¸ڻûбҵ£ܵʵ־ֳƼīΪƤѷī֮ӥ˾񣬲Ұҵ˲޵ŵ4ž
ΪƤѷûʷһҵ˶˹˹1žԵ¸Ҳûܵʵ־ֳƼī繤ڶѧѧҵ
ѧҵ󣬵¸Աī磬ڼīпܷʯ͵ĵط̽о̹Ƥơ
¸Ƥѷī֮ӥѾʰǳʵ־ֳҪһƼţ̱̹ƤƵʱȴ̹ƤϢ
û취¸ֻڻһʵ־ֳҪµƼš
ʱǲô̹ƤƻٶΪûдѾΪ֪ˣĵִ֮ǰǸй˾Ѿ˸߲;
á
ִ֮ǰϹȻһЩʵ;
֪ʶƶϹ⵱Ȼû˵¸֣ǶԵ¸̹Ƥд˱൱Σ̹ƤƵĸ̽ʯ͡
Ȼ¸ڼרҵǸӣҲֵöڹ˾Ĵ¥ͣŵ¸Ϲȥġ
ֻǺܿǾֲˣΪǶڰ칫ȿȵʱϹдһֽǳ׹
ͼڵļ£ʰרǸŭԡ
ӣȻֹطҵ͵Ρڸ˼⼸רҲֻܴŵԽо̸ˡ
ǿ̹ƤֵطǾҲģһҲˡ
뵽æƼ˵¸ԼȴҪ󣬼רһﲻƽ
Ǻīǿ̽ǵĽᵱУֶһڵ¸Ц
Ƕ˵һҪ̹Ƥҵ͸߲;ķӡ̹ƤҲʽΪûʯ͵ĴʣȻﻹв;ġ

ʱϹ͵¸һܻʯ͵ĵط
Щ¸ѾΪϹѡ߸λã⽫ǵڰ˸ֺܲϹҲϲ
ϰ壬ˡ󣬵¸Ϲ
˵ţ¸ܵԶӵѷһЩҺϹ⿴Щˡ
磿ϹͷǼרȥģһΪһֻʯ͵ĵطֲء
¸һЦνǵؿڵʯڵ¶ĺۼ,˵Ѱʯ͵Ҫ־֮һ
ϹܵոյǸѷ죬Ҳȥһ£ͳ˲ٺ͵¸һĲҺ塣
ĸȻÿ꾮ʱϹⶼһԿţǼרȴϹʲô磬Լҵʯ͵ĵطֻҳطȻȥ꾮
¸ôһ˵Ϲ⵽Ƕࡣ
٣ҪǼǿ١ôţϹŵ¸»ص˹˾פءϹĿе֪ǼרѾˡ
ܺáϹͷȻǮרҶϹ˵ʲôȻѾõ˵¸ϹҲֻ⼸ǰŵԽеķרҹˡ
¸ǼרұϹԺҲеܳԾϾԼǱǸƼġ
뵽Ǽһڱ˵ԼǷӣеʱԼǰҲֳһ˶ԷӵԽС
ˣǼһҲãٻԼúܶࡣ
ûǼֻվһԴͺ˵ļһЩҲڿ˲٣ܿ켸꾮ܾͱ
Ҳ֪Ĺϵǵ¸ıȷʵǼרҪǿܶ࣬һھȻ˲ʯͣȻ˹˹1žͱ޵ŵ4žֲҲһrǧֵĸ߲;
ʯͰ;вͣʯͣϹ૵
һԵĵ¸ͼĺӵϹΪ1ŵ;Ȼһ־֤̹Ƥƿҵ߲;
̹Ƥҵ߲;Ƕī˵ԼǷӵļһһĻػ

ղغƱƱʮµù
ʱѾ19104·ݣȥīҪȼǰůࡣ
λīвīǣ̾͵İ·Ҳ˲ˡ
īzhngyngά˹ȾƵڣһȺīп̽ʯͿ̽ڽžۻᡣ˵Ǿۻᣬʵ;ƻҲ࣬ϾÿŻһεĴ;ۻᣬʱȫīʯͿ̽ߺʯ͹˾ϰǶᵽ
ȻҲ⣬˵Ϲ͵¸Ŀǰӵеġľٰ߲ûˡ
Ȼûˣȴû̸ǣ෴Ϲ͵¸ǡǡĽ㣬ԭ
ȻǼϹ˵ķרңϹ͵¸Եʡ
ˣ˱ȣǸй˴飬Ӽ̹ƤǵɣǵĲŻһܺܿīҵµĹġ˵Ƥѷ˱.һ
ԴôϹʮԪծƤѷƺ˺ܶ࣬һֵҲԭˣѾȫī綼ڳ޵˶ˡ
˱.еһȻƤѷĻ࣬˺лźŨ
ӣȻ̹Ƥǿƶ֮ҵ߲ǾһҲҲģ˵ſ˱.ָԼһļͬ飬ΧŶ຺ᳰЦ̹Ƥҵ߲ĵ¸
຺ȻϹⲢûйڣÿ뵽ǿûʯ͵ؿһԪʱлЩ⡣
Ȼÿ˶ﻶЦʱĴȴͻȻƿˡ
ءһ̽ߴƿľţ޴˵Ŀ⡣
˶ɻ󲻽ʱ򣬶຺ӼרҵİΧ󣬾žƱʵ׿ˣʲôôţ
ʯ͡е׿˵˴˿
ţ຺Щ⡣ѵڳĳλҵʯ𣿡
ǡ׿ҡҡͷǸйˣǸй̹Ƥҵʯˣ
ʲô຺s仰󣬿˱.ľƱˤ˵ϡ
˾йϰ̹ƤƷһrǧʯ;Ϣܿͺ䶯ī磬䶯˱ڵ
һֱīʯͿ̽ȵ֮һֻͬīȻдڽп̽ȴһֱ޷ҵ߲Ҳ˻ī粢ûдȻ¸ֵ;ȴ֤īҵ
ʱ¸ϹĻ˾ְ¡
ȻϢҲݺݵЩī䳰ȷǣǼϹ˵רҺΪ˶ƤѷͶ຺ᡭ
īڵΪϢȣϲõʱ򣬻̹ƤƵϹȴæԼĹ
͸ɣÿ˵нˮվ;ԣϹڸɻĹǺ
Ŷнˮ;ԵĹǸӵˡ
Ϊrǧֵĸ߲;һžֻһʱͽϹȽõʯʹװˣûа취£ϹֻȽ;رգȻָŹ˾Ĺǽ̹ͨƤƳǵĹ߽Ͷ
ʱ򣬵¸ǴˣʣµļϽſ̽ϣҵڶ߲
ȻĿǰӵеĻһžֻһr2000ֵĸ߲ô˵˾īĵһǳ״ˡ

īڣȻԳڵĲī˶chnѾˣǶЩ˵˿ȴȺҪ䡣
˱.īǵİ·ϣĹԼķ¡
ڸոգ˱.һͬУȻͻкڿ˱ȴ񿴵ʲôණһܿˡ
һ̿˱.֪īѾûԼ֮ˡ
һУΪϹ͵¸̹Ƥҵһڸ߲;
˱ȣǸô죿˱صס󣬼ͬæΧʵ
뵽ոǸԼߵˣ˱ҡҡͷīûǵ֮ˡ
ǣ
ֻܻˡ
Ȼī羳ڵù˲ֻ˱.ļͬ飬ƤѷͶ຺ᡣ
ԴϹⷢĻһžƤѷʹ˶˵ùΪҵʯ͵һйˣһʮԪĵͼȥģҪ֪;ÿ궼Ԫ
̹ƤƵСĸ߲;ÿ뵽Ƥѷľͺһѷʳһ
຺ҪƤѷһЩΪ̹ƤƵزƤѷĴǿҵʯ͵ĿxngҪƤѷСܶ࣬ʹڰ칫Ķ຺ỹһľɥ
Ϳ˱ȣ˻ҪһЩġ

ղغƱƱʮС˷գĸ
¸̹ƤƷֵĻһ;Ȼ䶯īʵ;ڿī緢ָ߲;;ļֵ
ʵȻʱж;ûп̽вٵ;ҪȻһŸ߳ģһҲֻǲѡ
īĿ̽ǿӵ;̹Ƥƣ;
ãһĸ߲;ǻһr2000ֵ;rֵ־Ȼ˿ϹӵеأĵģҪϹйģע⵽ʮںҲ
ϾīǺˣûеܳǧ˽ɱһʯҵҵĵز
˵ףΪһŵĲ̫СԵʣr2000ֵʯȻܸϹÿٶԪľ޶棬޶ֻڡˡ˵ģЩˡȻٵûеҪ¶ѿĵز
ֻ
Ϲǿr37000֣û0ްյ4žĻ
Ҫ֪37000ʯ൱260000ͰʯͣһͰʯ1Ԫļ۸㣬r260000Ͱʯ͵ްյ4žÿٿ׬9500Ԫ
1911йȫĲһ;ÿͿ׬ڰǧԪ൱൱ƽ߳ɻҪһЩ1Ԫ൱0.72ƽƽĩı׼
ľ޿ǰ¾·ҲסЩˡϹʳˡ
׶ЩˡԼֻǸϹ⣬һõ¸Ѱҿܻʯ͵ĵطһֹЩط̽ʲôɱ֮Ķ
ϰ壬ӦôŹװʯ͹ߣѾûбӵԴʵ
ڼǰΪ˷жһЩԸӵıһ˱ӣϹǸʮ˵ıڶ֮һûбӣһи˴
ʱ̧һ·ϹǰֺתͷȻѾʯͣȻˡ
ûңϾϹⲻԼͣԼ䣬ԼĻʹɵҲɲʲôɼֱһңԼֻ׬ԭǮ
ֻȻһžԭͲǺܶ࣬ܳЩԭ͵ȴûж٣Ϲ⻹ͨǸǳ͵¸ĵʵ־ֳ絽˱׼ʯ͡
Ϊʱʯ;ͷ׼ʯͼ¢ȫ൱һֵԭͲ׼ʯ͵Ĵʼ˷1902ʱƲʹﵽ21914ʱﵽ9
Զʯҵ˵ҪԵÿһǧͰʯͻЩѣǶԱ׼ʯ˵ȴǷǳ׵顣
˱׼ʯͺϹܿ͵õ˻ظ
ֻϹԾǣα׼ʯǢ̸ͬľȻС˷ա
ɣ˷վȻɹˣ
Ϲܿʹӵ籨е֪ԭС˷ھī̸⣬ھ̹ƤƲǺԶīǣ˷ձԼĶ˳ⵥˡ
С˷յĳӱִ̹Ƥơ
С˷մһͦװ൱ĸ
ɣڿ˾ſڵӭӶС˷ߵϹǰֵ
ǡϹЦЦסС˷յ֡һ·ˣҪҪϢһ£
;С˷ҲûЩʹǵ˵ͷ
Ҳá
ڶһ磬С˷պϹڻ档
˷ǹڻһžϡ˵ϹʾϽС˷ա
С˷ȴҡҡͷżȻЩɻϹЦЦʵҺѾ˵ˡ
Ŷ
Щ˵ʵ֪Щһй˷ԺҺҵĸ׿൱𾪡˵С˷ͳһ֧Ϲһ۱ϳԲʣֻԼŪļªȣ֧ԲʿҪjng²١İɣ
ʹøоΣϹԼеۺԱ
൱ԴԲʺѾܾûøֱˡ˵С˷ջָ¡ҵĸ׿ǷǳҲûмôйˡ
С˷պܿsһĵ̸°ɡ
ȡеϺС˷ϸĿſڵǵǸһžrԭһǧͰ𣿡
ûϹ˵ͷװʯ͹ߣֻҪװʱͶ
ȻС˷⻬°͡ҶǴˣĻҲͲ˵ˣ׼ʯͽÿͰ1Ԫļ۸ÿ15Ͱԭ͡˵С˷տǰֻжʮͷЦô
ʲôɾܾôļ۸أ

ĸղغƼʮµ
̹ͨƤƳǵʯ͹װýֻʱ䣬Ͼ̹ƤƳǾİҮ˹Ҳǁjiʮľ롣
ѿش򿪡꾮Եĵ¸žϵĹ˺
ϵĹ¸ĻæϵĿش򿪡
ظһ򿪣ϵĹ˾´ˡ䡱һ죬űоʲôӿ˳
Ϲ͵¸ߵʯ͹ԽַȥȻ󣬵ȴԸܵһˮӿ𶯸С
һϹĻʯ͹˾ʽӯˡ
ں͹ףһºϹһƣصԼס
ֻϹո£ƿ˽
ϰ壬һ⡭˵ŽһŷݸϹ⡣
Ϲŷ֣װһûװҩӵ
ڽӵһºϹڴϳһЦʱڵĵڼˣ
ɣش
ԴϹС˷ǩͬϢԭһֱĵĵЩʯ͹˾ˣȡ֮ȴġ
ֻЩҲûж⣬ԳвһϹйʶϽ⣬ÿ춼յĴӵŷ⡣
ЩвϹóԳԸ˯˯ǳֱӵӵˡ
ڵī粻һzhngf߸Ǹīΰ΢ԵģҪĳһһٶšɽˡͻȻ̹ƤƳǣԼıƺˡ
ЩҲȷʵӦЩ׼ˡ
Ҫ¸̹Ƥ꼸־ȻҺ·
˵Ϲ˴ϣ˸
·Щ֡
ûŪܡ
һҲ1911ڵīͳ˹ͻᱻƷȻڵֽΪỷͻᵴȻ޴棬Ϊȡ˹̨Ȼzhngfֵ֧ģȴȡ˱幤ҵĴʩ̨Ժ󲻾þٴα߸ˡ
ȵ˺Ӣ˻1914̨īͳֵ֧Ŀֻ̨ȴǰһ㽫ʯ͵ȫл
ܿ׷ǰΡ
򵥵㽲1911꿪ʼīûһȵzhngfˡ
£Ϲôһй˵ֵĻᣬ˵ģ֯һ֧ɽˡӳ̹ƤƳҲǲܵ顣
zhngfʯ͹˾֮Ի߸īzhngfΪīӵдʯͣīʯȴкܴ󲿷ֶ̹ƤƣϹⲻ̽ģĻzhngfʯ͹˾ǿ¾Ͳ롭
ǼϹ;ǻᱻīչУ
ϹĻҲԲͺͣΪǱ׼ʯ͹˾¢ϵģϹⴥȥĻԼĨЧЩ
ڶ㣬ҲҪһ㡣
ԼֻڿɣӦΧЩȺ
ްյ;ǿһͿ׬9500Ԫڼ̹ƤƵ;һɵ飬ôĲƸ¾Ǳ׼˾ҲŹ
׼˾˹zhngfķ˹ûж֣ôߵĶأ
ô޴ĲƸǰ˵ԼһйˣԼǵ׵Ҳɱ
Ψһİ취ֻһǾ̽ģ󣬽;׼ʯͣԼֻ棬ʵİ취ͬʱҲΨһİ취

ڶһ¸Ϲ˵Լ׼̽ģ
Ѿ׼˵ĵ¸óһ̹ƤƵĵͼڵͼϱʶʮ㡣
Щܱ̹Ƥƣʮ߸пʯ͵ĵط˵ŵ¸ñȵһ¼ԱһЩĵ㡣⼸طи߲;Ŀxngǳĸߡ
𡭡Ϲ˵ͷֻҪʮطһͿˡ
˵Ϲ⿴һsЩѿԴϹ˵Լļƻsһֱûù
Ҳѹ֣Ƿǳ׬ǮȴҪȻԼСͷϹԼҲһֻ²òͷǲô
ô벻𣿡
ֻҡҡͷûд𻰡
Ϲ̾˿ֺ͵¸
յ¸˼ͬʱ̽ϹȴһһȻЧϲ٣ڳ͵ĵһʱԼͿ֪
¸֪ϹļƻȻ⵫ǵ˵ͷϾ˾ϰϹ
ȵ¸뿪ȥ׼ԺϹļЦһ¡߰ɡ
һ꾮ܿھ̹ƤƳʮĵطǾ̹ƤƳһλãֻ˼ʮ׺ðһЩʯ
ߣȥһλáڷֻһľϹһЩƺ󣬴˸ϵ˵ڶλãڶھҲ͵һھһȻʯ͵ǲ羮
ȻЩ;īѾܡáˣϹֻʣ羮־ƺ˺Ϲ˸ϵ˵λá

ղغƱƱĸʮʱ䣨
Ǹ8˯ѵʱԺˣѶŪ
9໹һ͸ǹںˡ
ڴϣһұĿذš
û뵽ٿװһǧ˵Ŀ֣ʱȴֻ˿͡
װϣһװͦİʢĵľƱǸй˻ΪǧͰٷ֮ʮ𣿡˵źߵһͬһ±Ȼһ
ȻһƿĸԼƵ˷Цһ¡ǸйˣһˣԼ޷סǿԼxngҲ޷סΨһİ취ҵһߣǣ׼ʯͣõѡ񡣡˵С˷ָһīķ򡣡㿴ڲǸйϵǵ𣿡
ǰЩ벻ͨһй˾Ȼֲ;r37000֣ȫҲбߵ˰ɣһŻͷ羰ӵ
벻ͨĲֹһ˭뵽ǸΪд̹ƤƾȻָ߲;ء
ֻϣǸйǸϵ֮ǰûбΧĶǳԵȻĻһǾˡ
˵ţֵĴͻȻ˹
ոմŦԼĵ籨˵Ž籨ݸС˷ա
籨С˷һüڽķϺù籨ҡҡͷû뵽;ȻôʹˣҪӿٶˡ
˵ţС˷նԴҴڼӿٶ𣿡
ԣĻڵִ̹Ƥƺ»ᡭȻЩ۴
İɡС˷Цһ¡ֻҪε̸ˣ΢©һ㶼ʮִˡ
Ȼˣȥ˵Ŵȥ
Ӻ󣬴ϵ˿ԿԸоٶҪȸոտࡣ
Զķ羰С˷૵ϵ۱ӣϣҸϵ֮ǰǸй˲¡

֣廹аһϹϲ֡
Ϲ⣬̽;ʱ򣬽ʷr37000ֵްյ4ž̽ġΪ˼֣Ϲ㽫ھΪž
ڻʯ͵һǣ;ͺ󱬷Ļɽһµʯֱӳ˼ʮ׵ĸ߿գڼҲԿ
ĺ꣬ϹǸ̾һ´ȻűĹ˺ͱǲҪй¶ȥڻžλñȽƫƧȻʯ˼ʮ׵ĸ߶ȵǲû˿
ЩйıȻǲ˵īӢﶼǾ͸¶Ҳ֪Ӧ͸¶˭ЩīǺ̹ƤƳļĹˡ
ϹԿƵסµʮڣȴ޷סٺʯ͹ˡ
֪ñ֪Ҫ೤ʱ䣬ҲǼ죬ҲֻǼСʱ
õ¸Ĺ˴緢ĻžϹϻ̹ƤƳǣ׼Ū½֪֮ǰ絽׼ʯ͡
ڽӵϹĵ籨Ȼ˷պı׼ʯڷ˹УǻŵĲȴʵʵڵģֻҪ;̸治˷ձԼĶС˷ոī硣
Ϊ˷ֹⷢ˷ջʰһҿ֣С˷յ̵ʱϵ̹Ƥơ
С˷ոոʱŦԼı׼ʯ͹˾ѾڴϵС˷շ˵籨籨ֻһǾǻžѾˡ
ȻϹ⡢С˷ջŦԼ˷նûԽס죬ǵ鴫ǻǸеʧ
ŦԼ̹ƤƣʹҲҪһڵʱܵ񲻹Ÿոչȥ죬ʣʱ䡣
ʱ䣬Ǻܳ˷ջС˷ն֪ϹֵܼܲȥϹԼҲǺġ
ϹΨһϣĿǰû֪Ѿ׼ʯȡϵٻлתأΧЩ뽫̹Ƥ¶ӵĶǻ֮Ҳǣƣ֪Ϲ̸ĿǱ׼ʯ͵Ļ
ǵ֯һ֧˶飬Ȼ̹ƤƽϹɱһתЭīҲǲܵ顭
ϰ壬ʮ߷⡭Ѿ͵ﱤİ칫¥ڣһ˹ӵϡ
ڵϵʱ򣬷ˡһϹ𿪺󲻳ϵĿһӵһлҩ֡
Ųһʱ䡭ϹЦһ¡
ʱžڻǱ֪ˣīÿݱֽ涼йڻž̹ƤƵıϹҲһյʮ߷ӵţõͼ۴Ϲ;صҲʮ
ÿһſ̱˱ܾҲϹ⣬Ϊһй˲Ҫ̫ˡ
ֻ˲ĴͶǽϵǹۣϹĲֵ֪ľ˭
һ˻鲣ɡ
֪ˡ

ղغƼʮ֥Ӹ磨ĸ
֥ӸĽֵϣ16÷ɽһһȿϴ¹ȥ
19102£ɽż򵥵ֻӾɽɽ֥Ӹ硣
ڵִ֥Ӹɽרǰ˽һΪϺ¥ķ꣬Ҫľ
Ϻ¥ľ÷࣬һ㶫ˡɽ֮Ҫ÷࣬һΪ÷磬ѽܵġ
÷ȻʶɽҲжţټѽܵģ÷ɽڡϺ¥ס
ѹɽ÷ֱ˴֥ӸĿġ
һ֥Ӹ绪ȳ׼ڹڽеĸ壻֥Ӹ绪ͬ˻ֻᡣɽʱ֥Ӹ绪ϣ÷ܰҸɿΪ򵼡
÷ܿΪɽsһġ򵼡ʱʮ꣬סڡϺ¥֥Ӹ빤÷֣ʱ÷ѧУż٣Ϊɽ򵼡
ļ£ɽš򵼡÷֥ӸĻȵＯֻڴǰΪһ֥Ӹ磬ҽΪٵĻȱˡʵɽĴտж൱˳
ͱһ
𣿡߽ϴ¹ݺɽÿŵųʵ
ٶ·ϰ屾ΪпˣһȻɽsʱ
ڰʲôòĸɣ
ɽ뿪ڣϴ¹ݵϰѾŵûȤЩʲô㻹ǸϽ߰ɣ⡣
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Уһϴ¹ݵϰٶȥˡϽΪʷʵ
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ԴӳΪͬ˻ĳԱ÷˾ɽΪˡ
డͷɽһڷ÷Цһ
ʱ÷һֽȵɽ߽æֽ˹
ϹǲǸڱֽϺȻдŹ̹ƤϢϹһЩ¼Ҳдֻ඼Ϲķ׶صĹƱĴĹЩԲĵһ֮ھͲ鵽Ȼǲ̫ܡ
űֽɽüַݡ
ûϹĻīһܴȫıֽ顣˵÷ָһڷ￴ֽĿǣЩõıֽһģҳȴŹīʯ͵Ϣ
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ֻǡ
࣬ʲôֵ𣿡ûӴʯͲҵɽ˰컹Щ⡣
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r36000ʯͣ൱260000ͰÿͰ1Ԫļ۸ۣôϹĻһٿ׬9000Ԫ˵÷ѾһĽʺˡ̹ƤƵĵطܴ󣬲ֻһ;Ȼ30000ֲ;ܲˣһ;Ǻпܵģʱϵһٿ׬һڶԪ
մʱԪԪƽĶһȣɽԺкܿ͸ֳһȥ붼ľ޶֡
һ̣ɽϹͬ˻뷨ҪκʱҪǿҡ
ֻɽɽɽһݵ籨׻Ȼһǰīʱ÷ȴͻȻ̾˿
ֻϧϵȻڳȴûˡ˵÷ʾɽȥļʳͣ˿Щ˵ֻ֡
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Щ³ɽȻʱҲϹ⽫Ҫܵˡ
;һʺƣһһҪĺưűֽϵݣɽ̾һ
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ֻɽ÷಻ͬʱϲû뵽ϹҪٵΣգֻűֽȻ
˼ң˶ʱīôһ;ڿǣƽrֻ֪ǻһ𣬲֪Щʲô߰ġ˵ŻƳ˼ͷһۣص̾˿Ҫ˼Ұٷ֮һǿͷҾҲĿˡ
վһԵô˵æӵȥ׻ȼͷĸˣֻ
Ϲ⣬ҼסˣǼ˹ͬ

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ӿϵļװȥ̹ƤѾߵС
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˵r37000ֵĻžð׼ʯڵ˷ôϹָһϽ͵顣
С˷ǳ˴̺ĵ죬̹ƤƵһϣ¸µĹַһ־ʷϱӦֵı޵ŵ4ž
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С˷վеĵΪ̹ƤƵļֵ̫ˣЩǲŻȽڲʵѡʸμӾѡ֡
xng͵ı׼ʯͷǣī練ûж˵ģһΪС˷յг̷ǳأʹڱ׼ʯڲҲûж֪Ϊ׼ʯѾݷ˹УѾѱôܲ뵽С
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ڿͣͷ󣬺ܿʮ˹Ϊ׵һͷй˺һװİˡ
С˷ɣ˵ŵ¸˷֡ҽе¸ǻ˾ܵʦ
˵ĴˡС˷ҲæԼ֣˵ĵǼٻڹûд̹Ƥҵ߲;һһҵ־ʯͿ̽¸Ѿ˲֪ˡ
С˷̹ƤƵ񣬳˺Ϲǩ̹ƤƵЭ⣬еľҪ£¸Լı׼ʯϾ˲ѵã¸ԷֻźͻţδؾͲٷһߺźͰ˺š
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ְ壿ųŪĺܼªĸְ壬С˷Щͷԡ
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Ĺ˾ƭԼʱҲܴʮй˹
С˷յĲ⣬¸ЦŽһ¡ǷǳʱڣʱǶ**ġһεơȫȻֻǸʿ̽ʦʱ¸Ҳһǹ
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С˷ն˳ӵС˷յ˳Ź˾פʻȥ
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ʱ˷ҲǼʶ㣬ϾʱֵȻҲԾ߹ģˣ֥Ӹ硢ɼŦԼ°¶ĳеʱҲᱬֵ֮Ļƴ
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ӽűڳһűȽĵǣС˷ףܿ㷢⼸űȽĵǡ
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Ȼ͵ϮĺͻȻǰ˻ʮʬ壬Ϲֻˣ˰˸
С˷հԾʱϹѾż
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˵ţС˷սЭӻϻ˹ȥ
ϹЭ鿴˿дĺ
ֻҪϹǩЭ飬׼ʯ;ͻ֧ǧԪԺÿ̹ƤƳʯõԵõٷ֮ʮ塣
˵ʵȷʵǷǳźźĳϹԤϣϹԤƱ׼ʯֻóٷ֮ʮ档

Ϲ˵滹̫ˣҪԼĿ꣬ҪĽǮΪһЩ
֪᲻ܡҡҡͷϹ⽫Э˻ȥ
ΪϹὫЭǩµС˷üʵ˷ոĵǰٷ֮ʮǷݰٷ֮ʮЭھĹİ˵ʵڵȻǰйˣǾðٷ֮ʮѾ㹻ˡ
ôϣЭﲻ𣿡
ϹҡҡͷǧԪû⣬ֻϡ
С˷ղڵϣҾðٷ֮ʮѾ൱ˡ
ȷʵܹϹĵ˵ͷֻĻȴڳ˶һһϣߵٷ֮ʮ
˵ٷ֮ʮѾС˷վúܸߵĻôٷ֮ʮ쿪ˡ
ȻС˷ЩϹ⣬ֵʱǾǷˣֻʵ̫˳ԾС˷յķû̫
ϣڿЦɣС˷ĵ
ȻǣҿɲʱЦ
С˷յsЩynϣͱ˵һˣƺС˷˵ЩϹµ״ұʾûʸԼ̸ôߵʱϹѾĻ
ģȻһˣ־ѡ˻ֺϹҼȻȻɡ
ŶϹôһ˵С˷յЩˡ
ʵϹѾ˺ܾˣֻƱ׼ʯ͵ĳǰٷ֮ʮǰٷ֮ʮ塣
ǰٷ֮ʮĻÿϹٻõǧԪ棬൱ǧԪǧ̹ƤƵĵ־ҲܿɳĻÿܵõǧ
ǧԪȫͶ뵽ٿ齨ʮʦͬʱάֶʮʦڸǮǾԹˡ
ϹϣйΪһǿĹңǧԪĿ꣬ԵĻϹ⻹ϣԵõࡣ
Ϲ˸취취Ḷܶ࣬ȴпܻС˷պĸ˷ͬԼٷ֮ʮ뷨
ҵǣÿߵٷ֮ʮֻյ1930꣬Ҳ20󣬵20ԺұĲȡ
Ϲ뷨̹Ƥ;ʯ͵ֻնʮģҲǵ1930Ϊֹһ׼ʯͺ˷ձпܻӦԼ
ȻǩЭϹʧܴ󣬵ĿйΪһǿĹңԼΪһ̡
ܵõÿٷ֮ʮ棬Ŀǰ̹ƤƳʯÿϹٿԷֵǧԪʯܾ翪ĻǧͿԱǧ
ǧԪһǧԪһڰ˰ƽ൱zhngf֮һzhngfÿ껹൱ӴĲ֧֮ϹɾҪԣˡ
ֻҪôһ룬ϹԿԼ룬ɲ˵Ļ
ʹٶǮʲôã
20𣿡ϹС˷һ㶣ܿͷӦ˹
ȷʵ൱ֻҪ20棬̹ƤƵؾͿԹ׼ʯͣ˵С˷ӵˣ˷ջôС˷շи⣬ѹһѹ
ȷʵ൱һ⣬ǾīzhngfҪ̹ƤƵʯչô죿Ҳ⣬
ϹynynһЦС˷ڻһzhngfҪʱ䣿
С˷һ㶣εЦһ¡ȷʵһ⡣
ûȷʵһ⣬Ϊ1911ԺÿһīzhngfֻҪҪʯչбᱻzhngfʯ͹˾ƷǺͻȻһ˭Ҳûϵĵڶսʱī类ɴ£ʮһҲ˵
Ŀǰʹ֪˿ҲֻԤԵһսı

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ϹС˷ջǺܸȤģͣ˻ŦԼܲһ籨ѯԼĸ׹Ŀ
˷ڽӵ籨󣬳صĹϵԽֻǽµļԱɽټ˹ȵɽǸϵҺ˷ս籨ǿһʵǾô
˻࿴һۣеһ˵ͷֻ20ĻǺҾÿԴӦ
ûīzhngfҲΪ壬뽫չСһЦЦҲֻҪڻһzhngfͿԡ
ûһԳӯء
µļɽһһ֧ţ˷Ҳ˵ͷȻҶͬ⣬Ǿôɡ˷°ͣΪʲôϹйˣôһԶԼأ
С˷սӵŦԼĵ籨󣬳վԵϹЦһ¡ҪףˣܿҪΪһˡ
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׼ʯͣС˷ҡҡͷε̸ȷʵܸ׼ʯ͡ĸ״ܴ棬ףò˶ʱ׼ʯ;ͻᱻǿзֲ¢͡ҵı׼ʯͣҲɢˡ
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ⲢЩûõص˲йߣЩñϹйŪ˵ļһҪ½·ĻҲҪᴩīӰſԣ·̫ĻԸɵ֧ʮˣһвԱĶˣˮ·
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ϹĻ˾׼ʯǩЭϢܿʹ˳ȥЩ̹ƤƵĶҲû뵽׼ʯѾݵ˹УȻ̹Ƥϴһš
µ˵ʲôҲˣڱ׼ʯȻ˵ʲôٴҲûãֻϹййߣԶīƬϣֻ׼Ϲֵʱŷ֣˾ȻѾſ̤Ϸ;ˡ
뿪֮ǰϹС˷Ƽ¸ϾīѾ׸ˣϹҲܴŵ¸йȥʯ͡
С˷նԴȴֻǹһЦȻϹûƼ¸ԼҲȥϾ˲ѵá
ϰ壬ڿԻؼ˰ȻϱѲǹڵѾҪ뿪йˣĺԼĴ°õļҡ
ǻҪŦԼͣһʱ䣬˲ܻȥϹҡҡͷ
ʲô鰡ȷʵôڹˡ
ġϹļ򡣡ҹòһھͿԵġ
󣬿ִֵŦԼĸۿڣҲǰȫˡ
ȻϹÿ϶в˺Լ޵ҧгݣϾī磬񵱳פʮֱӳȥ黹ǸɲģҲǹͼɱʲôĸ㰵ɱ
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Ϲ֮ҪŦԼͣ죬ΪŦԼļһЩ۵ĵ**١
Ѿ19105·ˣһһЩʱǱ·˶ЩҲȷʵҪһ׼ˣ˵档
ԶɲʡܶԲЩҷǿȵģƤӵŪЩʲôľٶ˵Ļֻ·һˣ֧עǹģСȴǳjngһ֡
ֻϹȻʽϾû⣬ͷϾûʲôʵѡˣϹⱾȻ˵Ծһϲͨǡ
ǣϹ뵽ƸһЩ¹̹١
ʱ¹½սǹھµģ˵δս¹ûֵʲôá
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ΪʲôҪŦԼϺƸ¹̹٣ΪŦԼǴʱĽڳУΪһ˹Ҳвٵĵ¹ԽϹ׼Ƹĵ¹̹Ҫһ֮ŦԼȻҪϺײ١
ŦԼб׼ʯͰæ׼ʯ͵ӰǷǳֲģǶֻ˵Сһ
ҪЩ¹˺úõѧϰԼĵһĸϹһֱ
׵ģ̹١Щ׹ͷ
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ڻعԺ᲻ᱻ׵⡣
趨źͱ׼ʯ͵ЭܣԳǱ׼ʯ͹й¶Ȼ֪ټǸйˣ˶ΪЭǱȽϿ̵֡
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˵ھ㲻̸ϹǸҵݣƾ̹ƤƵ;Ѿ׹ˡ
ȡע⵽ǵߺϹһ¡ŴҶ֪ΪʲôҪӶңԷϻҲͲ˵ˣͺؾ˵һӶꡭѵӵĽ̹ٱϾǷ֯ŮһľͿԲˣϹⶨµޡ
ǵ˵ͷϾΪԽ𣬻֮йнĻҲ⵽йȥΪ۵ľ٣ǵСһҲʮˣѾʱë꣬ʱ˵ûʲô
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ڽǩõĺԼպúϹ⽫˽г棬Լȥؾ

ڶ죬ں˶֮Ϲļʮ**ٳŻɽɽȻŦԼɽɽҪϹ˵һٲúӡˡ
ھ˳;г̺Ϲʮڵִ˾ɽɽ
ǵ뿪󣬺ܿڼʮ֮ڶʱˣϹٴε˽ȥݷ˻ϡ
ϹݷԼϵǷǳĸˡ
տʼűֽѵԼĺʱȫûʱϹٵΣգԵȵٱֽʼϹʲôʱʬͷʱ׹
ʱ򣬻Ҳû취ϹˣһֱȵֽϵǳϹͱ׼ʯͺһƽµϢŷ
ǮţȻǹþͺð˽⵽ϹīΣպ󣬻̾˿
𣿡ϹЦЦѾ׬һӶ׬Ǯ
⵹Ҳǡϵ˵ͷܿҡһϣҵƽһЩҲá
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ˣҪھɽɽס೤ʱ䣿
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죬ȵϹ˶ϵƣͺϹǳһҺַй
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үүǸϹϹ뿪һʱ󣬴֥Ӹ緵صĻ׻ؼҺԾʵ
ǰôˣź̵ĻЩ֡
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ʲôjngòСƭǮɣȻûкɽ棬ǻƺɽһøҲûС
˼ڵʱȵǺձģԽеλԽ뷨˼һֱ屬ɹԺת˹
ƭǮ׻һ㣬ȻЩүүôͲôǸǸ
ϻľеĹȣȻݺݵĳŻ׻ȥҾӸ
ȻһѵˣjngȴǳʢеĹҲĻ׻ȻͷǰԼүүҲû취ֻ֣ñͷ˷ӡ
ֻܵʱ򣬻׻ȴкϹ⣬Ҽסˣ
Ϲٴǹˡ

ղغƼʮ±
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Ǻļװ簡ʱϹһƵϣһ20ںٴļװ磬һߺԱߵĹ֭
˳һᣬô20ںٴļװҲ޷úݡ
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ڸոգһİСܵǵм䣬ֻܿͱĸ׸ˣߵʱĸ׻ϹǸһЦ
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ոһԱļһͻȻ˳Ҳ֪ڻʲô󺰴СھЩԶϹû壬ԽֻǾЩ֡

ǸԱոհѻ˵꣬װϰвҪôض㣬ҪôڵһXXOOʧӣϹǸԱЩʲôʱ򣬼¹ڳһʿģļһڴ㶵վһȻȥ
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ʱϹͻȻһӴļһҲȥǵڻںϡԴ˵˲Ϲһץס죬Ȼþȫק˻ֻ
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ģϹûϸֻ˵ȷ㡭
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ΪԶĽģϺûа취ŦԼԼ׶ĵطȣһʬôҡڵƯϺͷĸۿϡ
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רŸʬģϹе֣ڽЩʵΪʲôٸҪʬ壿
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ʵֻƱĻǺܺýģЩ˿Ʊĺ׬ǮԾ͵ǮȥƱһϾʱƱļֵǳɱϷǵƱ̵ʱ
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·ͬ־ͬ־󲿷Ǹϻzhngf֮޷ɵԼ֮ϻṫȫåǸϻˣһʱΪyΪȡμ۸磬ϣͼԱĸ۸rѰ𱨸rš乫Ĳˣzhngfǰж̯һദͬ˻ĴĻ¼ҳһߡ

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֯һԺϹ⻺Ŀڵͺһ췴

һںϹеıѡ50ˣȻһ쿵Ķӳһкĸӣ˽ͬרҺԼٶһα߽п̽
кζµˣ㲻ΪҲءϹ⵱ȥīı֮һʶּ棬ҶϹģϹ⻹Ǻܷĵġ
ס񣬿ֻ̽Ǳ湤ĿҪαҵһصģʺصĵطڽ쿴һߺϹⰵзԸ
İɣϰ壬һġ׹쿵ͷʾԼһá
ͺһϹһȥīˣ൱һѾµϹ뷨ǲûҪϹ⣬һΪƽrϹǼãȥīǼҲı˲뷨ҲҪһ㣬zhngfѾrɽʱпܻЩǶѾУϹⱾȻЩŵǿȴӹɣһ̮صĻ׷Ϲδزһõѡ
֪ζ⣬вҲԼµԼ뷨ϹصĹ
ڵܲ¥ڲҪcoģcoĵǴӳɶchngqngĹ·⡣
һ﹫·Ҫ200ˮ㣬Ҫ̽һӳɶֱchngqngĻ·Ҫ60000ֵˮſԡ
ˮ೧Ҳ1000֣ϹϺصЩ豸ȫͶԺҲֻܴﵽ10000ңղҪ·Ҫ6ʱ䡣
ҪҪҳһЩˮࣿһԵˮ೧ľ͵ҪȵƵʱһЩ
Ϲҡҡͷˮ೧ȴҪˮ೧еƣ򲻵ѵĻϹⲢô·һʱǽɵģһ֮ʱϻܳԣǵȵɹȥϺ豸Ҳԡ
ȿɣʵڲеĻٴϺһ豸
·ô졭1000ˮͿԱĴг10000ˮ࡭
û˼40000Ժֻ
İɣǸʱͻĵطҪˮˡϹ⵹ûƭ浽ǸʱĴ·ĵطɾͶȥˣ˵20000ֵĲ100000ֿҲãе乬λãʱ±ȷ֯Ҫҫۡ
ˣžܲǱߵˣ˵ֵʱϹһԹ
Դһ쵽ζİ칫ңƯŮԺϹһֱĥҲԼһ㡰顱顱ܸɣĿҲǺܺõİ
һн50ԪļӾ͹˳ȥ
ȻʲôĲϹ棬ζġ
ھ˲ѡ֮ζľžļһ
ʱϹҲ2ˣȻžž˵ž൱󣬳ڶζ۵ΣϹ⵱ʱİ¼ȡСžļһ
ȵڶ조žϰʱϹŷ֣žȻǡžһǳϹԱġž

ղغƼʮһ²
ĳֽǶϽûѡˡ
178ߣ˹İ׾һֺڵıЩ⣬ž˾ģÿġˡ˾ϰǸŮģϲˡ
ֻϧϹǸеģҪǡžǡž
ӵϹϵԹžһ±ϵ۾ΧǽդѾλ¥ĵػҲˣھͿ
𡣡Ϲ˵ͷȻʵshѵˡ
ѵھУڿû취ɡ
shѵӦýеshѵ
Ϲ⵱֮ڳ16ƽ׵أֻҪŪһܲ¥ҪһԲرĵط·˶ʱϹͿڳر
ֻסŪrѵcoҲŪǽshϰĳȴ
shѵϾͬѵÿǹͻˣϹĽ취co潨һshѵ
shѵȫˮɣһΪ㣬൱һô󣬿ͬʱʿshѵѵڵ¶ȫɻɵģԸЧãֻҪϴžԲκȥ
עһЩѯʵĻ˵ǵ²ֿ⣬𣿡
İɣϰ塭˵žԥһ¡ô᲻̫ע⡭
ϹЦһ¡ž˵ܲǱҪ೤ʱ깤
ž롣Ҫ34·ݰɡȻǮϹⲢûĹǿǵҪʩӵ
ûҪ34·ݲȫ깤Ҫȥ¾Ҫ5·ݲˣ5·ݡϹЦһ¡5·Ժ󣬿ǾûǸˡ
˵ܻ֣ܿΪʲôϹļ顭
ֻһǾžʵζıܡ
ҲΪʲôζ֪ϹҪŮ飬ȴȻѡžԵʡ
ϰҪһŮ飬½ֻǸʲôģΪζҲѡõȥȻ֪Ϲ־ôְλѡҪúÿˡ
鲻ְͬλͬʱҲ֪һЩӦ֪飬Լ˵Ļ˵Ǹͻ߸ɴܵٸȥܡ
µڶһ磬ϹζǾҪпһˡ
ʹϹ⻹ǶζźԹΪ֪ζʵиõġ
ҡҡԴζԹҡȥϹʵ
ѧУҽԺôˣ
žæشҽԺѧУĵַѾѡˣʩʩھͿ깤
Ϲīίиζȥ顣
ҽԺҽԺΪҽƷ
սϣһ飬ΪԽͣ㹻ҽƱǱģ޷ΪÿŶ䱸һҽƱҲҪнһҰսҽԺ
ѧУʽСѧʵ˰СѧĻѲ࣬һܲòٵĺֺϹζȥġȵɹЩѧУΪԼ½ѧУҽѧУṩѧ
ϹĿڸɹ˰ʮѧУҽԺ͸ҽѧУ
ϰ壬Ŀǰһܴ鷳Ҳ㹻Ľʦҽ
ϹЩƮƮȻʱһԵžȴ䵽˵档
ϹԴǮֶĿǰȱʦҽȴйȱĶ
ܵȥƸɣǳнҲԡ
ס

ϹԼҪ޽һɳɶֱchngqngĹ·ʱΪȫ䶯ǺԤеЩͬϢڴȥԺҪ˵ȫйˣĴͳɶûܺ䶯ˡ
ΪǸ·ܽɣͺ޽Ĵ·һ
ٸ޷޺һ·οһ˽˹˾û¾ͻзɡϰǵĿ
˵ٸڹȱʧʵֲ̫ˡϹ죬ոڱֽ˰죬һҵţдŵĽֻǡĳĳ˾쿪޽һ·ơ˾ֶûд
Ҳѹ֣һ˽˹˾Ҫ̽һٹﳤĹ·ôһϢȷʵǺšһԵζҡҡͷ
ˣһ֪Ҳ˵ġֽӵһߣϹⱧͷ
ʵҲãٲ̫ע⡭˵ζҲֽϣűֽͬڽ￯Ϣ

ղغƼ
⣬ʱżԱ߸еˣС浽
ǹ⣬Ӣƶ»ǿ10ӵװ...
ʵսʱƣҲƣǶԺڶԣûйҵĹʵòƶ°...
ëӲǹ֮һϲëɪ.ʮµ
ȻϹҪ޽һӳɶͨchngqngĹ·ڴȴûжԸţǿ·޽ʮ幫ͻͣ
Ȼ˵ڶ꣬Ҳ19114£ϹڳɶĹ˾ܲʽ깤ܶԶ֪ԵصʱĴľǲŷ·ȻѾ˽ٹҲ֮һ
仰˵ֻҪ꣬ʱ·пɡ
ǵ걻ǳЦḶ́ܿͺ䶯Ĵű䶯йӢŷ޹ҡ
һ5ף20׵ˮ·ŵ½ֻһ·ˮƽûжٵȴǾԵȽ
īЩ·ͿԺų·ĳȣϹȫٹĹ·ѾԳ֮Ϊٹ·ˡ
Ȼ񱨡걨űʹ󹫱ȷ׷ǲǰĴΪй޽Ĺ·̾ʱŷ޵ıȴ䳰ȷš
Ϊƣȴûлʹá
Ĺ·ϧʹֻţ
ŷıֽһ䳰ȷһΪ·̾ϢţΪĹ·δܳʱʹֻţ
һ㣬ڵһЩֽҲ̾Ϣš
񱨣ΪŵĹϵԿԵһʱ̽·
񱨵ļΪ·̾ͬʱҲʡ
ȻǿԻϰ޽һֻţʹõĹ·ʲôȥ޸һ·أ
Ȼĳ˵񱨵ֹ۵еǵϹ⿴Ժۡ
ҲЩǵĸϹĹȥܿͱھˡ˵һٶֱ˵׶ص𽺹ƱīǿԼ׼ʯ͵ĺȵȡ
Ȼ׼ʯ͵ĺǻܣһļǶûа취̽
ʹˣһȫ൱˵ģԶҲû뵽ƽrܺƵ˾ȻôԻ͵ʷ
Ǹīѯ˼Ƚ˽˺ԶǲŷϹҪǧģÿҲм
仰˵Ϲǵĺôֻëëݡ
ȻԶᶼ˽ֲŲ¶̬ÿ뵽ϹֻǸԼһëëֲˬĸоռݵ顣
ʵϣȻ֪ò˶þͻᱬ·˶һֱԼطӲҪͷȻ⣬Ϲ⻹ǵ˻Լһ¡
ܿ죬ϹûˣΪԶᱻˡ
Ҳ˵ԶƽxzngҺĴܶҲͷˣҲǹѫ׿ټι·ǳ¶峯͢ԶƽΪܶ
Ҳᣬġ¡һ֮ιܶԶ᱾˵ܲλҲܳԵεҲǡ
ȻҲƽȴǱʡȻƷְλû治һܶѹţҲ١
ǣ˻ûüϹһ£ѾҪ뿪Ĵˡ
ϰ壬飡ڵ֪ԶҪĴζæܵϹİ칫ҡ
Զε𣿡ɳϿֽϹ⣬ͷҲ̧˾䡣
ʱϹⷢԼ˿Ϳֽ⣬ƺҲûбʲôǲʽˡ
ʵǺԼǴ齫ģ͵ĥĥʱˣֻǲ֪Ϊʲôȴ˵Ҳ桭
Ѿ֪ˣ
ȻϹڷ±ֽ󣬺һڹ֭ȷʵһ£˲ǵ鷳ˣ췴ʱ谭Ҳ˺ܶࡣ
ʱһ谭Ȼһԭ򣬸ҪϹⲢϣɱԶᡣ
Ϲ⿴ԶûǳѪƾxzngµġԶֺʮ֣·һƷ˫ۻᡢղԶᣬٿ硢ʯѾƵӢۡ
ˣεĴܶ˭𣿡һȷʵҪһͨļһȻ˵һ鷳ļһ
ĿǰûȷеϢϢƺܿ˿
˿Ϲ⻹û˵
ԭܶζ͵˵Щ⣬βŻᱻĴ˵ŻЦЦʵĴܶҪܶкܶ࣬Ҫ֪ĴûѲġΪĴѲܶǼεġ
ô˵ȻҪԶöԸĶ࡭ԶᵱǴƽxzngңھб֮Ϊ˧֮˿
Ϲѹû˵ˡ

ղغƼʮ˿
˿ǸɱСͷˡ
ϰ壬ⲻڹ˾ܲСһЩ
ĴܶĵΣɶĹԱʿȫ˳ӭܶ
Ϊ̽Ĵ֮һȻϹζˡ
ֻڳСʱŵȵ˿Ϲٻе㲻ˬԲŻζµ
˵һͨͷһԵ´ϹԶᣬԶķȣ˿ȷʵǲһЩ
ô˵ڵĴܶԴˣٵʱ̬ȻҪһЩȽϺá
İɣЩҶȻ޷ζԣǻʣһ±Ǳ·˶ҪͷϹⲢǳʲô
ڱ·˶֮еǰ취ʰͷܴСͷ
ֻΪȫʵҵңЩϹⲻȥǣЩҲŵġ
ڻӭܶϣϹ׼͵ģ˭֪ϯ˿ں֮һʵľϹ⡣
¹ٱϹ⡣߳ϯλϹ⳯˿һֵ
Ŷ˿һӡȻΪǶϹЩԾ
ȷʵϹ⿴ҲǶʮĵӣһμˣеԾ
ҵ
ԵĿ˼ϹصԼλ֪Ϊʲôܾ˿ԼЩΪȻ
һֱ11࣬˿ʵ֧Ų˲ֹͣ
ȻװװʲôĻһЩϹ˾ܲ깤˵ģԻȥʱϹζһع˾ܲ
֪ΪʲôܾǸͷҵ̬ЩŹ֡ڣϹ°͵
ӦǴɣҪȻǰ棿йʲôģζֵ
Ϲϸ룬϶ĻشûУô꣬ûȥôܻϸոǸͷ
ǴĴɡζҡҡͷ
ߵʱ䣬ѾЩϰϹˡ
ҵĴϹҲͷˡ
죬ʱˣϹǰܶаݷá
ʵνİݷãҲչˣٲҪԼ鷳֮ġ
ֻϹⲻˬǣŷ5ȴһСʱż˿
ִԶûϹ൱ˬڼ˿ԺϹ⻹ǿԼڳһЦϾ˿Ĵܶ˻кܶ鷳
䣬Ϲ⽫׼˵50Ʊ˫ַϡ
ΪĴʵҵң¹ҪһЩʾģһϹԼ൱
ֻЩϣù𿪿һº˿ֻһü½˻ˡ
̨ǣȻϹһֵӣȴͣİšϼһﲻǮٰɡ
Ȼͷȴǰڳһ˾ӵģԺұ̨Ǳ̨ӭذɡ
ЩͷԣϹ⻹˵Щʲô
ʱͷȴ˲豭һ˲Ϳ͵Ķ
ϹҲֻܾʧˡ
ȵϹ뿪鷿˿ߡһʱһȴдӵ˽̨ˣǺǰһЩ˰
ֻҪЩŪʵҵˣ̨;񡭡
˿һʹӣӵҲֻܿЦһ¡
ΪάºʹԳ͢ŻὫ˿ԵĴЩƢͷٺ˷ͻ
û˿Ǵ˵еġɡһԡڴ塱ڼϼȫڡһά¡ȲȡǵƵ̬ȡ
ȻġҾ˼Ҳʱֵḷ́Ծ˷ͻաͰգһ˱Ƚ϶ĵطϲҲֻܽԶĻὫĴȥһҲܼ鷳

֣ܶȷʵе㲻ԾúԼûеܶڻع˾߸ζζ°ֵ
ȻûУһûȥԼܶһСʱϹЩ
ˣȻԺٴλܶ˰ѡ˵ζЦЦҪѾĲˡ
ǰѾˡϹҲЦԭԶεĻп²֣Ȼε˿ϼһȻһСʱ

ղغƼƱʮһо
ϰ壬СһЩЩǺòײŪġ
ܲ¥İ칫ڣϹŴӱȡ500ǹ֤ζһһߺŲһߵֻ̡
500ǹ֤ǺҪĶϹζҪζֶͨԶְ֮ǰŪֵģĳǹɡ
500ǹ֤ĴڣϹſĴĿŵάһ֧500˵Ķ飬Ȼǩ500ǹ֤ʱԶ͸Ϲ⣬Լǩһǹ֤ˡ
ʱΪԶᰲģϹ⻹֧500˵ĶΪ֡
רŸ˾ȫıӣ͸α߿̽ذȫĻӡ
һΪ󣬳ɶΧԲᳬ300ˣҲԶǩԭ֮һ
ȻĻһӵһ֧500˵ĲӣԶĴܶҲˡ
ǸͷԲ뵽ǻôġڽеǹ֤ںԺϹ°͡ٺ١
ǰԴ˾벻һֱôģȻĻԲߵôġ뵽ʱʲô֪ԶᣬζҲЦ
Ȼ500ǹ֤ϹĲֻά500ˣζǰһ취ÿ֧ͻ±Ϊˣα߿̽ءġˡԼļ߸ɴڹ˾ѡ500
һϹ˾յĶȻֻ500ˣʵȴ1000ˡ
ȵ3ԺЩα߿̽ءġˡǾͻٴαΪӺͻӣԭ500ᵽ̽ȥ
ͨгһα߻أֻҪٸ˲̫ϸģǾ޷İϷʵϹҲûְָϷãֻҪ·˶Ϳˡ
ˣһǹǲѾͽȥˣ
İɣϰ壬ǹѾԴͽѵˡڽش
ͺáϹͷ
˻ǹϹܲ500ǹͿȥѲӪ¾͸ȥƴ
Զֻǩ500ǹ֤仰˵;ûа취Ūǹˡ
˵¶ǸһЧʺֻܸ߰µʱͽ1000֧ίԱᲽǹʮӵ100֧ǹ100ͦɭǹ˽ˡһԵζЦchngqngͷӻľΪ˲עĿЩ˽µʱꡣ
ڻ˾ҪԭƽrԸ·ٱҲĺܺãڷ˽ʱûע⡣
Щڱ͵͵ں󣬱㱻ӵ˹˾ĵѵڣһ֧ûʹù
ȻЩѻһģ10000öͨըҩԣӦǻʳܳ񵯣ǸcoĵshѵѾ;ֻ࣬Ҫôһǡ
ϹԴζһ1908ˡ
ˣЩԱûʲôɣ
ԱǣζĻһ£ЦЦİɣȻǶûŪףΪʲôӺͻÿrѵ⣬ҪȥѧôΪ٣Ϊÿ10ԪнˮѵʱһֱŬ
1000Աгġĸ⣬û֪ϹĿʲôֻÿѾǵ10ԪнˮŬѵѡ
ЩԱΨһŪ׵ľǣΪʲôһͨıӣҪȥѧôΪһ١
û뵽һ׼ʱͷҲzhngfˣԤĻҪ˳
ûζͷĴڵѲӪ¾кܶ඼ԶxzngԶѲӪ¾еźܸߡԶ᲻ߵĻڵһʱɱȻĻͻú鷳
ǰϹЦһ¡zhngfˣһĻһȥû˵ͷǼ˲ٵ鷳
ǡϰ壬ǲҪڷʵ
ȻڡϹҡҡͷ
ʲôʱ򣿡
ȵʱʱʱ졭壬ҲԼе1000˶ٻԼǴаտҲж֧֡
Ͼڻûз·˶ûзôаճ׶zhngfʧĳɶѪ
ֻȫˣϹ˵ʺϵʱǸʱ򣬾ԼĶµҲҪԼͷġ
һᣬζ뿪˰칫ҡ
ȵ˶뿪ԺϹԼɳͷŵȡ
ô˵ǸԵͷǲմϰյѪˣҲɱˣϣܶǸλϻúúõİɡ뵽ϹͻȻһ⡣ܶԶᣬ˿ĻôԶѫǻͬ˻˺ͷۣ
һоͺϹһͬ˻ɵĽԶѫǰ˸ͷѪϾԶxzngѾͷ˿ȵġ

ղغƼʮ·ڸ
1911꣨ͳ꣩58rzhngfɹԸ˶ѹ£䲼¶ڸơʵνڸơ
óڸ󼰾ʮɵڸȄΪ󳼣ͩΪЭ󳼣ʮȨˣռˣŽ˵Ļڸ
Ϣ󣬶zhngfһɵʾ߿ʿʧͬʱʼ
ȻЩϰûʲôϵ˵ʲôڸν飬
191159rzhngfʢĲ߶·߹ߡǿմ·ΪСӢ¡ĹšͬܶΪӢ·Ȩ
Ϣ󣬸ʡҲ߿ˣΪ𺦵ϰǵ档
Ǻ1911514rɳȺڼᡣ־˳ɳ޵·˵ʾ˰УѧտΣܽ˰ʾ顣
ںĴ£㶫ĴҲж·˶ܿ췢չΪƺƴװ塭
û뵽ʱô͵˰Ȼ֪飬ζĸǰϹ⻹װһԾӡ
ϹװһҺܳԾӣζȻӻɣҲֻܽЩ̵档
ϾϹȻһֵֹģζǻǲϹǰԤ֪ڸ󡱺͡·С
Ӧô죿ʵ
Դα߻Ժ쿾ͳϹĸ֮һ
쿵ķʣҲϹ⣬˵ڡڸ󡱺͡·С֮ǰǻΪҪʱĻôھھͿܻгɹĻᡣ
ǵĿ⣬һϸ˼ӺϹ⻺ĵûǰ

ʱζҲڵϰ˵ĶԣʱûǰȻڸ󡱺͡·СѾzhngfʧһЩģĴȼʡģǻʱģ֮ǰǾͱ¶˳ֻѰ·ԡ
õȴʱȵzhngf߽·С
ûζͷ
ˡϹ֣˵ע˹ŽҶ֪Ӧôˡ
˵ͷĸʰö뿪˰칫ҡ
뿪칫֮ǰζȴϹһۡ
ϰ壬Ĳ֪ڸ󡱺͡·С𣿡
ͷĸĿ⣬Ϲû

һоͺԤϵһȻϹǲûκεľٶǴаջǼΪ߿ķ˸˶
ͺ˵һ···ռʽ󲿷ֶɵķʽУɾһַ̯ϵ˰
ֻĴzhngfõǹƱķʽյģȻҪʮʱܻرϰյлôһͷ·չС
·չУ𺦵ĲֹǴʿǵ棬Ĵ5000ǵ档
617rɶǧ·˾ᣬĴ·ͬ־ᡱƾѵΪ᳤ˡԼ·ּ·ͬ־顷ĸ棬桶Ĵ·ͬ־ᱨ桷Ĵ·ɻԱ·ݣٴԸȫŷӦĴŮӱ·ͬ־ᡢchngqng·ͬ־Э͸ݡء硢򡢽֡屣·ͬ־ֻ̳Աʮ
ϰ壬ѵ͹ž߽칫ңһݸڿֽϹ⡣
Ϲ˿Ȼӻϡ·ͶǮ𣿡Ϊco͵̫࣬ϹҲЩ̫ǵˡ
žһ±ϵ۾Զỹʱڴ·ҲͶһ£ֻʱ޽족·ԽֻͶ10ԪԶҲûΪ˵Щʲô֪ϹֻͶȥ10Զȷʵû˵ʲôϾһڶԳ޽·ˣһԲܳɹ·Ͷʽ
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һҶͬ⣬Ҳͷͬˡ

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ȻĿǰû֪ԱĻ˾Ѿ֮һġ족·ϹڴӵкܴӰ
ڴ⣬ϹͷҪѵ˺ò֪ٱҲΪʲôѵҪϹ⣬ǽɵԵʡ
ֻϧȻѵҪϹɣϹȴһҲƲԷΪϹ⿴νʵͶɺЭɡ
˵ص㣬˵ȡʵС͵Ҳ޲ɣ¼
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ƾЩ˵ѵǸս5ƺҲǲԡ

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ǵ67rʢ˷־紨·˾פ˲ѫѯǷ硱ѫ漴µɶܹ˾ܹ˾תѯܶûа취£˿Ҳֻܽ硱ݹˡ
ĹĴһƬȻʱѵҲæر飬ȻʱвٹɶûеִɶҲò·ͬ־ᡱ齨ʱǰˡ
13rĹͬĵɶ£2400˿೯ܱ͢ТɲȻŭԡʴūʢΪģʹʢū
617rɶˮйͨῪʼڡТɡԪ˵¡ڵ̳һҾڱ˵·ˣĴҲˣйҲˣ԰մޣʱڳjngҲڿޡʮӡһȭϣҪԣҪ֯һʱĻأһ·ף˰У˰չѧտΣũ˿˰̨ͬ޳ɣ·ͬ־ʹ˳᳤ѵ᳤ڡ
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ҿĳӡ˵ڹٽִ۾ϣԼԿһЩ֣ôĳ
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ߣкµֵܸԼڹcoߵĿǹӭȥǸʲôģ
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ѲӪԳһֱ¾ž޴ĵ⣬ʶϵƫ⣬Ҫľ¾ĴҪѲӪ߳࣬ҲѲӪ¾ԭ
1908ﰲĵʮһЭ䣬19111¹¾19112¹൱еһ¾soңЩ¼ѲӪЭ½ѹġ
˵һʼѲӪվ¾Ķġ
үǿ𣿡ȵڹsoˣ׳Ц
ڹٰ˰֡ˣ߰߰ɡȵ׳ߵߵʱȴһץ֡ǹͦ𡭡
ǰ׳治sϰҪÿ궼Ҫһǧӵġ
ڹôһ˵sһŰ˰ʾϽߡ
ȵ׳߻ʱ򣬲ڹ졣niniģÿŴʮӵѡ
׳һЦȻʾĸϣڹҲ˰֣ʾԼ·С
˾ĴҲ׹ˣȻֻʱ䣬ϹǮָͨʾ˾ĴصĹԱ;ٽ鶼൱ڹٵûΪѳŪĺô
׳һʱһ˿ڵɽЩѲӪʿڵڵĺ
µģԭֻʮ˿ţΪ·С飬ٵһڰ
˿оȷʵţϰļƻҪʵˡ
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ֳȻͬ죬ϵ۸켸ȫ˰վݣʮˣЦ
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ڴУ۸統еܸߣȻ˶Щһһϵݡ
ش磬ǲǳȥһٵһ̸ֵܿЦæǰ
ԣھͳȥλɡ˵ٶһĶ
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۸Ȼͬ˻ĽǺܶ࣬۸һԷΪҲܿĻ
λ֪Ѿ·е顣˵ٿڳλһۡ·һ¹غǧգаȺ鼤ߣʱ֮ʱ
Ӧôһ۸ʵ
գװ壡

ղغƼʮ³ɶѪ
˿鷿ڣ̶ԭֻ60ڿȴѾ70һ
Ĵ͹һаոȺ鼤ߣⲻΪ·СΪǰһʱ˿˳ּ͢⣬ѵɵƭ˴εС
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ܶһֹʱͻȻһǳٵĽŲ˹
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ûһᣬǾµͷΪ˿ŵһĻš
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ſ۾˿һۣȻŻԭ尡
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ʱ˿ϵѹҲû˱֪ĸˣ͢Ǳÿ춼˿ѹڣ˿ÿξҲǱ͢ѵ⣬󲻵òѵƭΣ
ԼģȴԲһϢ
˿ƺҲʲôԤУЦЦʲôϢ˵ɡ
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˿̾˿ȻΡΡҪվһԵ˿æǰ
·ΪУȴֻƾһŹı㽫Ӱжߡ˿ҡҡͷѹʷµľֻˡ
ˣһȻǾʹǹٲɣѾҪˣ˷ΪĩЧҰ˵ű˿ȱߣ˿ڵطְʱһ¶ڹϾ֮ʱҲϤĽ̵˿ʦ縸ʵǿ˿ܵĥˡ
˵ͿҪˣ˿ŭǿ40ˣȴһۣȴʲô˵ˡ
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ʱͻȻһ
˿һüȻŭˣ漴㷴ӦԲŪġ
Ȼһһ˻Żŵ˽үһȺڳۡ
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ȴףİΪѵ˶
˿˵ϵѲӪܶԥһ£ҧҧѲӪĹܴղȰִⲻ˵Ļ͡ǹ
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ˣ˿ĻȴǴһһ˿߽ľ·ȷʵάֵ˿޵˵ܡ
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Ĵܶ˿191197rղѵڡտТɵˣ·˾ͬ־ᡣɶȺʱܶԸҪͷűԱȺ鼤֮£ȴܶš
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죬ͬ˻ԱľƬơˮ籨ͶjngءɶʮũΪͬ־ͬ˻Ա͸ϻ١իŽȡŴ£Χʡǡ

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ɽǴ˵shѵȥĶԱϤһװ˵ϹЦЦҿɲϣսԺȴŪ׻ǹôá
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Ϊ˳ɶѪԵʣĳɶ䱸ɭϣٵǧֻһЩװªûܹʲôѵںϻᵳѣѲӪ¾ĹºܿͰˡ
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ʱɶܱ߸ضиǻᵳ˸ϵrٵĶ·ͬ־һˡ
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ղغƼʮһ½
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19111010r賿ʤ塣屬һҹսռȫǡ

Ӵ½Ԫ龾ʱԶĴϹڵõϢ
ңȻôıʷ飬ЩҪûиı䡣ĵĬĬĸϹһĪĿżԱĸ
ԭЩϹһֱҪȵļĸҲˣϹⰵĸϵȻϹͬ˻һëǮĹϵҲûС
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𣿡ȴǹܴ˵ģһһڹ˵ġ
ڹٵĻոճڣܴѾݺݵɨȥһۡ
ʱһڹȴˣܶѾˣµľҲ˵ſһļͬšǰɡ
ڹٵõʾҲæ͵ǰǰ
ϡϡݶѾռˣǾҲ޲
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˲е󣬹ܴ̾˿
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Ѿȥˣ˵ζϹԺҪأ
1911115rĴɶģĴڳɶ壬ռɶĴzhngfƾٸϹΪ˳ɶѪĹ˿Ҳѷ

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115r죬ϹĴĵĺܿ㴫˺
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Ԫҡҡͷ֣벻ˡ˵ԪҲЩƣϹ⾿Ǵðģ
ʱνûе߶ȥϺ󶼶ԪĽϻȥԪʵݳ֪֪Ϲ
νҲϸ룬ڿĵʱһֱֺ졣
ֻȵɡͬ˻͹⸴֯˶˸󣬻û˾˭
ʱͬһԵĽȴ᲻ǸϹ⣿
һ£æʵĸϹ⣿
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Ǹ𣿡νüڡ칫·ҲڱֽϼΣǶʱϹҲǾֵġ

һˣп𣿡
ҲΪʲôνûϹԵʣˣ˺ʵҵҺѺ͸ֶϵһ
֪ĴǱ߽ϹֵģҲֻôһЦҡҡͷҲһʵҵҸһǱʵһ̫ܵ顣
ô˵Ķ׳һ£ǻȿһôغںͽɡ˵ںͺʱs
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Ԭ˵ҪԴٺͣҪѸˣֲܰǸſˡ

Ȼ115rʱϹѾĴzhngf
һֱȵ117rҲǾzhngf˷˵ʮ¾BOSSͷΧ˵ı·ŵ֪ϢʱйĴzhngfѾǴϱ˾֪ˡ
ͱ·ĳԱôٲŵõϢȫΪ·˶ʱ
·ѰĴĵ߸˶ˣʹĴ޷⴫Ϣ
ϹʹõǴӵ¹ڵߵ籨Ծ㵱ǽ߸˶Ҳνйʹõļȫߵ籨˰ѵ߸ȫϣҲ͵˶鱨ͨ
һЩϾפҪɶһЩĻһʱͿԸϵ
Ǳ·ɶ֮ȴĵʮ¾ԳǺĸϻԱʱŴ¾ķϵ˱·صܲ
ֻЩϻ˸ϵŵ֪·ٺѾˡ
ٻΪصʱõϢפؾеͬ־˵˴˱ڣ뵱ر̨Ĺһ
ڵõϢ󣬴ǰУ˴˺״Ȼȥְ񡣽ȵ뿪ʱ߳ŭĵ˴˺ͬǹıؾ֮·ǹ֮پʹ˳ˡ
ʱսֻµı·ѵءװªսŰܣټϳתս»ͳɼʱϢɴѪԴ
Դڼ䣬ִʧصҥԣʱ¾ڳؽЩϢĴڲ
ʧȥٺȻ·ʣ¼ͷˣǱ˴ְ֮λȡƽʱͶԷִݣ֪ɶòһͳһ
Ͼ·ͬ־ɲֲͬ˻ᣬв̫ùĸϻᡣ
ҸϻĳԱڱ·лռ˶ڵʱ򵽻˵Ͼͬ˻ĳԱҲǸϻ죬Ѿˣԭͺɢѷĸϻ͸ˡ
chngqngǱȻڣͬ˻Աȴڱ·һԱʣµܵҲͬǸ汣·ʧ󣬸οвٲ˵ĸϻԱ
ˣʧȥٺͷ˺󣬱·ͬ־Ⱥ׵ľء

ٺʷʵ٣ΪΪͷû˸ҶԼ.ʮ¹ǰ
лл˧߸˵Ľӹ30ԪһѲӪʿϹ⺩Ц
Ϲ˰ЦˣȥɣûǸȥ𣿡
汻ʿ˼ͷǰոԪ뿪ˡ
ȻɶڵѲӪѾͬԸ࣬Ϊ˹̣Ҫ֪˭Ƿнˮڽ񽻸ζҲڵĲϹԼżʮԪܵڵľӪѲӪʿǷַá
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ȻоǸְҺܶ඼ֻӪһľ٣ϾҲҪԭѲӪǵĸܡ
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Ϲ֪ٺϢ118rҲǹ⸴ɶĵ졣
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Щƶ֪ɶʧغũƾƣȻĻֺȷˡ
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һߺƾһ߶Զʱ򣬸ոո;ƵͻȻ˽ˣмԳĴĴ˵Ƿ˸Ҫ̡

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ˣмԳĴĴ˵Ƿ˸Ҫ̡˵˼ȴΪڵõϢŻġ
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ǸϻĽ˼ͬǸϻ˸⣬ʣµͬ˻Աϻ춼ֻü
ʲôѪǮѵͲܶǸϵĹһҲֻ׬ԪĴһũ˰Ƕ٣ʣµٶѵ𣿡ΪЩϻŴµ˲ӵ
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˵·ɶΧĵ߸ȫϣΪchngqngһֱzhngfУڶͨŷһֱûжϣҲǿڵһʱ͵֪顣
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ϵĶɲͬ˻ĳԱͳ˳ԻᵳҲʲôøУʱϹոշ˰ߣĴģ¾봨ҲӦġ
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⣬ҪһЩŵĿǹëɪ˵ֵἸѾﵽʹõޣϾɵһ֣Ϊ׵ԵʣѾ˼ʹþͻΣյĵزĿǰڰֽɸѡЩǹĻܴװʦ⣬ұǱѾʼƿǹĿǰӵеĲǹֻ֧ҪµʱƾͿӵ㹻Ŀǹ齨ʦʹˡ˵ŽϵϷҳȻлڷ⣬⻹һЩϾɵɽںҰڣװʦĻһڱǲˣڱӪͬ룬һڱǿԵģұǱѾʼ˶Ȼڵоһھ
Ļ㱨ϹָԱװѾˣôʣµľֻн;ٵ⡣нȻǾû⣬ϹȱľǽǮˣϵ⻹һЩġ
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ںĺڰƬM32ʽƷĵ¾٣ͨᴩ׵ѥsƷټϴsѥ⼸ǵ¾Ĵ
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ȥѾᵽĴε⣬ʵֻĴʱйڽͨ϶ǳ⣬оʱֻܿԼһ˫ȡͽоĻصͲѥǾԲľЬģֻ
ϴM32ʽϴȴͨĽЬִôð۰ɡsM32ʽʿϴȴͨĽЬô붼һַǳŤĸоͨţƤѥҲҪϲٰɡ
ˣҪʵãҽЬֶҲ۸Ҳ࡭Ϲ⻹ʵǰͶˡ
ȻˣǾǻҪţƤѥģϾغzhngf
ѾʵͶ˵ϹЦżǰеʱǡ˴߳ζ
㣿һsƷϹ⣬ζû˵ոǸĻ
ô˵֮ϾѾ˺ü꣬ԽֻǴƬ̺ϳԼϰ塣ϰ壬ϵ·ȻζĿҲϹϵľסˡ
ôҶ˵׾ҫƵģϹ·°ڡ
ϰ壬ƳģϹ״sֻsͼ͹εľζе㲻Լ۾ϹҲмʱˣɴûԼϰȻϸ
ѵһֱСˣϹϴ׾ζһλԼ
ôڴ׾ΣߵζǰϹĵ
Ϲϵı飬ζĺ뻹һͷ鳣ϹϵľȷʵǷǳۣζһȱݶʱζѾͷˣϹϵı飬ζǲòΥĵĵ㡭㲻ɡ
ļһϹ˰֡Ǽһģȥ
鷿￴飬ҪŬˡ
˻ӵģ㿴û飬ȴôĶϹ˵Щͳ鷿ķ첽ȥ
ȵϹıӰζʧζסһĸ첲ʵϵ·ԼƵ𣿡ȻѾۼΪʵζЩš
ûȷʵǶƵģݲͼҲǶ糿ʱġϹеݵĸо
ԼƳİζͷ׵Ժ󡣡ˣһǴȥɡ˵Ҳ뿪˶
ʱϹѾ߽鷿ڶҫԼϵľ

Ϲ⳯ҫԼϵľʱchngqngҲš
ȻǲҪҪĴzhngf£Ӧβ÷ߣԳɶ漴Ľз
˵ϹһһͨʦƵؼһ㣬ҲchngqngĹȴԼ˾Բܽܵģ仰˵սѾǲɱˡ

֣˵пܻӮ𣿡˶ͳ˶Եʵ
ҡҡͷ֮ʵ̫󣬶ǸϹѾ˲ٵģµchngqngҲвٰϣܾĴzhngfҲֻܾˡ
ȻЩҪģҪǡ
սİ

ղغƼھʮ
˵ѾܾˣΪȡսʱ䣬µȥѵ̸ԼڶĻںܡŴս顣
ʣµʱ䲻ˣҪȴٰڣϰŵĸ⣬ԼԴҪϼȦ
ʱ䲻࣬Ҫȴ١Ѿڳ⣬̫ѨԼԴѾ˺üȦ
սɻɣűϵҲĬ
zhngfԭchngqngͬ˻ͱ·ϲĲȻҲвٱ·ԭе⣬˵װʿʵȵȡ
װҪ˵ԭʮܵʮֻʣ˵ܵЩ˽ǵʹ˱·ǹҲһ룬ռ˰ٷ֮ʮϵĶͨƻǹʽǹֵļֱϡ٣ҶھǵС
ʿ൱䣬ΪЩԭı·ڵzhngfʿѾ֪ܻܿĴzhngfͻϢһһҲʿ䡭
ʿǵĵʣЩԭĸϻԱͨũ̸ʣѵһȤҪ֪·ʿ˿жӶûѧء
ҡ
֪ܲǰһЩãĵѾֱˡŴӺ󣬳Ц
ãʿĹؼ⡭
Ҳ֪׹󣬵ȵ϶λúŷҪǮĵطʵ̫ˡ˵һȽͨ񣬹Ǵ·ټchngqngԭеѲӪˮʦһ˵ľӱһ޵׶
chngqngڴʱĴֻһȻǽڳɶ򣬵Ҳ޷ĴʡĳɶȣҪ˰ʲôͨʡ
ѾǱ··ʱǲҪΪ˱·Ϊ˱·ѾˣʣµеΪǰ̣еΪֵΪǼľá
һ֧һ˵ľӣÿµľֻ5һҲҪ5ԪÿҪ30ԪټЩʿǵʳ⡭
ȻʮԪzhngfòôһǮ
Ĵϵӣ򵱵صʿոʮԪһµѹػǿԵģڳɶĴzhngfzhngfټĴzhngfĵ˰ߣĴͳλѾģzhngfԲ˳
£ԭпܾʿ˻ȥƾϹϵҲֻǴյ˼󣬸ոչʿĻʳѶѡ
ֵ֣֧һ£ֻҪŹһأþܷȥˡЦŵ
ֻҪܳŹһΣzhngfĵλҲȹ̵ĶˣЩϤʿҪȻҲ࡭
ʵŴǺϤҪ֪ڱ·ոʱΪȱѣÿһصʱ򣬱ᵽش󻧵ļȥҪһЩʱԸʩᣬȻǸĺսѡĻǺzhngfһķֱӳҲͣʷʵ
ô˵ŴҲֻܵҾɡڱ·ĻϾΪ˰˸ֵ֣sǰ̡
·ĳԱܶ඼ǸϻģŴֶǸϻ죬ֵһˣǲб·Ǹϻͬ˻ᣬҲÿϻᶼֵĸգҪsǰ̡
ŴºҲվ˾⣬ǻвӱƺװϵ⡣ڱûʲô˵ģ·ʱƾͺܻңнɢķ֮ж˶zhngf󻹴úõһ²ӣǲ̫ˡ
װ⣬ڲٵʿʹƵĻǹеǹûУһҲûʲôõİ취ڻڷ棬ǲܴchngqngˮʦĴϲЩʹã
chngqngˮʦһ¡
ûchngqngˮʦѾˮʦ˽ˣchngqngˮʦмͧвٵľͧĴzhngfսҪ½ϽУǲȰͧϵڲ֧Ԯ
⵹һ취°ͧ͡ϵڲ𣿡
Ҳһ¡
ʱһˮʦľվ˳ͨɽҰһǲ̫ܣֻǹ̶һط֧Ԯûģ
룬ͷȻˣȥͧϵȫ¡˵ǸĿǸˮʦľһۡȵս½ǻװȥġ
ǣ

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˾úװ⣬оӦﲼãϹĲӽս⡣
ϣͬ˻˻ǸϻˣӦýȫıchngqngϾʿװս϶ԶԶϹĲӡ
ͺñȿǹѲӪѾǱձװǹ֧Ȼ߾ֵǹҲǾٲʹõģʣµĲƻǹǴ󵶳ìҲѹϹҿڣ½װֵʦµѵһԴ·ˡ
ֻǹchngqngĻֻҪõڶʦ͵ʮþͿˡ
ȻҪͬchngqngϹһսʱ֮Ļȴı뷨
ɶĴʡĴzhngfҲĴĵһzhngfǸϵְ䲼£ĵ˰ߣ˵ӰĴzhngfҪzhngfڷΧأȫıchngqngĻ֮Цһ¡ȵǸϹĲӱٳ£ֻҪһЩȰţǵĲ¾Ҫǳȥˡ
ȷʵֻΧʧĻôһһˣһʼͷΧء
Ҫ֪ⲢϷպʿҲNPCһʼôĻ׾ͻ԰պʿǲһ֡zhngf군ˡĩrټĴzhngfͳλԼҪzhngfߵĶӰ
ȵϹĲӱchngqngµʱ򣬺ֻܿҪһЩȰţһЩʿǲźЩʿǾͻǳȥ
ʵķǱҪģغٲһֻҪĲӾͿˣӻҪصʤ̫Ϊӳɶchngqng·߾ϣȻĻֻУ֮һս
֮Ļڿ˿ͼҲͷûϹľҪchngqngĻȷʵһ·ˡ
ľܿʹӶڴ˳ȥ˵Ĳӣһ˷ֱڴغٲظǧˣʣµǧ˳ǧchngqng⣬ʣµȫõͭء
غٲصǧΪάxngĴڣԼһ̶ϵjng䣬ͭchngqngĲ򴿴ǳʹãڲǰսܺҪķߡ
ڿǹĴzhngfzhngf֮ʵֹ۵Ҳػ˵оĿxngͭchngqngǵڶıݡ

æսʱϹҲûš
Ȼʱѵʿchngqng̸УĿǰûʲôõϢϹⲢΪǻͬԼսǰóֵ׼ǺҪˡ
ȻҲпܳϵͬԼǮಢڣʱֶȴǽǮ򲻵ģ˾ʧҲûʲô
£Ϲ⾭յڶʦ͵ʮȥӲһ²ӵ
ͬʱԱԼ˽ļҽԺҽǱһҽӪս±ʱԺ󷽵ĵطһҰսҽԺԸ˵ʿǽоΡ
ȻԶchngqngѵҲɵϣ̸е˵ʱѾ˲û̸еĳ⣬˵ǽֻȡսʱѡ
Լӵ̽ϢõһӶӵϵķ򿪰ΣвٵĲӸھ͵ºѵԼļſϻسɶ
ѵɻһĸϻ˳ɶ
һ·ϣΪ˷ֹ裬ǶǴƫƧСߵģǻѵû뵽ѹûҪǡ
˵Լ˸ûҪ̸е˼̸н֮ǰzhngfĴzhngfǸһԱ£Ϲ֪һҲԲ֡
һԺ
֪黹ǻ֪ģֻѡ
Ҫѵÿ춼˻ȥ̸ͨеǸûһ·𵽲õЧ
𣿹Ȼ˰ѵͻţԺϹֶһߡǿ˵ûɣǸһȻûҪ̸
ȷʵǲءζ΢΢һЦʱζҲŴsƷֻڼһЩѡ
ʱڿϹ⴩ŵM32Ʒ󣬰ڵĲٽ춼׷ױʾҲҪľ
ڿԼͬǣԼıžҲѱͶ󣬱ЩŲζҲֻõͷͶˡ
ԣѵӽżͻĴzhngfϲ㵱УһЩʿ⣬M32ִsƷѾȫռˡ
ȻζžְƷǴĻЩģϣ

һһղغƼ
ϵʱһM32Ʒĵӣһһͬ
㻹ҪһЩŬɽǰųһŵʿϹü
ְһŬøõġվϹɽͷ
Ϲ˵ǰڶʦʿųһżġ
ֻѲӪֻԤۼľӰɣųɵķϹ˿ֱǲĿʶžɶеϹ⿴ǰЩֻ˵ں֮ҪǿһЩ
ϹɽˣȻ֪ʲôнžҲܹ˵ѵѵʱųĶҲԳƵϡϽ֣ȻҲƲϵڶʦųĶС
ȻսƯĶξͿԴӮģֻͨ㹻ƯĶҲʹϸļɣĲӼʹ̫սҲں֮ڰһݼȿ塭
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ҡҡͷϹɽļ򰲸ˣҲɵģԺŬͿˡ˵Ϲ⳯ͬɵЦЦãǵĶں֮ڶ㲻ϡ
ڵͬҲЦȻǾǰĶлԡ
ѿľأ뿪֮ǰϹƳһ۵ڶʦʿŵľֵs¾ƣȴеȥӲľʵϹܵĸо
ڼĵĹϵĵڶʦʿһֱͣһȵϹ뿪̨ھǵָµڶʦʿҲһлصӪء
ոǿûУʦϴľصӪغһʿŰʿ
Ҳˣϴ־ĺÿһʿӿڵ˵Ż˳ϵsľϴָûͶǵıȰ
ʱһո߽ų˵ĻڵİɣܿǾַܻװˣ
Ŷ
ʿǵᶼǰŵķʽģԺܿʮʿȫΧԼų˵ͷǻûϰųƺʿǽԼųʱͨСͷǡϴ󡱡
ȻģרԼλúųֻ΢ʾһ£ܿһʿˮ
ˮˮһųֱµ˵Ƕ֪ǶŰɣ
ųô˵ʿǷ׷׵ͷȻ֪
Ϊ˸õƿѲӪϹһٶ˵ڵĵ2ʦ͵12áڵ2ʦ࣬200ˣ200˵εĶһľ٣вҲӪһľ٣ĻǸʦɽ
ʵϹʦﰲôˣѲӪľٺʿǻǺܷеģʱϹոշ3µĶãľҲŸһÿ10ľѲӪľٺʿǻĬһ㣬ȺʿǵϹⰲ200ϵ֮һ
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ûֺsƷʲôʱܷƷҿܲڴˣһ೤Ҳŵ
ųͷȻ͵ѵʵսѵ˼ԺǴ̺ѵʱģϾrҲǶǴһ̫ã۸Ҳ̫ˣƽʱ̺ѵʱ᲻ôЩǸ͵ģȻĻҲһ֪ʲôѵʲôʱֺsƷ¸ȵ˵
˵ųЦһ¡û뵽Ź˶ãҪˣҶֻǱ·Ⱥһ
Ҫͱ·ϢѾܣǶԾеʿǻǶԳڵİǡ
·һͱ·ϱЦһЩһ𣿶ҺȥchngqngԺЩһֻʣˣжʮ˵ʱұ׷·ӣΡ
ûǻ˵˵Ժʲôʱܷ·ɡһϱϱĻܿ˵Ĺ
ȻȺ뱣·ϱУִsƷҪȱ·ֵùע...

ղغƼ
˯̫磬ͼ˷ϵʱ.һ
һ˵ĽȻʧһ㻹ǱȽοģĵ2ʦٰٷֱѾص60ˡ
˳һᣬϹ⿴·ҲڵٰٷֱȽֻ10ѣ֯Ȼġ
ǱߵĿҲ˳һ100֧ǹѾȫˣŽĲһЩһϹĸ㱨顣еҩҲͼƻһ˳УҲѾһǳ˳3ٿ2000ö񵯡
ٶȲϹͷո¿ٶȷʵǲˡץͨĵҩ񵯡Щġ
סٵ˵ͷ
3죬3ǰ˾ͻὫǵľ֪ѵѵҪͻҲҪʱ䡭
ûҪεĻҪ5ʱ䡭˵ϹĸСĵոսӵǵĻظ߾ս᲻ʲôõġ
̫ˣѡϹʧЦϰ֧ңӳҵҲ֧ңЩʿҲ֧ң˵ʲôõӰ죿
ǣǱߡüǱ߻һЭĺ¾սĻǻ᲻ûȡơô˵ͣݵĺ¾վĸ֮
Ϲͷ⵽ȷʵһ⡭ԭϹ⿴ͣݵĶ˷ܿͻᱻĺ¾ɱĸ֮ȻҲͽˡ
ľܾѾǷǳȷ飬Ǳȴ֪ʲôʱᷢ塣ʷԭѾЩһˣȻķ̫ܻı䣬Ǿīһ缸졢缸껹ǺпܵģȵԼʦʱݻûз塭
Ҫǣݵĺ¾ʷ˹ȥģΪǸɵ˷¾Ĵĸ֮ĸ֮ϹĴzhngf˷ĺ¾Ϲĸ֮᲻˹ȥͺ˵ˡ
Ͼú¾ǣϹҲһֶΡ
ʵڲеĻҾ˵ȥĸɣ¾ҪĽֻյѣյ֮·Ļôͻһ׵ˡ
صζ˵һԼ뷨ζҲʾͬ⣬ѡڵΡ
ڡϹ룬Ҳһǳѡ
ڴлڴⶼȽΪⷽҲԵôһ㾭飬Ȼϵġ
˽񲿴ڽϹ⽫ԸԸȥһˡ
룬ͷ붼ģһᾡȫɴ£
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Ϲڴ5ſϸݡ
ݾɶֻһٶ๫ֻһʱϵݣȻΪ˰ȫΣǻǽԼαװһ
ʱ̾ݵĺ¾ΪµľƺͺսµҲĹ飬6˺׵ľͻݡȻݽֻǵһҪҲѵҵݺ¾еĸ
Ҫ֪ݵĺ¾ɻ͢Ͻһ¾壬˵ԼǴӳɶģæһ¾еĸòһʱ̾ͻᱻŵ˷ǰ
ĴҲˣھɶԶҲвٵѡ
5ߵһҴլǰš
Ĵ֮ǰΣլҲʶڣԵ˿ſڵʱ򣬲ŵĽгǿסܻլڽԼҵү˳
ĩ֣þòˡŴ߳һˣæֵ
֣ôݣǸҲ񣬾ͽһլڣȻ󻹳濴˿
İɣĩ֣·αװϳҵġ˽ŵӣ֪Ѿһ룬٣Լ
ڽ5ҲլںФĩҡҡͷʹҲҪСΪϣǱͨҪˡ
ҪڡһЦݾƲͬҪǶ˷֮
˵Щˣ֣ʲô£ǽŽպФĩʵ
ԼĴzhngf񲿸һĴʿѾ˾֪ˣɲݲΪʲô顭
ҵȷ£ĩ֣黹ҪˣջϵЦݣһsĵ

ղغƼһ³
ҰҸ𡭡ڷԸ˲Ҫڵ⴫Фĩ彫Լ鷿ڣȵ˵ԼФĩȴü
ڵ˵ͷȻĵû˴϶ݣϣܹ絽¾еĸϣܳᷢ壡
ڵĻشФĩضȲüͷ塣
˷ĺ¾Ϊر·Ĺϵ粽УѾͣܳһʱˣȻȺ·ѾתƵchngqng˷ûʲôٶʱΪʿФĩҲȥ˷Ρ
Ҳ޺磬¾ݣǰ··ȫסˣȻҩʳȲҲͲˣ¶˷ҲֻݵʿǷһ·񣬾ôһʳ
ȻϷľƶѾʧأ͢Ҳûʲôãסˣ˷̵ҲֻһЭĺ¾ŭݵʿҲûʲôôÿʱֻФĩǾһ㣬һȥĶ˼ΣһҲͱɺܶܶˡ
£ФĩȻҲʶ˲ٵ¾٣Щ¾Ȼʱֺܲڼʳĸʱ򣬵Ҳ

βֳܷǵеһǸһֲأΪڵѣȻѾУȻҲͲڽ֮⣬ηֱĸǸ
нЩʶ¾ƽr͢ʱ֣ǶԶ˷Ƚϲ˻Фĩͣ˽Ų֣ȵͷȥϢһ°ɣʱڴȥһˡ
ĩ֣лˣ°ܣФĩ峭ҲΪڳ˸мĵ
ȻФĩԴ˽ֻǿЦҡҡͷǲһ˽ӳͬҲŲء

ݳľӪУ򷪺ܰ׵Ӫںƾơ
ǰϦڷ봨ѹ·ʱ򣬳򷪺ܰ׵飬׼źܶΪ˷еʱ򷢶壬һٽ˷˳׸ɵ
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ֻȴǷƱã˿һϹ˳ϹֳĴzhngfȻЩͳǶûʲôϵϾǺ˶Ĵˡ·ȴתƵchngqngҺchngqng˺ϲzhngf
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ݻ£֪ݻҪãǵȵǱǸϵˣ˵ҪȵͺԬռƾƣ򷪷йе
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ûѵΪǲ֪ǣǸϵıüһЩѹ𣬾Ȼ˸ʱ죬ѵǵں֮ڴǸϵģһԵܰҲй˵ѲӪսܲʮҲֻһݱ򣬿Ҳļں֮ھܴӮģҿǵȲˡ
˵ţܰ׽еľƱ£Ȼų򷪵֣ʵڲеĻǾԼ°ɣеֵܶ˼ûǸŵİæҲһܳɹ
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û´磬Լɰɣ
ܰôһڣӪڵҲ׷׿ڵ
򷪽Ʊ£ץץͷƤֻ£ȷʵֻԼͿԣ֮ҪغģûǸӦ˵ųεĿˡҪ֪Ǵ봨еʳùˣɶǿݵʿܼ
ôһ˵ܰҲһ¡
Ϲһ߶ûϵ˲ͬ򷪺ͬ˻һԱЩ黹Ҫάһµġ
Ϊʲôϵ˵ݻ£Ϊǰæǣһ³ɶıʱµĻܾܿͻȻҲѡºϾһͬ˻ˣǲֻʳҩҲѷĴ¾ƽˮƽȻһЩȴҪһҩҲǡ
ѵҪȵϵĺŵľʤ𣿡ܰЩʵĵ
ڳԶԵʱͻȻһʿ˽´磬һФĩҪȾƣ

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ս²˳Ѿʧأò˺Ҳᡭ˵ڿųĬĳ򷪻ʧأ¶ӣضã

ղغƼһ鷳
ս²˳һ֪ˣڵʧҲᣬҲѾ᧿ΣҲʧصĻô
˵һʧػԶ
˵شϣǶҪxngҲ֪һʧصĻȫĸһشĴЩԭƲЭſҲᡭ
ʱʧҲһܵ顣
ų򷪳Ĭӣ΢΢һЦ¶ѾеĻˣº᧿ΣѾϸԮݵĶȻֻһЭǧ֮Ҳ޿ɺӵ֧ܹϻغĻ
Ȼ˵꣬ѾϵѵҿǶchngqngĸ𣿡ȻҲ˵ȷʵеݵĶȷʵӦüȥˣΪ˾ĿϹ֣ȴǲܵġ
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Ҳ֣ϾǸνı·һȺں֮ɵģǴˣҲö˵ʲô
򷪳Ĭһߵȴǿ˵ǴˣĳԶȴĺܣس¶Ҳ֪˰ɣϷʡڶ࣬ĸǶһ𣿵Ҫʤ֪Ρ
˵ǶҾ򡭡
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ٽԺǾͿԲЩα⽻ˡŶڵԱϵı飬ѵߵЦŵ
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Ȼýӵ׼׼ȷӽս񵯣ŵһų૵Ȼϱһsҳ壬סˣҪýӣ

Щ𣿡սﲻʱɳɳʬѪܵüͷ塣ı³Ų˶á
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PSһսģʽ˺ʧ̫ˣ԰xngսΪ͸սǱȽϵġ
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ǸϽһЩԮȥɣ
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ǣõĴȥܿı͸ϸǰ߽Ԯ
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ӵĽҧҧ㣬ڳȥĻ˵壬Ҫ㵽Ժǲܳȥ
ӵֻǵͷû˵ʲôˡ
ԽԽҵǹӵĽȴеˡ
һӱ鱻ˣ»ᱻȥɡ

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һԵһҲͷǧˣ۳޷ڵ⣬ʣµǡʦ
ȻϹȴֻҡҡͷͬ˻˵νڲϻ̫ˣǱ봨Ժʲô⡣ᵳǱҪѹģϹɲϣھһѵĻᵳԼľڲҲȫǸϻģɣسɶö˷ֱһ£ǸϻľͷǮˣֻҪԸȫ봨սС
˵ϹҲЦǼһﲻһֱΪԼǸóеȫãʦɡ

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ǰ˵˵˱ȫˡ
ڸô죿ǰ𣿡
˵˶ȫˣֻܶʲôã
ŴϰѾֻʣ¼˵Ĳӣʿ۷׷ףʿѾʣˡ
һԴϻȾѪ٣ĽϷ߸ľ١λˣľ
ô˵ȷʵˡٵ૵
أһԵ¼ڲܵĹϵ˵õġ
ȻǸٽֻǽͷ£˰ſڵͻΧʱ˴żٸ˴ӲͻΧ׷ϣ´ʱѾ
ٵĻشһƨ˵ϡ
ʱҲܲµ̬ˣֻǿļϲλ˵ӦΡ
ʻŴ˻࿴˿Ҳ֪ӦǺá
ǳŴսʱǷͻϮϲȫ֪ǺõʱһѲӪľ
ͻϮsһûڣԱߵһϻѾ
вУողҲ𣿴սˣ6ŵı2ŶסͻϮʱ򴨾2ϵıڿ״̬񲻵Ͷ
ϻϴĻܿ͵õ˵ĸͣǸҲ֪Լ΢ᣬ˺Ծľȥ
ȻܸȤǿΧ˶ԣԼֻıͻϮɹĿxngȷʵ̫ߡ
ǾȻͭ˵ɡ

ղغƼһһʮȥ
֣ʮĶصķ²ȫˡ˵ѾˣʮĶصķ²ǻϹú鷳
ϹӣЩЦģһᰲһѺǻسɶ·ϲʲôġ
Ҿͷˡ
ʵôˣ30ûе֮ǰôܻҪܻأ
ô˵Ϲһ֡Ҳԡ
ϹΪʮĶط²е˵ʱҲѾͭȻĻ30000Ϣ
ȻӭsȴԭĮس͵ʿյĶߵ壬ǻֱӻchngqngɡ
ϸͷҲá
ͭСҲʿ䣬ЩԲôϵʿԱͣͭǱһĶҲǲܵ顣
һãǽеϲ㶼˹ȻٽԼ뷨˵
ĽͺҲͷµҲУchngqngͭȷʵһʺϷصĵط²ҲҪһЩ¹ʿ
Ҫǣ²Ϊǻͨˮ·ȫ뿪Ĵ
ȻѾö³̣ܿͱ¶Աڵ֪׼뿪ͭchngqngʱ򣬱ЩĮ̫ү͵صʿԱҲ
˶ʵģʧȥϵ30000˺󣬶ͭĹԱʿ˵zhngfѾûͶʵļֵǻʱ򻹻ӭҲлʣµ20000˶ʲôõľٶ
Ҫ֪ԴϵϢһֱڵĴǸ϶ǵһĸʰˡȻԼҪˣЩʿԱȻҲø
˵ֻͭЩˣôchngqngģǾЩĻˡ
ʱԿյĳţӿЦЩһǱͭЩ˻Ҫʵ
µĳ֮ƺҲЩ֣װ֣ҡ
գֲĴҪֵĻֻܹЩ̫ʵǡô˰̰ˡ֮˿ӭļˡchngqng㣬û뵽ȴֻʣǼԸӭء
ԣzhngfľԱ⣬ǰӭӵʿֻмˡʱ龰ʱȣԵЩ̫ˡ
ĻļѻֻǿЦ
ȻҲûϵô
ȻľƣǿԼͺ˼䡣ֻļҲóµ״̬ºͷ׷׸ˡ
ѻصϣ֪Щʲô
֮ҲˣôţһСʱ
ȻʿΪ˻һֱôȥʱͻȻܽһ١
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һ
ȥɡ˻֣ҪȻʱҪƣ
ô˵Ǹٿ֮飬ϣ˵䡣
ֻˣһֻǴĿ컨壬һȴʾ
ڱ£ҲֻһȻĬĬ뿪ˡ
ȵǸ뿪һֱ̧ͷ컨ͷתôҪ뿪𣿡
ʱ뿪ˡ˵λվѾˣǿȥҲֻǽеİնսˣû塭

Ժ󣬵Ϲͭسļбʱchngqngǰк̸ʹҲִͭ
ʹߵĿУϹ֪Ϣ
һzhngfԸĴzhngf
ҹʱzhngfߵȹͲ֮ˣѾЯҾ˴뿪chngqngǰȥˡ
Ĵzhngf飬뿪ǰġ
ȻΪʲôͻȻ֮ͷchngqngȻ˶Ѿ뿪ˣϹҲͲôˡͳ˵ˣûҪϾɱ
ϾжĳͻĳЩϹ⻹Ǻǵġ

ղغƼһһʮ
Ϲʵ̫ˣȻԶȥһzhngfֱǸڶڣŭ
ӻ֣˵ȶȥνǰȰšǿҪ̫ˣǸϹǾҲûа취µս°ɡ
1126rǴchngqngһ죬ͬʱҲϹĴͳһһ죬Ǻʧصһ졣˴Ӻ˻ʱǡÿϹ⹥chngqng棬ӣ֪Ϊʲôôˡ
ν˵µս£̾˿ڽʧҲز˶ãΪתϾΪá
Ͼ𣿡νǵͷֿЦҡҡͷܶԶǸǳأתϾҿ±صͬ־ͬġȷʵĸǱˣȻʧأûеɽˮĵزôܻ
Ҳ֪һһ£ʵڲеĻ
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û׼ϾʵڲеĻȥ￴˵ͷڽʧݣΪĻҲŴ󽵣xngȻֱЩҲĵ
˵ΧһЩ̬ϵת䡭
֮飬˳ʱǶ뱱ںڼսʱ򣬵ʱѾ벻֮˶ϣ˻˵ϣû뵽ǻ˵ִû캺ھͶˡ
Ȼ˴ӵִﵽʧһҲʱ䣬ǵ˸ոյִﺺڲ˽ҵʱľѾ൱ûҲȷʵеǿѣںʧݺ˻ǶԻ˱кܴϾ˵ʱͰ
Ӻ˻Ԫ̨ݻΪսʱ˾һθ˶Ի˼˵Ҳǰսʱ˾1116rפںĸƹϰĲٶϿڴŶɹںˮ
ʱĺǽҰƽϡ٣дƬأԻʲɺӲûб֡17r췴ӶԺڷ˷ֻΪ˱˶Ծ·沢Ǻ˽⣬ҷķʽ̫ʣı¾ӭͷʹ
ɽʧ600˺󣬵췢㳷˻
ȻͻһغĻб¾ڱ¾Ĺ£ػ10ʧˣӺϹԮҲг˾ͥ˺ϡžãԼҲ˳
£ȻٵĸȻȻŻˣҪͻ˸յִʱȣȴǲܵˡ
ΪոյĽ̸˵Ҳƽ࣬Ǳνʵݳ˵ϹǸʲôˣ
ʲôˣνҡҡͷҺûӴȷʵ˵ȻԸվzhngfٲǵĶ档
Ƕ棿˺һǶ棬ΪʲôҪzhngf
νЦЦԭǸϹⲻѾ˵𣿡
ѵͲܵһʱ𣿵Ƚ˺ҿԹȥһµͣ
zhngfֵʱϹȫ˳Ȼںܶ˿̫ǣǿٻһЩѡ˽ܡ
ô˵ȻchngqngѾǸϹУ˵ʲôҲˡǿӦô˵ɡȻô˵νȴѾԤǵķӦˡ
˵ڶ죬zhngfϲлʱ򣬻վ˵ѾʧݣҲزסˣҸ˵˳£ȡϾΣ֮⣬Ҫ
ȻͺνԤϵһڳĸ˶˷ԣеҲ˷ŭͷɶϣɶǺ˵Ļش
ŭѷҲ֪¶˵棬ڵνʵ뿪˺ǰϺ
뿪ԪΪսʱ˾ˡڣľ
ֻ˵ʱԬûʾͣ½ŲûһʼԬûҪĸˣʲô͢λ
ԺҪעһϹ˰˵ϵĵģԬԷ谵
Ԭôһ˵ĵΪζԴ˿أ
ΪʲôԬһЦϷʡĸһȺл˵Ҳ˭
Ԭôһ˵ҲͷЦˡǵҲǡ
ԴСվǮԬᡣǮ޷е飬ǾԿԽϾ󲿷飬ҾӺǮûǮĻͽһ֧ӡ
Ҳ̫Ϲ⣬һ·Ȼ˰ߣϹǮҲʣ˶ˡ˵ԬϵĵӵϡȺվֻһȺ߰кģȴ֪ʲôʵġ
ҲԬô룬Ͼʵ̫ˡ

ղغƼһһʮ²
ʱϹԬС֪ʵΪߡʢ֭ľƱһchngqngʿ
Ϲ⽫еĹ֭һʱĸٷѼѵļ˹
ʲô£ǸĶǸʿЦЦϹתʵ
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ϹͷȻʾһԵԼıЩ֭Ȼˣͺúõչɡ
ǣԺأ
ԺԸȥľȥģֻҪңchngqngҲν

Ҳ˵𡣡ϹЩΡҴһʼûҪϾɱ
ϵ˵һ׽ϹľûᣬϹȴҲˡǵ1911꣬ʲôҲȫ󣬸Ϳһͷ¶桱ŮˣŮʲôľ͸ýˡ
ʮϰٸС30꣬70ΧϹһתҲֲܿɡ
İ´öǼһϰɣȽʺ顣ϹصԼķһƨɳϣҲˡ
βĻ¾ûôˣѽϹµ·źúһԡǺǡЦղźòײżΧȦĳ棬ԼҲһŵ亹
ǣүôҲǻ20꣬Ǹ30Ĳлɱȣ
Ϲ޳ܵλԶˡ
chngqngʿ⣬Ϲ⻹Ҫȥе֮ؾchngqng30000zhngfԭеϲǡ
Ͼÿ˶һܵЩ۸ϴǣǺһͬ˻쵼ߵţϷĸʡܵõһľأЩ۸ϴ󣬳ĴԺ˭ǣ
ҲϹһ⣬˵ϹֱӴģôϲȨȻҪȫᣬϾսûκȨģȻͶôܶ˵ˡ
30000ҪһһĲ壬ֻҪ۸ĳԱһɲȡãֻҪԸ⵱ȫ͵ɶȥ
۸ЩϴأѵһʵԴӹϺѵϹǰͭchngqngص
Щ۸ϴ󣿡ϹЦǻؼҼȥǵϴɡ˵Ϲɡͬ˻ٶЩİݣǶЩᵳİݣǾԵ㡣
ʷЩھzhngfǰĵɶŪĻᵳϹ;һ񺮡ѾĴϹȻϣԼľzhngfڳһȺѧĻᵳ
Ȼ˵ÿһᵳǲѧģֻĻᵳͺٵһȫͬ˻ˡȻҲǷġ
ôĻЩᵳķɣȻͬԻᵳЩƲ𣬵뵽30000Уٹ붼۸ĳԱЩ۸˻ԸͶ˴򲻹ԭ⣬ҲųĴzhngfڻһְٰ
ͷchngqngǻפһҪǸ¾ȫѹˡ˵Ҫѹͬ˻ĸ֯Ϲ⻹ĹǣȻֻ۸ġ
Ĵĳxng۸ĳԱܶ඼ǻȲò룩ǸʱڻϹ⻹Ҷ۸֣۸ڴжҲͼʮˣϹǡʷҲôɹϹⲻԼôɻʲô⡣

İɣʲôµġϹ⻹ǵɽһŹͷ˰ɡ
ԼȰϹ⣬ѵҲֻܵͷǡ
ʵϹû˵ǣʵڴ۸£ΪµĻԼͿ˳ĽȺᵳȫһˡ
ڶ죬ѵϹľת۸˺󣬸ϻһƬȻ޴ѵıվһȫװʿǻҪѵʸס
ĹλϣŴ˫סԼ
Ŵ磬Ӧô죿
ǰֵܣھô죿
ֵܡ
ѵ뿪۸˷׷ΧϣŴܳ⣬ȻŴȴֻԼٿۺͺ壬Ҳһ֪ӡ
վǵӣȻǸϵĲԸѵǾͲԼ𣿡
۸ϴȻ˼ֻ΢һºȴҡͷѣѡ
30000Ѿȫеһ޴chngqngй򴨾вЩʲô
ߡһ˦ӣ뿪˷䣬ûһᣬмҲ׷ȥ
ˣﰦֻ̾ǻûע⵽뿪ʱŴһĹâ

ղغƼһһʮ͵Ϯ
ȥǼ˸͵͵Ľлȵ۸ϴ뿪ŴԼŽеߡ
ǡ
У˳ȥ棬ھʲô
Ҫ棬ŴǸҲһǵͷǡ
Ҫҡȵ뿪Ŵ˫סԼ
ϣһٶŻЩһͬ˳̨۸ϴ׼ҹ͵ϮϹɱڶڵʱһǧ˵ʿѾΧլۡ
ĸ˵͵©ķ֪ǧʿΧԼ潫Ĳ豭ˤ˵ϣͳǹ˵ԸͶľͳȥɣѾˣɲţϹ⻹ŹԼ
ȻԸһûʤ飬ۼȻЩ֮ͽܳȥͶ⣬ʣµȫڴ׼Ĵƴ
ãû۵ˡ뵽ȻϼļˣЦһ¡
chngqngǹͱըʱŴ20Ҳϵ˶ȻģҲҪȥ͡
վǰŴ˵ʵϹⲢôƵֳԼֵܵˣŴ棬ҲӦȥ
ͶлֵˡȻô˵ţϹȴһмģûС
ʹûĳЩҲ˲һ֣ĳҲֻǽˡŴһĵ
ͷϹ⿪ʼǾӦðŸʲôλøŴˡ
ȻŴæҪйͱͣϹҲһʾûС
һԼֵܶܳƷʵֵûɣǸһȴûжʵȨְλȥɡôţϹҪڵʱ򣬶Ŵ20۸ϴԼȴȫڡ
Сģ
Ϲ⻹ûи׾ôµʱһԵĻѾ
ΪŴͶϵģһԼֵܣȻЩƲŴƷϹⲢûж̫ĽģûѾ20˽˻԰
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ȻͻȻϹߵĽǴӴѡĽԵŴ˶Ϲʮǹ󣬷׷ͳǹз
Ŵ磬ôǸϹûУһ۸ϴ󺰵
֪Ҹոտ5ǹ2ǹǸϵˣŴ϶ĵΨһȷľǼǹǲǴҪ
ʱڴܼǹ渺ĴҲӦ˹Ȼ澿ʲôǻǷ׷׳Ŷӿ롣
ֵܣǿ߰ɣȻĻˡۿϹⱻϽһսǣȷеǹ޷һ۸ϴŴ
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ĴڷɢһûȫӿĻᣬ78ʬŴ˴Ӷڳ˳ȥ
ȵӶڳŴǲûҪȥĶ30000ѾеҵѾ׼˵ƥûиȥĸصķ
һʼŴûҪ¶chngqngΪҪЩӴжchngqngһܵ飬ոյ͵ϮϹѾɱҲһ
ǳϹҵĻӻأȻ۸£Ͳûлˡ
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ˣոǸҹֵأôˣղŲһĻϹϵǹ۾Ͳֹˡ
Ϲ˵ǸΧļʿǷѿڵǸֵѾˡ
𡭡ϹѾԤˣŵ˶ǹ֪Ǹ˻ô

ѳе۸綼ץһҪ¡ڷҪ˵ЩʲôʱϹͻȻڵ
Ŵأ
ҵȻɱסʬ
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ղغƼһٶʮ
ϵ󣬾ȻûбŴɵһ棬ڽѲĴʿһ۸˳ŵ˿ĭ
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ô죿ŴﲻΪ˿ϵû˾Ͱռƻط£û˵ų濴һۡھͱȥ߸Ŵ硣
ȫǴˡһµĵĵ
İɣа취˵Ǹ۸ϴĿһۡȺһchngqng찡chngqngмֶûء
ʱĴһӻѲ۸ˣѾеȻͲ˵ˣڵ۸ҲһЩͽĴ±Ѳ˳
Ϲ⣬ľٺʿǻǺ𾴵ģÿ10ľùȻԭ֮һҪĻϹ´ǵ˰ߡľٺʿ˵ļ˶ũȻһǸɻĵ軧Ϲ߿˵ݼ˰ٷ֮ʮϵľٺʿЩҲǶϹжµģԼҵĶȻ۸˴ɱôǲ
ѣһ۸˶ܷŹǸŴģҪԴߣ֪ŴѾˣһľٶʿ
ǣ
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ҪʲôҪ϶ԼĵֺͼҾȫץ˳۴ĶԴӵľٵ
ȻǸٽֻקק죬Ȼĵǲǵģھ鷳ȵסһʱɡϹĵϵϹⱻ̵ҲǷӦһȻǰۺ֪ܿܲ飬ȴӰ۸С
Ѻ۵˵ʿһ֣ѾõʿҲۼҾǵĿ޺Ǵǵסק˳ȥиڷģֱǹкȻקͷߡ
ųڲʱĺ޺ҽǹЩ֪ʲôֻͨܶԼļôһֱ㵽ѲȻûн

ڣҽϵǲ鿴һϹ˿ڣȷϹxngް󣬱ʾһԵĽǽһ¡
Ҫ붼ȾĻΧĻҪɾһЩ
ΧĽȻм֣ʱҲҲҽĻ
δӳɶֱchngqngȻʧô󣬲ȺϹҽԺҽҲǾǧٴεʵսһȺҽ
ĺΣأһǹʹ˹ͷĻ鷳ˡСʱ󣬽ӵӼ͸첲ȡҷ˿ںҽ˲ϵѪ
ȻǺ˽⣬ϹҲõͷӵУǸʲô³ΪҩЧǿϹֻ죬ȴʲôû˵
ˣڰĵϢͿˡ˵ҽתͷѻѶɽѾûˣֻҪĵϢͿˡ
лˣҽ
ûʲôӦġ
ʱߵϹǰʿѾʼѲ۸ˣò˶þܽŴһץ񡣡
ô˵Ϲ΢΢ĵһͷ
ҩЧĹϵchngqngѾǷ꣬ϹȻ
Щ֣ǸŴڴɱ˶Ȼûȥɿ30000Ѳ֪ûԾͷˡ
ֻҪһûܵĺǣǾлὫץ
ǵȻ֪ŴѹûҪchngqngֻڶģԼܹɵϹ⣬ȻŴԼϳٴ¡
µĴzhngfһΪϵѵһϵԭеѲӪһϵĴ¾һϵϹĵϵ
ѵɲ˵ʲôûУͷҲֻˣԭѲӪΪһʦһú󣬱ϹⰲԼˣֻǰʣµľĴ¾Ϲĵϵ
Ĵ¾Ҳڵĵ3ʦ˵ʵģûбʲôˡϹĵϵһʦһãȻֻһ룬ٿȨԼģ³ｨʦܳｨɵĻǿѹ¾һϵ
ųɺѲӪ2ʦ12öԭĴ¾ĵ3ʦûкøУ֮ҲȻɽ޵ϹĵϵȻԵ3ʦûʲôУеʱɼġ
ŴܴɱɹĻһض飬ŪõĻʷһʷȤսҲǲܣʷĴΪԭĶⱻƭȥbijngŻôʱ䣬һֱսͣ

ղغƼһٶʮһ
û𣿡
ûǸϵ뿪ģǸǹ˵Ǹŵź̾˿ϧǹҪ
𡭡Ŵվ
Ȼ·ѾأʱϾж̣Ҳв׷ٵ˵ı·ɲڡԵŴ˷صʱЩɲİº׾Ϳڵzhngf
ڿȴòٴ뿪ء
Ҫ뿪𣿡
Ȼ˵ŴЦһ¡ǸϹ˵ĻǻгȡƵĻᣬϧӲûȻûôùľˣ˵ѾУһôҲ޷ĴģʱߵĻ³ѿġ
ǣԸһ뿪𣿡üЩŴһȥɱϹ˵ûʲôϹŹκ˶ܷŹǣһоˡЩŴǻصغ󣬰ǶȡؿȨأԸһи뿪Ĵ
ǵȻԸ뿪ĴǣǲߣǸϹͻԭ𣿡ŴЦ¡ˣڵzhngfѾĴzhngfģڰҶȡصʱ򣬾ѾվǸϹĶˡ
˵Ҳء
һоͺŴ˵һڵ֪ϹⲢûʱЩȡصľɲҲֻѡ뿪ֻԸŴһ뿪ֻм󲿷ֶѡӣܼȷͷ˵
Ϲɳ׷صʱŴѾЩԸ׷뿪أȻظҲĴɽ࣬ŴһҲֻм˶ѣʲôûҵֻܻĻchngqngȥˡ

ڵ֪Ϲ˵ϢchngqngͷʿԱȫܵ̽Ϊ˷ֹٴηɱ¼ͬʱҲΪܹϹúõľԳò⣬ʣµȫѵͷѸ˻ȥ
УֻǱǹǹֲǱǹ˶ʮǹõ𣿡ϣϹЦŶķѵ
ɱѾȥˣʱ䵱Ȼ޷Ϲϵ˿ϵҲγ͸͸ʲôĻǿԵġ
ֻΧ4̧εĽ֪ΪʲôϹܾԼʵǽӡ
ҲΪ룬ҽ˵ˣϵ˾ԲܵȻĻ˿ںѿġ󣬷Ц
ҽӦû˵ôܲ˰ɣҾô̧ţ4ֵҲ۵ġһϹ⻹ǺŵģƵҲᣬԼ150
ȻϹ׼ȻһЦʱһȴڵģǲۡ
ȷʵѵʱҪܵĵҩȣ4һ̧ϹⲢǺܳ
Ǹ˵ڿϹsһֱһԵļʿЦ
õͷϹЩεĵȻǲۣǾ̧ҵ԰ȥתһȦɡ˵ʵһֱڷҲȷʵЩƵûš
ǡܵ˸4̧Ϲ⳯԰ȥѺͼʿ򲻽ĸں档
˵ȥ԰䣬12µĶ컨԰ﲢûʲôֵһģѾ3ûгݣҺ滹мƯĻʿŵĻϹ˷ʱ䡣

ݺݺŲǺȵ⡣ʵûµʱϢһҲ𡭡
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Ϊchngqngͳɶ֮ĵ߸˱·Ĳ࣬޸ֻֽһֵĹϵԵζ֪Ϲ˵ʱѾһԺˡ
ڵ֪Ϲ⵽ɱ˵ʱζǾĲʬֱϹⲢûʲô󰭲˿Ȼ֪Ϲ˵飬ôζͲòһˣҲһģϧɶҪ
ζchngqngҲֻΪ˵飬ҲҪϹ˵
͸ˡʾ⼸Ϲºζݹһӡ
ʲôӺϹЩĵ

Ϲ졣ܲμʲô𣿡
ֻһ˵ġ˵ζʾԼȥ
ִ򿪣ĿһϹ̧ͷζҼǵǺȱһ⽻˾˾ɣ
ļһôأһٶʮʱ
ǡʡϻᡱ͹ģдĺϣϹһǰ人ｨʱzhngf顣
ֶʵڳʡϻᡱʱѾɹȥˣֻϹɹȥǸûҲûȨֻһϢ͸ĴͲˡ
ƽʱûʲôȻ׼ｨʱzhngfˣϻᡱǱҲϣϹһʽһЩĴϯٱʱŪˡ
⽻˾˾ĺѡ𣿡
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ɣûкʵѡҲֻȥһˡzhngfȻȻһ£ѾͳһĴĴӵбȽι̵ĸʱҪѵЩɺһԼˡ
ʱѵȺȥĻҲȽûк֮ǣ⽻˾λȻܽɣȻĻϱ̸Ժѱɵ˲ͱһϵһ
Ϲ⡢ζӷˣԼһҹȻûһʵѡҲֻѵϼ˳˴ǰzhngf顣
Ӣ֣ȫˡһѵ˫֣ϹصҡҡǱʲôί͸Ͻһͷġ
ȻЩЦãѵǸмĵͷ
ȵѵ˴뿪ʱ򣬷һʵѲʲôίô˵ѵҲһʡΪ·˶Ҳйʵ벻ʲôί
Ǳߵͬ˻ῴ˳𣿡
ᣡ
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磬ǺҲĴ˰ôĻ᲻ԼҲȥˡСͷĿһЦĵһһȺ۸ҲĿ⿴Լϴ
ƺע⵽˵Ŀ⣬ͷѵõĺһ£ӲĵֻҪܰȺһȥԼȥҲνġ˵ͷߵǴĺһ
ͷµ۸æҲ˻Ӧֻôˡ
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ȻԸ˵ǸվϹĻǷëǣЩ̾۸ܳ1000ָϹֻɳŵıͽǽһˡ
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ȬܲѾһЩ΢ĻˡڶڣΪϹǸϹҽ΢Ц
𣿡΢Ļһ¼ȷԭԺϹҲôܻسɶȥ𣿡
ҽҡҡͷȻɢɢʲôû⣬ʲôĿ¾Ͳˣ˿ֻǳϣôĻ׻ѿ
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ʱһԵζڵİɣһһ̨ߵ籨ġ
ϵǹ˺ϹͷǾͺá
󣬵ѵԱִ人ʱ򣬳ɶҲߵ籨͹ˣȻһͬ͹ĻԬͺͣսϢ
ʷϱ̸Ŀ˰ѡ鱨ĶһϹ뵽
ǳϣû뵽ԬȻ͸̸һԵķü˵ĹƣԬӦɨƽ˺ĸɨƽĸzhngfȻԬȻ͸̸ȷʵǳ˵Ԥϡ
ûʲôģzhngf군ѾΪ֣ѵΪԬڵλ𡣡ոĶ鱨Ϲô˵һЦ
˵ѺζȫϹ⡣
ȻԼȥԬĿ¾ЩɡȻԬյĿǵʵ۵ϹⲢû˵ȻĻǳδ֪ˣߵ籨װ?ҪϺǱ߷ݵ籨
Ѿװˣ籨ľһԹĵ
ǾͺáϹͷеĲе¶һݵ籨˵һʴ˹һˣһˡ
ǣ

ղغƼһٶʮ
еĴ¥ڣһ߷һʱҵһƷŸողŴӡ͹Ĵ衣ֻȻζǳ㣬ǿ»ҵ
зĵ籨
ڲΪ»ҵʱһеְԱͻȻŷ籨˽
ҵĵ籨Щ档
ûĵ籨ѷġ
׶صĻ۵ģȻǵ籨ȻҲ뵽ط
ǸְԱȴҡҡͷǴĴġ
ĴЩ֣ɲǵԼʲôȥĴǸй˵ĻƺһĴֻһ˲䣬ǸĴѾһʡϹ⡣
Ǹһ𣿡ôţ籨ŵϲ𿪲鿴ֻʮʱ䣬ϵĳݾȫɢȥȡ֮һЦݡ
ѷ𣿡Ų¶ЦݣǸְԱЩ档
ûѵģһҵĺѡЦ⣬ְԱԼҰһ´ҪȥһĴ
Ĵ
ûĴĴһʴءƳ籨βˡСĸֵʱ򣬲һ˿ynһΣ¶ǸһҲȥɣ
ͺͲһڽӵϹĵ籨еľ¶Ҳʰ׼ǰĴʴ⡣
˵ӰˣеȻҲке̴СΪսҶٵĹ˿Ȼ˵ǻûпƱйԬǸһȺϷʡzhngfڶڶûгΪй˿͵ĿxngйӴ󣬻֮ľҲܼң¸еҵ˵һٵ1911ʱйﵽ2863ҡ
ϹҲѾڵ籨ԣε㲻ܳһǧ߰˰Ԫǵסġ߰˰ԪʹڹȥҲǷǳѵһĴˣҲΪʲô¶Ըһ˵ԭ
Ȼڳǰ¶Ҳû׼ѾµϹҪɹʲôǣѾһѵļ۸ϣһξͽʴ¡
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ͬһĶ֣¶òЦЦŸòס˶Է֣Ӻ
־С𡭡ջر࣬Цŵ
˴˱˴ˡͬջȥ¶ޱĵ
һԵĳ˿Ϳֶռӵļһͺڿɵһ
Ȼװʶǵļӡ

¶ͲǰchngqngĽʱѵĴֻҲִ
ѾˡòţӶѵ
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˵ѵ񲿳ĴzhngfڲλǺܸߣǶ˵ôҲһһ·ϾϹɹļ˶ѵ𾴣½ֻǱϵġ
߳ţͷѾӳ
ʱһСͻȻ˹ȵҪʱһʿѵ˺ĸʡĴ쾭ʡĴִҪѵǸֿͧģȻûڡԴϵʿҲϴˡ
ĴĴҪѵڣһԵһѾڵ
ĴĴСϵʿ࿴˿ûǴĻԭchngqngƺסڶ
СϵʿѵһжԻʱ򣬶ҲsǺܺõ˵˶ǱϳĴģͬͬ˻һԱ䵽ûжʲôӡ
֣װ֣ʱĴĴҲ쵽ˣһҪҪһͷȥЦ
֪ڿЦԽֻǿЦĻ˰ɡ
Ҳ֪˵飬ֻЦЦû˵ʲô
ʱ߽һʿĴĴѾˡ
䱾ڶĺΪըҩʱըԼȺ׵ºͬ˻ҲֻǿԪʹˣںĸȻźܸߵȬԺ󻹵˾񲿳ְͽ䣩
˵coco˵ĴĴ͵ˡ˵俴һۡҲϣĴĴ棬ǾϢɣȥȥͻ
ţҢ֣ȥɡ
Ǿ͵Ȼˡ
ȵ뿪ſЦſһۡ˵˻˭
룬Ȼ󿪿ڵӦûѵɡ
ȻѵҾͲζɡȻҲΪ˻ѵ

ղغƼ
PSҼǵ糿6ʱͷ
ƺûз
PSҸ˯TһٶʮԶ
ۿڣѵǳͧոͣͷϣͽѾ˸ϵˡ
ʿѵѲӢȵѵͧǰֵ
ǡΪѡѾõ籨֪ͨ˺ߣѵҲûʲô⡣
ͽ以࿴һۣǰסѵ֡ѲӢrһȻǡ氡ðɣѵ΢ԲֵԼ˵仰ʱΥġ
ȻѵԼò͡СӢ־ԿϱߣüЦĵλʵ̫ˡ˵꿴Լ˧ϲٵˡ֪λǣ
䣬κzhngf񲿳
½䣬κzhngf񸱲
ѵһͽ䣬Ҳһ˵Ϊ·˶ĹϵѵȫΧҲ΢ôͽȻ̸׹Ҳˡ
ԭеĶ䣬ǾˡȻСǸҪԼС56꣬ѵȴһ㶼д
ͽæ
˻ʱѵ߳һˡĴѾȴ֪һڣ߳һĸݣòͨ20ꡣ
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λҦȪŵĸһԵѵæܵ
ԭҦ֡һҦȪǸͽæֵ
ҲǾλˡҦȪҲæ
΢Ŀһº俪ڽ͵chnɽֺͶڲĳǷڽӴʡĹҺͲָģʲôĵط¡
˵ѾԬǩͣսЭ飬û֪˫᲻ᷢͻԬɴͣսʱ򷢶ͻϮͺѾˣ人ֻʣһٶʧĻȫйĸ⵽޴ĴЩԪһֱŲ顣
ԭѵҦȪĵͷǵûоñˡ
Ҫ֪񲿳͸zhngfҲŵźŵ۳ԪͿܲĶ˵ǶĵһҲǲԡ
λɣλס
ǾͰˣҢ֡

ѵһеִʱ򣬽ҲĻɽТ껨̨˸ͷѪ
ʷϣʱĽѹĻɽТ껨̨⸴Ͼֻʣһʱ䣨˿ܵһ죩ǾΪһԶᣬýĲһֱͣϾΧ
ǸƢûŵ˿ͬĴʱԶƽxzngң˵й֪֮ܶһ
1927ʱʿȴʫ̾УҲԶĹ˿϶
֪˧ԬԽӢ
ʼȫи赶ɥӢ
˾ΥսĹϵԶ͵Ҳͦࡣ
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ѲӪʿô˵һԶһľٴȻǴ˧ƽxzngңǺεǸĴϹ⣬Ǵ˧Ҳ׾ٵƽˣ
𣿡
ǻм٣ǸѲӪʿƺЩţټýϵľο¶һǹ˸ʿүǵ׷˧ƽxzngѾʱµġЩؾɱȸˣĵΣļֱûЩؾǴ˧ˣͲؾȣЩʲô
ŶѲӪʿչʿžϵǹ˾̾
һʿģǸٸˣæԼxzngʱ󼸱˵
ȻھٺͼʿʱԶȴԼġ
˵Զ껨̨Ѿ˽ʮιϾѾزסˡǰrʼѫǱ߾Ѿ漱ΣڵĵҩҲѾʣ޼ҪĻʿǵʿ⡣
˵ĹٱȫԼƽҵһԶĽĽϻϼңϧǡ
ҡ
ռ˾ԵƣȻ͸ͣԬҲǰػġشϾܶȻҲͿˡȻԶ᱾ҲͬͣҲ鷨ģ˵人ȴһ֮źܴ
ٶĻҵ¾ҪԬˡ

ղغƼһٶʮҪĶ
6󣬾ọ́¶ǳĽͣchngqngͷϡ
ǿóءӽͷȺ̾˿
һͬ¶ĻƳһۡģεģ
ͬԩң仰ڲ¶ʵǡˣ6ڴϵʱ˸ֻҪһ棬Ҫ䳰ȷһ
չ¶ô˵ԺӦҪȥģǳ;ĺ̺ľjngԲֻһû˵ʲôȻЩֲôûзô˵ҲԼռϷ磬¶Ҳûмȥ
ʱһźsƷʿͻȻԶ˹
˵ͷϵ˾ҰգôһʿͷϵİջǷ׷ɢͲһ´ĳ˿Ҳߵһߣһʲô鷳ֻвµЩԼһеĲ˻Զ
ǲ¶𣿡ŸողŴӳɶ͹ûľѶŲ¶΢Цʵ
ʱ䣬ɶķװһֱڸʽȻΪʱڶĿǰֻ˼ǧ׶ѣռchngqngϹ⻹óɶ600׹ȸԼĽӪϡڻsľϹ600˽ӪҲûлϹ·ˡ
ûǾǡŷϵľһ£¶ǵ˵ͷ
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ڿһ󣬷ѳŲ¶һĶѾ׼ˣλɡ
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֮У˴󣬿ֵȺ̾chngqngء
ǰһʱʱchngqngǱڻҪءһŵķЦŵ
ѵĻǲ٣chngqngĴʡɶһУȫΧҲŵŵġֻǰΪϹ⵽ɱĹϵжһʱ䣬ȻѾҪָrķ»Ҫһʱġ
˵ͷ1911chngqng˿ڴ5600ңֽµchngqngȷʵԵһЩ
ˣ븱٣ϴƷǣ˰̲סк¶ʵû취ʵǷϵľ̫¶ˡ
ϵľ𣿡Цų˳ϵľǶΪָӵʣƵʽڴr֮⻹һѵġ
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ʱ򳵶Ѿִ˶ǰͬʱҲ˲¶Ļɡ
λȥϢһ£ȥ
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Ǻãλɡ˵ŷſڸĽʿ˵˵ݣھ˼򵥵Ѳ󣬷Ѵ߽˶ڡոյ黹λ¡Ȼ˵Ѳ顣
⡣ȻոյѲ˵ԼܵðڼԪϣ¶Ͳƽ͵ĵҾͺ˵һϹ⵽ɱֻǰ飬Ҳȷʵǿ⡣
ʾ˸м󣬷Ѵ߽˻
Եȣܿͻᵽˡ
ʱϹܱʿĲ߽˻
ǺþòأλڻϹЦŵ
Ϲ߽ҲæվȷʵǺܾòأ϶˵ҲϹ˻ѣйǺйڷԺ󲢲ϲǵȻùȥķʽԴǣ˷׷һֱȽǡĳνƺϹ⡣
ûע⵽һ㣬ڿϹʿĲλϡλҲ˵ϻǾֱӲɡ˵ϹȡһļȻƵ˲¶ǰЩҪĶˡ

ղغƼһٶʮ±ϣ
ôʱûôֱӰһЦţһȡļ
ΪϹȾѾ׼ݣԵȵȡһݺ¶ȡһݡ
һ˵װɣεܴҵĲΪǧѾûˡֵָϹԻϵңкȫй⣬оҺǵĹϵҲõģǲҵҪôҲڻһ⡭
ȻϹô˵¶ȴֻЦЦģǲҪôȫйҲκһҪˡ˵˷ֱ𷭿еļ
ǧԪ⣿˵֮õġ
ֻ
ίԱ1888ʽǹ60000ˡļĵһţsȺһЩΪӢУڶʱŪôĵ첽ǹڵs¶ϲһ¡
Ȼڿڶеʱ¶ԼsҲһ¡
M1900ǹ10000֧ίԱᲽǹһôĲǹʱҲֻӢܹĵ
ɭǹ3000ͦ
ػǹ400ͦ
75׿ھҰ200ţɽ100š
۲У20ֻ
һŵֱĲ¶ĿɿڴףΪʲôϹ˵εǧҪ֪60000ίԱᲽǹֵܼѾԪǧӵ
ôЩܳԵ°ɣϸϵı飬Ϲ˫ֳ°Цʵ
¶ϵıͷ롣
Ȼȫйĵ¹У60000ίԱᲽǹҲһӾõóģοһѵĶεȷʵѵһĴ⣬¶Ҳ˱žܴļҵ¹Ū㹻Ĳǹ
ҲˣҺ¶ȣҪһЩ
ΪëɪG98ǹʽװ滻ίԱᲽǹʤ60000˵Ȼܶ൫ֻҪҼҵ¹УҪճҲһѵ飬10000֧ǹ
벽ǹȣǹгйǺܹ㣬ƷйҲʮô׹10000֧Ҳֻܲ׶Ǳߴһˡ
˲ǹǹ⣬ػǹǹɽڡҰڵ⡣
򵥵㽲ĻϹҪЩûһпóġ
Ȼµѵˣ¶ȴûлɹϹ֧ȫ˶֪ī֮ϹֵⷢģҲ׼ʯ͵ģȻĿǰû֪ǵĽ׽Ƕ٣һǧԪϹҲֻáݡ
ΪѾ12µĹϵϹڶ˲ٵ̿¯̿¯ڵ¶ߣҲöڵĿøһЩĻҲûڵļԵú
ȻЩ鷳ȷ˼ҹϵĵ¹к¶ջǵͷܴ󣬲ܸһµʱ䣬лǿԽҪ60000˲ǹġ
һԵĲʱҲڵΪйǹгΣйûôĲǹܸһµʱ䣬ܲǱ߾а취׶Ū㹻ǹ
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ͷһҫ첲ϵļ⣬ƳһԼϵ⣬ǵĻһǶ֣ϹԺڱȥ
ΧЩһԱ֪֮ĸ飬ֻһԡǺǡЦš
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ѡĴֱ졢ɽɽϡϡաա㽭㶫ϡĴʮ߸ʡʮɽջʮЧƱеʮţѡΪлһʱͳ
191211rɽϾͳԭܶлʱͳְ

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޹֣ѾкܳʱûгɽԺˡȻŮֵ֣ļʿ¾͸СˣrиķդҲдġĵģͻȻǰ¶ԼһrӺŮɽȻЩ֪롣
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ȻһʼѵͽɽӣҶܲʵ˵ôšĸɽǾժġ
ѵǹʱ˵ģɽһǿЦŵΪ˸ȷʵǿŮɣҴȾȶٽĸŮӻعڡʱzhngfɽʱͳҲǸոյϵģټϹھƻңʱ򽫴޹ĸŮӻȷʵǺܺʡ
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ʱνҲһԵͷǰɣɩѾڹܿ꣬ЩǽӻعڰɡνȻеʱ棬ô˵Ҳһˣ뵽ɽûжᵽԼrˣȻҲ϶⡣
ֻͳְףᣬΧ͸ʡһֱھ飬ȥĻʱzhngfҲһִ
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ȻƻϹڴ޹Ѿһ䣬ɽһrӵ黹ǺܿھƻϴףպŨľƻҲԵЩζˡ

֪Ϊ޹飬ԼмһԪʧʱϹһöոձԪ
Ȼʱһ豸ϺǶһʡϹ˵öƷûʲôѶȵġŪʽͱ׼󣬽ֻһ죬һöոµġϴͷͳϹС
ǺjngϸȻӲңٱڵͼеġԬͷҪjngϸԪϹͷ
ȻϹĻԪԼĲϹĻҺŪġֻھ˻ǵŬƺԪϵѾϹûͬĵطˡ
ζΥĵЦݣϹָңĴһºæŵԼĶߡ
Ԫ΢ϹͷԺͰȥͿˡ
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Ӧò˶ˣǰʱշĵ籨˵Ҫһ豸Ѿ˵ϺӦѾʼװ˰ɣ˵Ϲʵҳĳеλöû𣿡
Ѿûˡ˵ζһļϹ⡣енڳڣҲǾԭܲ¥ԶĵطڷڳڼҪĽζַ˲߻顣ȵекͼ˳ǻchngqngĴҪĳУ֮һʡڵĸص
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ȻˡζЦһ£ûзϾҲΪ˾ԭܾҲи顣
һΪʡڲڷӳԪĲϹⱾ˸ϹⲻòʡڵĻΪԼһȽϷʵòĲ
ֻֽ˲һʱԪڼʮΪϡٵԵʣϱ˸ڵڶԪٱļֵͬʱԪҲ֮Ϊ׵ϴͷ

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һĽȥǽگ붼µʱ˫ñŤ˵ʱһôԴôԴϹ־Լûôߵ˼˼ȥҲֻȷһˡ

·ںˡѵĶ̤ϳ칫·ʱһٺһ
ίԱᲽǹ;ǧ֧ǹҲᣬЩһ͸Ҫ豸ɶʲôɵĶʱڳɶchngqng֮·ȻǾ롰áȻҲһξ롣
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ֻʱϹ˸û˼ȥԪķ죬Ϊʱݳˡ

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УΪοɳιȥһֱѧ紦ڶ״̬ڹݹ⸴Ժοɳεɺ;ɵĹΪͷĴѰҿԱܻĵط
˵ʱѾ˵ˣҲ֪ǲǸ˶ëŰڹ⸴˹ݺ󣬾ȻΪӦöοɳεɺ;ɹšڡǰӡοɳεԺԺôġ
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һȫΪŰڹ⸴ʱѪжﵽĿģΪʱӦɱ˿ʵνϸ飬Ӧɣʾꡣ
ʱƽաص˶Ϊ˻ߣ۴̾壬ˣΪԿȨΪίߣҸ˶Ϊ(סŲȡȻʩ
Ű벻ΪȻơϴˣ˱Σҡ˿
˵οɳЩϾϵڡǰӡ˵ĹȥĻôǹҲˣô˵أһǸɲôģһûʲôˡ
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ΪڴԭѹһӪ󣬷ռĸȫһȺں֮ڣĵƲЩˣЩ۸ˣһͷͷֹ嵶ֵܡ
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ͬʱҲڻ򰵵ĲȡŸȨֻһֱûгɹʱԭҲ϶ͷչȨƣߴյһǡһļϡ
ʱֵɽݶݣϱǭ֧Ԯ人˵˵õʱˡ
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˷ܵɽͷѣϹζЦôûʲôˡ

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Ű롰롱Ĵζ૵
ݣǭԺŰҲǹݵͷܰŪĴôҵҲɡڴӦĹݶʲôģͷĿܲЩλܸߵȴʵȨ
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ڽҪݣ2ʦĹٱǵûʲôӦϾԵľķ쵽ãʱĹٱûôǰĸ
Ϊ︳ũ˰飬ϹڹٱлڰյжкܸߵԼȻ˵Ҫƽң¹ݸҪǰæҲҪȥһѡ

ĴָʳָָԪһһ2ʦʿһԪ΢
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ǡһʿԶ룬ôͷǹٺųˡû뵽СӵıСȻ֪ȢźС檡
ʱųҲŵΪСܴ湻360ˣѵСӾͲȾˣ˵Żһͷ
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˰֪ô۵ĻҸ˰һˡüٸûзĲǹٲ˲Ƴ麹
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ֻ˲֪ǣʱһװjngĴѾĿҲǡƽǭҡ

ղغƼһʮ³û
ո˵һĴڱŹѾˣڱֻݣϲλϣľü
죬ϰľٱһȭشˣϢǴسողͻġ
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Ȼ˵˾֪ڹݾѾ˲ˣԴصسܿжϳȺռ˵ġȻس˫κһǳڶԱݣθУس˼Ϣ֪ͨԼĿǰѾ˿Ͷ׼
ʾ£תͷһԵοɳε־壬ȺĴ˵Ŀľʲôûô
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ǸˣοɳεĻܿ˼
˵ȺĿĽֻǳû٣ݱ߾ļؽһĻȻʧСٶ˵ĵλ̫вǾǳŹģ˵ͺƽǭҡһȺҲǱŰƽǭңأ
ѵϹ⻹ð֮踲ɣsѿĵ
ȻοɳȴֻǿЦſһۡܣ˲˵Ļô
ԼȻǳѵõĻϽԼΧˡҲ뷨søѿˡ
ѿsοɳҡҡͷҵĵĲǵһ㣬ǵڶ㡣ϹĿĽֻռ¹ݵĻôʹɹˣҲҪЩ˰ȽŸһȻְλûָˣǵȨƻϡϹŰĻ
ĻһۣһоڲС
ɶѵȺĴ˾ΪӲɣϵĲ豭һˤ˵ϡ
ǲӣѵ㻹а취赲Ⱥ𡭡ﴭŴοɳһԿЦŵ
˵а취赲ĻôοɳҲͲǭΪǳˣҪ֪ݣϴݵǭʵɲô
ʲô취Ƭ̣ynĵ
ʲô취ֻ˵ǵ⣬˳鿴һ´ʵ˵ȥߴһѾ·ϵĵֻҪڴ֮ǰִǾͻôһϣ˵οɳĿһۡܣеʱ᲻úײǰ
İɣʱҴûԥ᲻úײǣʲôӣ޷ǾǶλðˡ
ȻܲᣬܽʵϵһŰϳݣ㲻һҲƵǸȻҲֵܷ

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𴫵ϢľҡҡͷְҲǺ˵˼ϣܹõٶڼӿһЩڴִ֮ǰõ
ҡҡͷضɲûдĻ˵ڼȻѾ룬ôЩѰˡĺɱͶԡƽǭҡЩԥ񴨾˽ǵʡ֮Ĺϵδػ֧Լ
ŴһΪѵӣæ˵ˣôԿʵڲеĻǰѶλóҲǲԡ
οɳĺֻûٻǽеĻ˵ǱŰģôǾסˡס£Ŷλʲôã
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ڴꬸϵ϶ɴеʱѾ̤ݾڵɽǰʵĹԱЦǷ϶ƽǭҡģʶĻͿһȥȻҲһƽˣ

ղغƼһʮǭ
һŵɽɳʵĸͩsࡣĴľǹݵ飬ôϰɡ
ʡƽңǰǶ´Ҫ뽲ĻȥɶǶȥɡϣɽĿ˸ͩһۡ˵Ҫʲô룬ǲ
ѵǶͲ֪ôд𣿣ͩҧʡ
ûɽʲôӦһԵļױѾ޳ȥ
ȻͩױƤǿɽ糤നʮŸͩʿҪ˵ǹˣػһҲǲҡ
ȵͩѪܣʾ⼸ױͣºɽ֧ԴǲҰɣ㱻ôҵķϣҾѷһϢ˵ɽŪƵĿ˸ͩһۡǴǭƽңΪˡ
˭ɽô˵ͩҲ˲ϵʹæʵ
ǵԺԺŰŴˡɽȻƭģŰոӵûãѵٶڿҲôͰŰ롱ֻҪϢ˹ݣôʹŰûһʱҲΪɽٲ鷳
ȻǸŰģУҪϻعδ˺ˡ֪Լƭ˵ĸͩ˿ҧгݵĿɽһۣ׼ϽعϢ֪οɳΡ
Ȼڸͩʱɽȴ̧һǹϴ
ˣʿΧȥʣµȴһֵĿɽ
İɣǲɱǵġ˵ɽڵһĸֻͩǴϢĻһҲνɡ
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ҡҡͷʾǼʿϽŸͩʬɽŲıǰ˽˵ǸĺܿѾǭңεô޷˵ġ
˵ģıһս϶ôûֱ˵
ΪʲôȻβ԰ɽЦһ¡밡ûʱβԵô֪Ҳͽˣǻ𣿡
ʵζ⣬һԭϹ޷ϢԴɽڴ¸ҪʧϹ뽫˵
ȷʵЩ鷳
ŲıһЩĵӣɽЦһ鷳ʲôҲֻһ򣬶Һ3ʦһݱģݵľôңѲǸܰıȫɳ
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ȻοɳεıЩĺʿæشְһǸʦȷʵ˵ӦŰǭġ
ضλϣʿ˻֣ȵʿȥŶοɳε鳯ķչˣﴨȷʵǱŰġ
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Цһ¡ĳɹˣѵܿסˣҪ֪δĿһı
㿿סҲûİ취˵ŰģǻܿһίͶ飬ȻǱŰģ֮ĹϵѾǲˡ
οɳô˵Ҳͷʾͬʹĵ׻һynӰ
οɳλڵĵǷ񿿵סʱɴеĴҲѾ׷ƼҢ
֪Ϊ˽ǭңϹһıڵ֪οɳεȹʿԸƴΪݶ󣬱ҰĵƼҢܿ͵ͷͬˡ
ʱ򣬲ҲѾӲĿе֪˹±࣬ҲϵĵƼҢͣ½ŲֻѾõοɳŵƼҢοͣ½Ųڽֻǻظɡ̤ǭ޷ĵƼҢŵŹķо
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ʶ˱Ƚ϶ġЦһɽŲıһױ۶ȥ
ڣһӶӱسǵĴصİռȫ˼УֻӴĲŸڽ䴦Ŵǡ
ԼµĹٱ̤سǣɽسЦس尡r֮ǰͽسǣôҲҪǼסĽҰˣɽôһм
ҵҵسһЦŵԸǭʡƽңӦǱȫʡոлǡسɲɵ˵籣ְ𣬵ȫذ׳ܵõҲˣһ
˼ǹȫһsĺ죨سֲ壩ǹݽеһ꣨ţ¾òϵĺüһٿ˼ϴľװM32װԴϹģͷM35ֿԼǼٸƶ㲻ϵĲӣֿ͵
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صسҲˣȻΪ˱Ĺϵѡ˿Ͷͻգˡ
سģҴɭϣǾԲֻյġسǣɽһЦŰ
ЩǰǶˣȻҤ֮鶼ĬˣϹӲ߹˵˼򣩣ͨϹץĻǺϵģsoŰһ飬ץ˾;Բġ̷ĽյصǹһӦȫԸյ֮١Ϲľúܸߣ10ǸнеĸнҪ˵rľⷹˣÿȥһchn¥û⣬»᷸͵ľ͸Ƿëˡ
ϹɽΪһʾߣΪռݣڹʲôӵ飬ԼͳҲûʲôôڴʱϹܵٱǰһ͵ҪxngͲɰעҲ˵ˡ
Щ٣ϹǡǸµ˷˾ͣⱲӶְˡ
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˳ڣ谵͵£ƼҢźһ𷵻عݵĴꬵѭ˵ܵˣȻǸˣǱȴѧҲǲɵͬȻƼҢҲͳһĽ˧Ҳҵ˴ꬡ
𡭡ŵƹµĵͼбϵ۾ҿѾ˴˰ɡ
𡭡ƼҢ˵ͷô˵»еơǱҪĻƼҢǾԲʹͻģΪ˴Ϊε鱾ǱŲġ
֪˹ݵ鲢֪Ҳε飬¾;ڸԼ֧֡ʱ¹ݵȻǺõģʧ˵Ļ
ʡ֮ȻϢգĴǸϵı˴еӢеװ5ʦƼҢҲšȻ齨ĲӲʲôսĴһԭĴʮ¾ڣڴʧǸϵıɳԮôԼ˻Ĺ¾ûбѡˡǸʱ򣬳ʧ⣬ԼҪԵľǲɵŭ
ƼҢصһ˿ǣ죬ûҽһ˵Ϣ߸ƼҢȻƼҢĽ5000ԭ׼֧Ԯõ¾ǴһȻҲǳصġƼҢ֪˴ôѾظˡ

ܽϻȥ𡭡ꬲǵĵ

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˳Ϳ쵽ˣǲЪЪ˵ϣһŵľٶӲ
ǵȵ˰˳˵ɣֻҪܽƽȰϣǾͿԺúϢˡԵｵ˵ٶȣӲ˲ϵĳӲ
ٺΧļȫǲɸӲĻǽӲȫ͵ƼҢҰӲƼҢ׷
ǡӲô˵ҲֻܵͷǣȻô˵һynӰ˾ٵܽƼҢǼһȰȥ𣿡ͬڵ˻죬ȻƼҢľҪȾٸߺܶ࣬¾һҲ700٣֮ҲȽ˽⣬ƼҢҰȻҲ֪ˡ
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ˣˡС㣬ϺͷλһΪλרϴõ硭Ȼ޹͸Ӷrˣô˵ҲɽŮԳҲҵȫĴ¬Ľı׼ġ
÷ô˵޹ȴЩԥĵô᲻ᡭһһЩҵ
ģͻλȥϾĽֵġ˵÷Ϊ;ĺжЩƣĸӵλôʱọ́ҲЩ˰ɣȵ˰ԺÿϢһ𣿡
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Ϊ÷Եʱ鲻Ǻ˽⣬ҲŪ˲顣˵ѵֻھƻżȻȴ÷Ϲ˵˴޹ĸŮвƽ¹ѵھƻģʵ޼
ڵ֪һ󣬶Ǹ˵Լһ20ȴѾĴˣ޹һ˿⣬Ҳôһм
Ϲ𣿡Ŵĳˮ޹૵

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ǽƼҢô˵ЩԥĵǸӲ߸żˣǶɹġȻƼҢҲͳһĽ˧ڵڲɲͷˡ
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ȻҲЩͷۣȻƼҢ˴ꬻӲͷƤӦһ°ɣҹԺںúõ̡
ֻҪǷںٷְٻᱻΪ֮л飬ڴʱǱȽϴӵʱڣƼҢҲûǲʲô뷨ҴꬽֻһƼҢȴƵľˣʲô죬Ҳֲꬡ
ƼҢͷҲײִ֮ȷʵ̫ĳʲôȻˣȰǸӲӦȥɡ
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Ҳǲɲ̶˼ҲҪ˵ʲôӲֱӰѲɸˡ
Ӳ˵ͰѲɸˣƼҢҲ޷ڶ˵ЩʲôٲܵŴôľȥ˵Ҫ֪ɲǵˣƼҢֻµһ󽫰ˡƽr󽫻һ½ʲôģ˵ͱʾԲɵĲм²òɳͻᱻľٸƷ
ȻǾϢһ°ɡſҪ˵ЩʲôӲƼҢִ̧ϵ֪УǴҲҪʱ׼ģsҹ·ͻʵ
ƼҢô˵ӲҲֻܵͷȻˣ¾Ϣһɡ
ʱӲ񣬴ꬵsͻȻyn

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ǸӲ˲̶˵Ӧô죿Ȼô˵ţƼҢǺܻңѾʲôɡ
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Լû¹أô¾ɲͷԼԼڵҲʲôͷ֮rˡ³ƼҢָҰĵ˵ĳͷ
ȻƼҢʧ˵ĻǴҲֲʲôáҪ֪ϹĴŰģοɳκʹꬵ˺ŰһＸŲ֮ռ¹ǴôꬳӳǱ·ˡ
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ȻӲĻ䣬ƼҢѾżʿ˽
ԼģǧҪҰ

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ҡҡͷʾǲҪ̫ġǲ̶ױֻҪµĻƼҢǲֵģǻ˯ɣȵֻҪƼҢǼһô˵Ϳˡ
ڶһ磬ٵõԼԤ뵱еĴ𰸣ǾӲ񱻰˳ڵҵɱˣҵΪʲôҪɱӲԼҵôöΪʲôɱһˣһƼҢûи͡
ƼҢٳĽͣٺʶûȥϸʣԴƼҢҲ⡣
ŵϱŰ׵Ӳ񣬾ٵĵȴһ˿̶֪ʱ򣬾ûϵƼҢȻôھٲҪĲɻΪֻҪ˵ˣɻ׾˭ɱӲġ
ܾĵ׵ıڸ㶨Ӳڰ˳ƼҢѾûκεˡ
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ڵפҲֻȴϼСʱԵϵʱ򣬵ûڹΧʲô£ԭǭοɳοԿƵǭٵǶƲסȥء

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Ҳ̫࣬ٵûб絽ãȻĻڹΧŪһȦߡ£ɾ͹ͷ۰ˡ
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ƼҢ˲٣ΪΪԼĵǧδȫĴ¾Ҳˡ
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ƽٰꡣ侲ĽϵĭȥһһĽƼҢָԼĲӿһĴȻ࣬ǽĵҲ5000֮ڣټϳǷͳڵ2000ǭǸҪȥĴ
ƼҢŭҲε飬ΪꬺԱʱ򣬱ƭ˵ƼҢԻԼ鷳ŭ֮ҾǵԼҲǲܵ飬ڷ˹ꬱܻ˼УֻԼﶥס
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ȵ೤ĻһֱһԹ۵˵Ļ˵ˣô͸߰ɡʱ2ĲӺ3һЩѾȫ˳ǽ桭

ǻǸϽȥɣѾȫ嵽ǽˣٲȥĻ»ΣաðŲʱڳǽϱĳ𻨵ӵƼҢĸٳ嵽ǰȰ
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ȥɡƼҢһѣһֱȵʧԺ૵һҪסģȻĻɺĳǽһ鱻ը
ʱѾ嵽ȱڵĴʿʼŶȱڽг˳ȱڵλó嵽ȥڵĵʿҲѾ׼Ȼû񵯺ͻǹеĺ죬ǻǴ˲ٴδĳ档

ģѵЩը̵ģôһôըԴϵһʯһʿֵĵһԣʿҲͬĶ

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2̾Լĵùʱ˳һըȱڣƺԼŵķﻹм˫ֵ۾
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ע⵽һһŮӼȷʵͨİգ2ԭΪjngǹҲİɣҲɱͨϰյġ˵2ƵĳסЦЦеĻܸһ𣿡
Ȼ2ΪԼЦĺܺƣ첲ϵѪڷļǶһȻ2ѾˣİҲҲشڻػһԼźӺ󣬾ЩĴ̡
𡭡˲̣2ԵЩʧһ̵Լһ̣Ȼһ̫ʵ顣
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Ȼʿĵʲ񵯡ǹ60Ȼػ£ֻܶשľʷݺĵʿҲ˲ءЩս**񵯣˳ŴӽȥըҲټ
һ仰赲̹ǲܵģ

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ͼǰѾöˡ˵Űһ·˻Ǻģڼֵ˰sԺŰҲˣϢһֱڲźһЩ
ͺáͷʵڲеĻŴͶϢɣѾ˹ؽ磬½͢ĵ̣ЩôҲ׷ġ
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ǭڣƼҢһ㲵ĿϵĳеͼҲͬĳüչʱһ̵ĵټ˽

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ȻҲЩڵ˴ꬣҲòǿӲıʾ˫ģӦһеϾϾzhngfҲҪάġ
ǹս´裬ʡĿˮսҲѷsϹɴ3ʦ͵4ʦƵ߾ҲʾֻһЭʣµһȫʡ߾봨ţһвǹ߻ȫеļơ
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ʦʤǵǸѾ³ˣڵһլڣɽĲı߽˳ĵ
ã´ĺϢڿŹͼɽһӡû뵽ʤСӾȻô˳롣
Ҳ1ź3ŵĹͣǽ˱̺ʯԷĻҲܳɹͻϮ롣˵Ź¶ɽʦҪҪ4ȥų2һ𳯶ķƽƼҢ⼸һȫ׽
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2ʦҰսҽԺɴҽɵģΪԱӴ󣬱ڳڵҽԺ֮°ᵽ˳⣬ΪɽһӪı
ҰսҽԺڽƵĳ˴Ա⣬в˱ĵٱͱ˵ĹݰգһҰսҽԺ56000ԱҲǴڳԣȻΪоĹϵٶ˺棬5ļսﻹ½½͵˹֮µûôˣϾԭĿǱֻ˳·ȻûôҪʡ
ΪԱĹϵҰսҽԺЩֲΪɽòһЩĸŮ䵱ʱʿϾŮҪȴִֽŵҪǿϺܶࡣȻҲвٵİյĴsoŸŮɽʾ˸ôôöצӶצӣö****󣬹ʲôĶٻǼһЩġ
ɽÿ5нˮҲһЩ˼һԾࡣ
ų4ŵڰһеʿʱòײҵĸٴųôܵˣʦµϺ2ŵųһ򶼶ķƽ
һ㶡ǿɸء
ھһˡ˵Ÿų˵һ³顣
ԭˡ׸ողŷµľϡ
ʦ˼ǣûᣬͰѹųһ߳ҰսҽԺĸٵ5սʵ̫ˣڴȥĻ֪ҪЩⳡսȽϺá
ȷʵ׵ͷҲǰһŸոճģսĲһеĵʺͻ֮Ҳ˽⡣սȷʵһЩȽϺðȻװƣսȴ3000˵Ĵۣų4ţڿԶõҲ1500ˣʣµ200඼ڸոյҰսҽԺء
ȷʵ׵ͷսȷʵһЩȽϺáȻڻװƣսǵĵҪ߳һҲô˺ܴ׵4ţڿԶõҲ1500˰ˡ

ѾԶˣǻǸϽɡŶ⼫ΪܼǹοɳκͱĴꬿȰ
ȻŴꬵĿȰƼҢֻǲñˮʪ˵ë˲Լ
ȻƭңһǽһѭְɡԼԵjngһºƼҢŴꬵѭ֣ǵ˵Ļ𣿡
֪˵һ䣿һ·ϴꬺƼҢ˵ĻˣʱҲ벻Լһ仰ƼҢôӰ졣
Ŵȫ벻ӣƼҢҡҡͷ㲻˵ѾΥ˲̶ʱҲ¹ǭĶ޳ͷ֮r𣿡
仰ȻѾȻ͸¶ҰĵƼҢѾ뷨Ĵꬿɥҵֻڡ
㵱ʲôĿģ仰ǶԵġԼλϣƼҢͳǹš񣬾ӻҲ޳ͷ֮rⱲӾһ乬һ԰ԹھԼ

οɳκʹꬻȰƼҢȴͻȻҧгݵĽǹڶ׼˴ꬡһƭңҲ䵽ز
ȰһµĴˣֻ׼ĵʱƼҢȴĪĽǹڴˣλȥɣֻһ˾͹ˡ
ǣȻ֪ƼҢҪʲô֪xngĸȴûȰ裬ֻǴѵȺʱױǽοɳκʹ˳ȥƺЩƼҢοɳκʹҲȰ
յĶֻʣƼҢһˣ̧ͷסûϸİ컨壬ƼҢЦ૵ǵģʱҾȻֶ

ղغƼһʮ
߾ʿţŵ˷ԲڶûһҰԸͣĵزȻˣ˫ĿǰΪֹƣϾϹ⻹ǲɶûȫеĴ㡣
صһָڣڹ۲һѲ߶ĴȻƼҢ˵һװȷʵjng
ڲɻ̾ŴװʱһԵĲıЦŵװjngȷʵ٣qҲ˵ѵܲڵսϸҾ𡭡
ô˵ǵ˵ͷȴҡͷʿװȴ޷ƾձ´м϶ֻҪǸϹµ๦ʱrһjng˵ŲٴξԶƼҢ˵ôһȻһ񵯡ʲôҶܲµȻڵĻҲѹֲɻô˵Ͼ񵯲ʲôµȻڣ
Ҳͷ̾ǰqСȷʵƽ׸һְ
ʵڹ¼֮ǰĸ߲㣬ǲɶԴǺкøеģϾϹǵһ䲼˰ִxngľҲΪʲôʱ򣬲ɲûдӦ봨зԵ֮һ
ֻƼҢڹɽٵǰһʱ䴨˫ĿˮսõԴĸй½˺ܶ࣬ϵͳĻѾƵˮƽ͵䵭һгŵжԷչơ
̾ʱ򣬲ȴҡͷȻǸϹ˹ңδؾͶûҰģ飬ֻƼҢȻǰ˶ѡ
ͷʾֿͬ˹ݵķ򡣡Ҳ֪qôˣǰһʱӵĵ籨Ͽɲôá
˵˵ֻҪܰѾ󲿷ֹٱƽͿˡ˵ɵһ˿֮sԼоã
ŲϵsҲֻƼҢรˡƼҢ޹ģϾΥݺ봨ͻ֤ȷ飬ƾЩǰƼҢǹҲ˲ء
ȻΪƼҢĬʱһͻȻһs˹

žϵsһ˿õԤСʲô£
Ųɵı飬ҧҧոմϢʧأҾˣƳ١ɱ
ʲôô˵ͻȻһͷĿѣĸоȻʱȴŲɵؿڲıڵ籨˵ҾѾֻʣ2000ˣĿǰ˵ǭвǭ߾ķˡ
˲Ҫ˵ܲõĲɣҲҪ̱ڵϵ**ֻǿ֧һºǶŲɵڸô졭
ʱΧĵҲһƬȻе˵ҪͶĴһսҲе˵Ҫ˼УеҪеĵ籨ϻЩʲôݡ
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ͺ˵һڵõɽĵ籨Ϲ3ʦʼ󳷣4ʦ︺jng񡣱ϾѾռ£ڹݾڵĵҲʼˣʵûбҪ͵ȥˡ
Ȼ˹֮ϹҲûջ񣬱˵ɹĽɵĹϵ䵭ˢ͵˵жʲôġ

Ƹ䣬ѾǸϵռ𣿡԰ڣԬһʯϺʿ
ȻԬеȣʿȴߣֻվŻشȷʵˣͳƼҢѾɱҲѾ˳˹ݡ
𡭡Ԭ˵ͷʡ֮ذһЩۡ
ԬӣʿЦŵȵϴͳȫйǹģֺһ20ëͷСӡ
ԬЦһ¡ǸëͷСӽˡ
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223𡭡ţԬӻֵƸ䣬ﾲһɡ
ȵʿ뿪Ԭͷϵ̫𣿻ɣĽᰡһֱһ˵ǾԬҵж޷60ģԬĸˣҲ١
뵱һλʵ۰ϵ̫Ԭƺյĺ

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ڵ֪ݵˣƼҢɱϢ󣬲ҲʹһսڵڲҲвپôҪšڿǵռƺ󣬲ҲֻȫҵפصһЭǭ߾Ӧ˵2000
ǲ𡭡ŲɵıӰߵһԺ
ȻŹݵķ򣬲ֻǵͷʲôû˵
İɣһǻᱨġ
һ𡭡µ̫ɿЦһ¡g֪ǺĴ𣿡
ֻǾվڲʲôû˵Ϊ֪ɲҪĻش
Ȼֻ34Ĺ򣬲ɾѾԼ˵˴𰸡
Ǻʹ࣬ǲ
Ĵ˰ߣûмԪ²ġ칫·иոԶпĴװƺҲǸϹҾĴš
𡭡ô˵ҲЦҲ֪׹󣬵֮ǰûʲôоϾǸʱzhngyngĲ֧ԮǵԺǲŷûǮǴ粽аҲΪˣǲŶǸϹһ֧ĴĴ֮ԱǣϾһʡĲжѸԼ
ڸո𿴹װҲò϶ĴϹĺܿǸǮȡůôһӽҲòԼѹ
ѵǾûĻ𣿡
ȻУֻҪȶѡ
ȣ
ԡ˵Ųת𡣡֪Ԭ𣿡
ȻͷԬ˵йߵˣɽҪ߳ô֪ܲ
ǵĻˡڻûиٵ֮ǰһֱԬкøУΪΰԣȺ顱Ԭ硷1913θ󣬲Ԭ봨ѹԬܿ䡣ȻԬ٣Ƕ֪ɵԬľǲɣ²ɶԬкܴġ
ֻҪԬͳйпܴʵϵͳһʱϹⲻҲͰˣĸʲôĴķ򣬲ЦЦʡѵܷʲô˻𣿡
ʱһױǣ˹ɡ
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ȻѾɵ䵭ˢ͵жԣϵϹ⻹һνϾǵһʡǰһǹȻ˲ȷʵͦصġ
ǸŰҪôòȥݵĶɡһԵõϹ⣬ŵҫ
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ʵԶԽҲĺףҶûˣɡôܣͶ뵽ĴͥСϹĴҪȨȨҪоȨоȨΧҲܿҪչݣԽֻԵһ֦ɵ˱ܿͶ˹
ѵϾźܿҲΪϹһϵĳԱϾɵĶͶĲˣ˾ҲûҪάȥˡ
˵ʱѲڰɡ˵ҫ޶͵͵ЦȻǶڵ֪봨ʱζվϹǰĭɵӡ
ƺҲ˵ʱ龰Ϲsһ¡ѲӢ˰ζܰһϹᣬȫĴϹģƺҲֻʣζһˡ
ϹsڵʱϾѵҲsࡣû취Դӵ֪͵ڹֵϢ󣬼ÿrҪͳ磬רְڹѵЩװˡ
ڲ˲ϵĭΨһѵοľֻԻһ磬˵ȻϾzhngfĴ
ѵȣϴϵĻҪһЩϾοɳεǰţ¾Ű롢ĸˣεǭػοɳΣʱzhngfĴСԱȴǡǡǸˡ

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ڣɽڻ԰ҡѵõʱ⡣
ô춼ûϹˣȻҪúõϢһ°Ż԰ڵĻ㣬ԹԵĸԼһɽЩд
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Ŷŵɽһ㶣һϲòǶĽѾ˰ɣҲѹɽô룬ϾողһʡʲôȻǱزٵġ
籨ô˵ģ
ȻɽһϲsȴЦһ¡籨˵׼һ£ʦ͵4ʦԺ󣬾̻ĴͲԱ
أ2ʦĴɽûоú֣Ͼ¹Ҳõ2ʦʧأ5ļսõ2ʦxngԱ2000ˣЩ˵ˣ²2ʦԱһֵ顣Ͼ2ʦڼԱһЩʦֻܵóȥˣɽĵĻǳɶĽ
ɽϵڴҲֻܼЦ籨ϻ˵ݶŰ뵣Σ޸ΣС˵ʱ򣬹ԥһ¡ݵľʦΡ
ʲôݵľޣɽsúѿôݶλɽûλɽҲûΪϹ˵Բ˲Ρ
ھλã˵ʵɽûжΪŵһֱǾǼž˾λáȻô룬ɽȴϣΪȻϹĵϵǻ֮ȴһֱǾϵ޵Ϲݾλãǡѹɽһͷ
ҹɽִģȴҪ
sѿɽһԵļҲ֪ӦȰ裬ǹվȰʦķȻʦ˹ݵľǹʦģҲʦ˵Ź°ЦŵǴȱһʦĹȾλǾܲˡ
ô˵ɽķ굽˲٣ϾǹӵʱͳϽ3ʦʦȻҪһʵľǿĶ࣬ȻҲְʦ
ھ֣ȻǸɽϹϾλãȻҲϹŵȴɽʸ
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ɽпܳΪˣ뷨ɽУУŰڵִҲСҲΪˣ޲û϶ɽҫݡϾھ˵һʵľȻûʲôҫġ
ֻɽޡµ˶벻ǣɽȻΪһҲͬˣ˵ҲΪϹıһ10ʦƻƻĴҲһ
еһľɷѵΣڶľɽڵȻǸոյִݵˣʣµһʦֱϹĽʦרŸϹİȫ⡣
ͬΪ£ְȻѹɽһͷ֪һĻ´˿̵ϺúõĶɽҫһˣҲҺûҫȻĻﻹһ㲻ƽͼʵɽ¾Ҫһȫˡ
Ͼô˵޻ҪɽĹְôһ
Ҳ޹飡žƱɽڳ˸˵ɽһԵ޵ҿСľûм
㵱㲻ɣšƸǣǰıӵ޾ٱɽɣ
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һͷ˾ͽ50ȵİ׾һȫȥ
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ɣ
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ȡȡȣ
ڼҪΪĹڣķȻƻͨƽ

ղغƼһʮ
˳سǡ
Ϊɹͨϵıؾ֮··˳ʱ˵ĵǭԵϴһسڲٵطһƬǽ壬ܶլݶð˿˿̡Ȼڰ˳İԼķʱһȺȴΧסõĴš
ȻǲҪΧ˳ãֻõĴŵĸʾΧһԲ
Χ⿴ʲôأһݶİտôΧôţ߹Щһ˵ļ
𳳣𳳣øոĸʾ˵ءЩͷĵƣ˿ڵ
ţȻѾˣôšʲôȻҲͲôֵǮˣڶԶ˵𾴻ǹԹԵı͡
ʱ򱻳ŵ20ˣվſڽ˵ĸʾ
򵥵㽲ԺǴֵصʱҪڽ˰Ще軧æֵصģֻҪԸ⽫軧Ӽ壬Ҳ˰ߡ˵ЩһƬţȫİ˳գſЦһ¡ĴzhngfϹ⣬ΪʲôݵȴҪĴĶ䲼ǵλŶȻֻһܶѰ
ֹô룬ΧЩ֪ʾݵʿ̱ϵسôġֻǲڹݱһʡƿҲû취Ͼڹפ򴨾еһ򷵻ĴפڹݵĴһ֮ࡣ
Ҫ֪ûб֮ǰҲֻһ2000¾ˡ
˲ҪΪ񣬱Ͼλûǭ˵εġسһȫӣһԵʦүǰȰ
ʦүô˵سҲֻܿЦŽˡ
ڵְ֪Ű뵣εʱ򣬹ݵʿźϾʱzhngfǺܻġֻǿݵҪְ񼸺Ĵ˵εʱ򣬲ŷֹʵѾΪϹĵ̡
ֻԴ˴ҵûʲôķӦвٵĹʿʱzhngfĹԱΪϹܺáҶһӡϾûа׳Եͣô򵥵ĵǻǶģһǭݵĶһ̶ϻ档
ֻڴҶڱʾŶϹʱ˰ȴһ׵ġơһǵȵĺƨһ
˰߱ûκ⣬ڰ䲼ߵˡ
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6־Ȼö֮ĳڹݵĹٷʾϣŰ뾿ʲôģѵֻ¶ľż
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ڹʿʱzhngfĹǻΪϹĴе߿ʱϹⱾȴڶĻ԰õɹ̫ȻϹõĳ˻԰Ļº͵⣬ǵԸµ˰ߡ
ڹݶ䲼ĸʾϣǩĴ֣ѾǳĴΪˣǶϹ˵ȴҪ飬ΪֻҪôͿԽһһֱϵĶʱը
⡭
ȻѾzhngfΪ˰ߵҲõ˼ȫĴյ֧֣ĴxngȴȻûнֻҪûнôϵŶʱըȻڼʱš
Ҫ֪ϴǷȱôӵҰĵˡ
ȻѾĴʡôϹϵĽˡ
ҲймߣѶ
Լ٣ֻҪҷֵһͺãԼƶֻҪ׬һС
ôһ仰ĴʿǶҲˡ˵ȫ¼ÿʡĶʡˣôȻҲͲԼĶǸʡʲôˡȫ¾ԼʡĶʡˣʡļȫǱأ
ʱڣϹλõȻ̩ɽʱ䳤أѲⰡ
ϹͻȻֻһʡĶʡʡĸʡĶأôͿĽˡΪͨҪĲԼôǱ˺ԼһʹǷȫҲǽ׼ġ
ϹڹݶµĹĸʾǩԼ֣Ϊ˸ˣȻŰǹݵĶԼʡʵߡֻҪܴĿģϹΪ˵˹ݵʿʱzhngfĹԱҲν
ô˵ǰը˰Լһ֭ϹϸϸƷš

ղغƼһʮ¹
ٽ3£ĴʼůϵҲ
ֵ·Ѿ̺ˣҪҪȥһһļϹ
ô̺ˣô˵ϹԵЩȡ
ţո깤ſʼͶʹá
ںľ飬ϹʩһҵҪxngĴ㿪ʼԻдģͶʡˡ족·ѾҪӽ깤⣬ͨĴص·ҲѾʼ֮̽ǳɶĽֵ¹̡ո˵Ĺ·ǵһʼ޽ͽֵ
û뵽ǵĶô찡ȻͽֵȻֻһ·µģҪˮȸܡԭϹΪҪʱ꣬û뵽ż¾Ѿ깤ˡ
Ե¹λ̹ҲܾȡЦŵ˵һνֹ̣ڹȱҪʱ䣬û뵽ֻ4µʱȻѾ깤ˣǳ󡣡
ΪǵĹ̫͵ԵʰɡЦһ£Ϲñӡߣǹȥɡ
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ϹڽǵĴӵ¸ϵֵʱ򣬳ɶİѾʼΧĵ·תˡ
ЩԵúܺİصͨеĹ߶ϹЦŶɶİջǺϲ·ġ͹ȥשʯ·ȣȻƽ̹Ļ·ϲ
ȵȫĽֵɻ·棬ɶҲȻһµġǳɶԳɶı仯Ҳܸˡ
Ȼһ¡ʽֵֵԵ·ƣڿֵԵЩʽݡڹЩrӵʱЩӻҲҪء
ʱĶ·ߵİҲϹһУһæҵ˵˵·ԡЩһҵӣϹҲ֪Լû취ڼȥˣǱк뿪
ȵϹڽǵĴӵ뿪Щ˱ܵԵİǲþηĿ⿴˹ȥ

صϹһȥŲ˵
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Сʱ󣬾Ϲڰ칫￴ŽʱŲˡ
ŶˣǾɣˣϹæ̧ͷ
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ţЩ顭˵Ϲָһǰӡ°ɡ
лһϹָŵλãл
40ϹҲΣϾʷ̫ԺյȴˡڶƷΣϹ⻹ĴʡĽרĴĽҵȻݵĽҵҲġ
νһѧУôˣ
εĵһڳɶͳɶܱߵ˰ʽѧУΪϹ⻹30ԪѡʱѾҪȥ4ˣϹȻ֪ѧУôˡ
ѧУ飿֮ǰѾ뵽ϹҪ飬ҲһЩ׼ն˼ѾѧУΪСѧѧʹѧ֣ѧΪѧУ͸߼ѧУ3Ѿڳɶ˰10Сѧһѧͬʱ20СѧУ5ѧУʩУǡ˵ϹѵҲ㹻ʽ˲ţЩ˵ϺȥƸʦ
Ȼû⡣Ϲ˰֣Ҳ˰һЩСѧȻ֪ʦжңȻ뵽ϺȥƸʦϹȻҲֹ
СϹ⣬Щԥĵɶڵѧͯܶ඼Ҿƶ붼ԡ
Ҫ˵ϹѾ˼
񣿡Ϲһ㶣ܿ6ֵ˼û붼ʩ
Ĵȫ˿һ5000ټϹݵ10006000Ҫ6000˿ڵʩȻһɵ飬ѧУֶȻҲ̫ܶʱھֳʲôЧϾֻСѧҲҪ6ʱܱҵѧ3ꡢ3껹дѧ4ꡭǳСѧ4꣬ߵСѧ3꣬ѧ4꣬ѧԤ3꣬34ꡭ
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Ҫ֪ȻѾλǾսļҲѳ֣ʱоԸͶʽ𵽽桭
뵽ధڵʽͶ벢Ҫܶ࣬100򣬲ֻҪ80Ϳˡ
ŰԼϹЩĪѲһ0𣿡
ͷϹܿʲôĹ󻧣
500򹻲ټӡ

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籨sƺЩ˷ܵľ٣ЩĪô˸ʲô
٣Ϻĵ籨ƺЩ׵ӣڡϺ
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Ҳ칫ϹҲĪţҲ벻ΪʲôԼ˵500ôһܡСʱͻȻ°ѾˡòǱ500ָŵ˰ɣ500ĺС齨һʦءԣϹѾԼΪ˼ʮԪʱ⣬ĳһȺڵĹˡ
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Ŷ£ǾͲЦˡԼĻС龿ʲôĳ˵ºϹ˰ֵȻ£Ǿ͸Ͻ˵ɡ
ѾϹЦˣԵһָ̬մϺĵ籨еĲе¶֪ͨǣػǹɭǹ75ɽںͷ75ҰڶѾ˵ϺˣҪĿɡұԼ豸ҲִˡЩ߶ڻŵ3³ʱͿ˵chngqngˡ˵ʱҲЩ˷ˡ
ô찡ôϢϹҲ˷ڿԿʼ˽ҵعҵˡˣҪͼֽģҲ𣿡
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˵·Ѿ޵ĲˣϹҲһܸϲ¶ǵ𣿡
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ǣҲ˿ոϹȥ죬ͻΪһȻʲô˵ɵĻ
ӡʲôģҲǺҪİ
﾿ЩʲôϹԼı浹һ֭ˣϺǱ߷һݵ籨ò¶һ˰ɣ˵һЩҪ̸һ¡ʲô⣿ȻǸ10ʦƻˡ
ǣף籨ϹϺת뿪
10ʦƻϣ13ǰɰĹ֭һںȸɣϹָԼһ˵ǲӦðĿոһˣĻҿɾҪˡĴ죬ϹͻȻûڷȡ

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ιһ￴ŵ·һ㱻ײְԱԹлһļ
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˶䴬ϵʣôȫйӢУҲҪΪҵˡ
СΪϣֻóȥһ£ΪеľԼϺǺӵġ
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ոصλϣְԱŵ籨˽Ĵĵ籨
ӹ籨ʱûע⵽ְԱϵsֻǽ俴һͨĻظ籨𿪴ԵĶһ˵ͱͨ

µĴҪ˵ְԱѾ˵ˡ
籨дĺϣ;е豸䴬һ𵽳ɶȥһˣΪϹ⻹һʺǴҪ̸һ£ȻͬеĻ¶
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ȫԼЦһ¡ҲֻҪĹòġ

ڲΪϹĴЦʱڹ·ĵɹš
Ȼһ3ţ⣬׼ûؼԼúõһµʱ򣬲ԶһСͻȻ΢ĺ
Ȼﻹ3ţ⣬ܵСҪǲʲô飬Ϊһ߼ԼθеġȻոܽС˺ס׺ͻǺ׵һĻǾмƤåļһΧһѧװŮ
һЦݣͲǺ˵Ƥåڽ䣬һСһŮ˾ѹͲҪ˽ֻҪ˾Ͷ֪澿ʲô顣
ڸʲôס֣׵վ䵱ʹߣڿϵĸ߼ٷȻϵ֧ǹǼƤåҲ׵ʧˡ
ǵġԹһţڵϣȻҪǰǸصŮʱȴ̧ͷŮĿԡ
С㣬ǡŮԲһŮӵףѾ21˵ûɼҵЩ˵žҪŮ
ȻsԵӣǾǰҪȸոյļåҪΣգŮվҪʧ䣬ֻʧ۸ոһͺ׵ŤԼĽš
ѽһ
ȡŮҪͣæǰסŮ
ϴУŻͨŮŮ㣬֪ΪʲôͻȻԼˡ

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С㣬СŻŮЩʱĵ
㡭˵ѾúɬŮĻ뿪ֻǲ֪ǲĵģŮôѾѲ
С㣬ĽƺŤˣҪҪҷؼҰΪһˣһĵǻᴦģ
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΢ĺܿͱĴָסˡ
ҪУҪУûжġô˵ţϵЦŵ۾ȴѲǷ롣
ȵŮ뿪󣬸ոǼsoŮƤåӽ˳һߵովŵĵط3ţ˷ѰЩţûȥ԰ɡ

ڱŮ;УıֻǺܹصġΪʲôڱŮʱҪСһΪ˿һٱŮڴߣҲҪһвٿõţһһôţ
ڱŵʱҲŮ飬ڷûʲôصľٶŮҲ½½ĻشһЩ
ʲôĸոѾ˵ˣȻʡ
䡢ߡءΧxng
17ꡣ
160
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ǡĻŮҡһͷϺˣĴǴͶ׵ġ˵ŮһԼϾָĸ˫ȫľ飬û취ֻóԼȫĴͶˡ
ΪŮһͬˮŮȻͬʱҲŮļﰡ
ĬһºŮ̧ͷող˵֪𣿡
Щ˼Ҹոô˵𣿡
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ѾԵЩžӣеŮԾԼ½󡣡λһǴľ˾͵Ļһ˵ô
ŵڻشذɣ巣Ȼǽաְֱǹʲôġ
ǣŮػǲء
Ůһ˵ֱȥǹаɡ˵ͷӦ˹ȻǶҲ˵ֻҪºĴø⣬ôĽҲǽԴϲһ֡
Ϲ⵱Ȼû˵ֻϹֻ˵õ£˭˭˭ɳϳ飬ôֻҪºƱˣҲװʲô֪ڶԷҳŵʱԳһ°ڰʱֱӳףǴ˶˼ſڣǾҪʱˡ
ȻҫĶǻ𳵣Ϲǹ
𡭡ԽԽӣ½ʵʵĺŮѾʼѰ˼š֮·ƼϷˡ
þŮ׼չԼġ֮·ʱĽŲһլǰͣɩڼ𣿡ţլǰͣ
˭ʱһȽĵ㴫˳ȵӵŴ򿪺һ൱ϲŮӡϣСôͻȻˣ˵ɩ뽫ȥֻߣһ̶Ѩӡ
뽩ֵʱһԵŮ΢ĵλλ̣֪¶ֵպ𡭡
̣ûлش⣬긾Ůֻǵüë

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ɩǸ40ĹѸɷԴӼǰxzngһֱѾڼҡ˳һᣬɩ̬ҲǷǳһ֣ǰľϡʹǳɶʵĹҲûҪɩ⣬⵱ȻΪɩҵܴȫΪĳʵ̫Ķǡˡ
̡ŮŮ̶֮ԱȽϸ߰ɣȻɩĺܾģֻԵ￿˿
ԼҲûܵеȴϲ
Ǳ߻ھϲǰҪԼƯϼʮŮɩֻǺܵӵüëҲ˵𣬲ҪҰ̡
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һ𣿡Ŀ⣬ɩֻǿ
ˣsѾˣһǸϽ͹ﵽɣȻѾ֪λãҲڶͣϾ˶ɩʵ̫Ķˡ
ǵġĶӵıӰɩ̾ϱ˽㰡ոǸﵽȷʵǺƯ
ɩڱ죬һֱܳСͣ½Ų
ôʲôλֲ̿ʲôˡ㿴ͷ󺹵Щ⡣
˲ͷϵĺȻ޷ʲôСʮǡʮ绢ֻܳĬ¶ֵķǰСôһֱ˰СʱߵһЩƾɵլǰ
ļҰɣ
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ǡĸ裬һ̫ҿ϶ӡ
ƺһ꺺Ҳ˳㣬˾˰
Ȼ֪ǰ꺺ľ˾ˣ֪ΪʲôôȵĽ֣ͻȻһֲˬĸоӿͷ
ʱľ˾˺;ĸƺҲע⵽ĴڣǱ㿴㣬λǣ
˾˺;ĸƺ˲ˣȻԼҲͬ㣬㻹æܵλҸյɶʱز죬͵ġåȥᣬϾҲϣԼľ˾˺;ĸġȻҪǲϣĺøС
ĸãҽûǿʱ޳һĵ

ĻڣϹľzhngfԱµľеɹƻ
10˲ǹ3֧ǹ500ɽڡҰڡ1000ͦػǹ5000ͦɭǹȻ֪Ϲڽڻд˻ǱĿˡ
10˲ǹ3֧ǹ˵ɽڡҰںػǹҪ֪ϴǶĻںͻǹҲŸո˵йڻڳƮء
ôĿ¼ʹӢ˺͵¹˲ִټҲòɡüܲζڵĲ˵10˲ǹҪ1000Ԫڼľеȫֵ½ﵽ2000Ԫ
İɣЩֻҪ1913ǰȫͿˡϹĿ1913ǰе5ʦ䵽10ֻҪЩеܹ13ǰ˵һ룬֮һҲ㹻ˡ
1913ʽ𡭡2000ԪɲСĿĴĲҪ5ʱ䡣Ȼ֪ϹǮζٻЩġϾϹ⻨ǮʱһǴִţ˵ʲôʱǮ⡣
Ҫ֪Ĵ͹ݵĲȫϹһ֧ţϹǮͻȻûǮˣôĴ͹ݺܿͻ뵽ΣС
ʽû⡣˰֣ողŴǱյһڶԪϹںĵֻҪѼƻƶͿˡ
Ϲô˵ζͼܲĹԱҲֻܵͷס
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ҡ
ЩҵǸְλҲò˶ˡ֪ԼֻǵڶľϹļƻѸ˵
һں󣬵¶ִֵchngqngʱȿľϹ͹Ĳɹ
ӿЦ¶Ų˵ûɣָˡ

ղغƼһʮС
ǼгҪ¶ȥһ˳ɶ˵Ųżһ׮ڵңʲô鷳ҾԼŻ׶ء
Ҳǰй˶ǽΪǶĻǾԲŹǵģһæͷ뾭ģ׵ġ
ˣĵͷĺһԵĳ¿гҺ¶ȵɶȥ϶̸һµ⣬һ¼ְġ
Ҿף¶;졭
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˼򵥵ֽһ飬һĻɶ
ǿļʶһ˵еĹ·أʻchngqng¶ڶĲЦ
ǰҲ˵еĹ·ܺءЦŻش
ڡ칫·ϵһ·ǲ¶еܺġֻϧһΪżУ̸ֻĵ뿪chngqngһȴǲ˷ѻˡ
λҪ·ˡ˻ڽ̸ʱĳ˺
䣬һ£˱оʻʱҪȸոƽࡣ
ǳ칫·𣿡ȫɻ̾͵Ĺ·ɵþ̾
ǰû뵽ϵһ·Ȼǵй
˻ھ̾ŵʱǰʻĳѾ·ȫ2705׿20׺ˮ̳ģĿǰ·Ѿȫ깤λľе豸ͨ·Ժܿ͵ֳɶ
ڵ֪˶Գ칫·Ȥǳ¿ѡģ·һж˽⣬ר˵һ⡣ڵ֪һ󣬲¶㽫ԼȤһһ򳵷š

ڲ¶ںͳʱ򣬳ɶһһܵĶԻҲڽš
ӣĿĽӴôˣӵĽһӳ˾ǵװ˸Ǹӡ
һʱĿһֱ׷ңĿǰѾǺˡֱһԣĿбӵĵ
ܺãôһֱнӴܵھǸϹܣԵ۹ĸйٵȵȡ
ǣæش
Цһ£˶ôҲ壬˽ﲻҪô̰ġ
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˶rˣrֽСӣ˵С˶rĳԱһǰĴרΪ̽йϹ
r˵ϣľйһֱڻҵУǾͿԳȡɵȵأйһƬңֻбǡǡrzhngfϣġҲ£Ϲ־ԵЩˡ
ȻⲢ˵ϹⲢûб෴Ϲٶȿ˵ڶһԬıһϵҲϹ⡣
ЩrzhngfעϹϺľr½ԾǹעϹϹϺ豸ɡұĻе豸rzhngfעϹԭ
칫·һ칫·ɵʱrҲһ䶯Ϊ·ȫһ·
·ĻʩҲǺһҵʵ׼֮һr˶ԣֻ֪ӵľֵǹעΪЩӶֻǽվģϹ֪ҵҪxngľֵùעġ
ֻrzhngfrzhngfȻϹܹעҲֻڹעˣҲʱ򣬺ˡ
Ϊrļ֯ĿǶȡйɵͶ˹ǣԺȻģϹܻΪľΪ˺ĵĿꡣ
һЩԺ󣬺Ļ᳤ƽαװйϺСֶŮСӴһֵĴĿľΪ̽Ϲrĸй٣ԼһЩˡ
˵Ϲ⾿ǴôǮԵǵģ
ˣ̽ʲôõ鱨ûУ
ΪϵǺУҲұֵ̫ԣ˵ĴzhngfҪӢ˺͵¹йһеֵ2000rԪҡ
2000rԪôĿСҲsһ䡣ϹйȷʵǺǮ

ղغƼһʮ
ֺ¶ЦŶϹϣ㻹ǸǳһⰡ
ȴǶ˶Ҫ⣬𣿣
Ϲôش¶ͲЦŲ˵Ϊͺ˵һȷʵһ⣬ϺȴǶҪŽ⣬Ϊܴʵ̫ˣҲΪʲôڽӵ籨㼱æϵϺԭ
кȻйӢк͵¹УⲢйûоˡ仰˵ֻҪϹԸĻϺǵжǡ
Ҳ۳ͶˣҪҪϢһ£ʲôĵȵ̸˿ֱȻڽֻ10ӣϹ⻹ѯһˡ
ȻϹĺ⣬ȴЦҡҡͷлĺˣϣǻ̸һɡ˺ϹⲻһΪʱˣѾӦԭʼ·ϵĵԵʻϻ·ʱ˷ú
ȻǺ⣬ǼȻ¶ô˵Ϲ⵱ȻҲͲִҪ
Ȼô˵Ǿ̸ɡϹ˵ϵĶӦûʲôɡ
¶࿴˿¶ȿڵǹǹĻȻйѾûдˣǿԴӵ¹Ӣû⡣ػǹɽڡҰڵĿЩ󣬿Ҫȥжơ
ûҲڵɭǹһεĹѾͿ˵ǱߵĴһαҪȱʱС˵ÿΣ5000ͦɭǹĲɹȷʵЩľˡҪ֪1903굽1914˹ҲֻǴӵɹ1500ͦ󱣼Ҳֻɹ600ͦ
Ƕ֪ĿrսսzhngfıҲ󶩹ɭֱ19381940굽ȫҲֻ3300ͦѡ
仰˵Ϲⶩ5000ͦɭǹҪȶ˹͹zhngf߼Ҫ٣ôһĿȻԳƵǴ⣬ǶԵrekylriffelsyndikata/s˵Ҳһѹ
ȻôҶܶʱ䵽ȻϹⲢżȫ£ǿʵ
ʱ𡭡һº󿪿ڵ·Һ¶ѾˣҪ101888ίԱᲽǹҪ23µʱܴӵ¹͹вm1900ǹҲҪ23µʱ׶˵
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뽭صشĴغƹԭĶϽϲ˹صòϸ߱ͣɽغΪͬʱ뽭ĿԴú̿ʯҡȻʯӢɰȡ
21ͣ뽭֪ú̿ﵽ2oڶ֣ռchngqngİٷ֮ʮϣͬʱú̿ú˹Ҳﵽ4ooףchngqngһ룬45oo׵ʯʯ
ȻЩϹ⿴صģϹ⿴صǴһڶֵ뽭뽭ڳͨĺһ㶼ڰٷ֮ʮ£ֱӲĻÿٿ7ooͬʱתɸʱһڰٷ֮ңͨǰٷ֮4Ҳйٷ֮1oĿxngǶǼܲ仰˵뽭ȫɳĻٿ7oooֵĸ֡
7ooo֣ÿ1ooҲ8o΢ʡһЩĻ21ҲǲܡϹƻ뽭ֳ㿪Ҳ1o򣬶ȵĴ͸ֳʱϹҲѾİɽϪаյɽȥﱸǧĴ͸ֳȥˡ
뽭ؾзǳḻú֮̿캺ʱֵıߡûڴұҲûú˷ѱߡ
Ȼ뽭˶ĺôʱ뽭ϾֻһͨСسǣҪ˵ʡĳɶȣǺΪĴchngqngҲûȵģҪ뽭ϵĹҵĿ¾Ҫͷʼˡ
뽭ص˿ڲ٣3o192543򣩣ͶֱӴӱļͿԣҲ˲ٵ鷳˵ų¿˳ڲԶһͳɶchngqngʮּªСسǡ
Ǹ뽭سˣ
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˴ʮӣϹĳʻ뽭سǵĳ¡
ڵ֪ϹҪ뽭ѲӵϢ뽭صس͵صʿԱҲѾڳŴȺʱʱϹĳӵִһҲӭ
سĸ϶ŴϹˣһһѰ׺ӵʿԨʳΧЩûмϹⳤʲôʿԱҲһ˶䡣
ΧЩ˵ԨЦһ£zhngf̾chngqngռ󣬻뽭ԨصһܵchngqngȥͶϣҲ֪ϹòмǸˡ
мǸԨ˵мǸΧʿԱæȥ
سȷмǸȻոԨѾ˵ĺˣڿϹӺǳһ϶ǲЩͷˡ
ʱһȥɶʿ𿪿ڵҵ˵϶ƺֻ2oӡ
ģǱҵӻҪСһЩ
ЩһԾʿԨЦһ£ͼͬܵchngqngȥͶϣڼϹʱҲһԾ
4oŵϸ֪أ˼Ҳ2oȴѾһĶƿһʡǡȻôţȵϹ˿˺Ԩæ̬һЦݵӭȥϾĴ˭ϴǺġ
Ԩһӭĳ˵صʿԱ⣬к4ЭԱԼӢ¹ʦеĴϾϹҲǵʳĸʳĸҲûʲôʾ
ǵʳĸᰡ˵أӭϹ⣬˹еЭԱЦŵ
ǰȻҲ˵ǵʳĸȷʵЩء
ƺ˹̸ʱԨҲѾߵϹǰ
ⲻس𣿡ȻϹԼһܲǲֱ˵ͣ1oĵ2oģԼµسϹ⻹ǼǵñȽġ
û뵽ǵñְñְʤ̿֡˵Ԩһָ뽭ʿ֪뽭뽭±ҡ
ԨҪ˵ڵӾѾһٱ̨ʣϹ˰֡ˣѾ˵ĻͲҪظˣȰǰסɣҺ츱ггҲϢһ¡˵ӳɶchngqngǺۣǴchngqngٵ뽭
סְѾźˣ붼ггƲɡ
ͷϹ׼̧ƲʱȺ쳣۵Ƶˡ
ǣле˰ɣ
ȻǱ¶ѡģƺ˹ȻҲúơĴЭԱϽ˵Ϲһ֡
ȵֺһԵ˹Ҳ˹ӢʦĴϽ
еЭԱԼ¹ʦĴڷ͵ģڶchngqngæŰװء
Ӣ˶ԼǰϹҲܸˣϾ뽭кܶ鶼Ҫѯǡ
سȴǵסȥɣλҲһɡλָȻƺ˹ˡ

ղغƼһʮ
ȻЩϹΪʲôҪһӽеԼסȥȻѾӭӹˣصʿԱȻҲͶԼסȥˡҪ֪ǽڳվС죬ϻһϴҪμӣúõϢһ¿ɲС
ԨȻҲӵĺ棬ԴϹźõסȥ뽭صسĲǺܴ󣬶ҲʲôͨҪԨҲֻܽǰŽˡ
뽭ȻֻһСأȫ˿3oسڵҲԵûڵĽֵҲǷǳ֡Ȼֵָϵİջûб峡ʱ򡣲ʹˣŽֵԵϹ⻹ǿԭ뽭ж֡
Ժ黹ٸһЩɡȻô˵Ϲȴһ˼ҲûУϾϹĳҲ࣬Ҳ±ͻȻܳһǹ
ԨôҲ˼֪أԹsֻյĻǺܵλģ͵ƳһۺܿϹⲢûҪԼ˼ȻˣԨװһֵ̿ӡǣְһġ
ĳֽǶϽҲɡ
ȵϹһڽǵĴӵ뿪󣬽ֵٶȱrһȻ˶༸ɷˡ͡˿ȡ֮뷨ëͷС⡭
Ǳְŵסˣɾ⡭ϹһԺԨƺûһԵļ˻
ҲȻϹסôϾΪ˹Ƕȼ٣סĺһЩվһ¡ߣǽȥ̸̸ɡ˵ϹкһˣȻһƿš
ҲʱһԵһֱ̱⼸ȻûôҲˡ
ôص龰ϹӿҲҪŤͷȥΪڻиص飬Ϲ˸͹˲ȥˡ
سô¡ָڵ壬ϹЩɵ۵ʵ
ϹɵۣΪڷĴϾȻ̺ӵĹϸһ治û·һһ˫̥
ʵֻϹɵۣԨԼҲɵۡðɣȷʵԨŵģϾͷ˾ҪЩʾ̽һЩ˾鱨Ԩܿ͵֪ϹҲҡ
ȻԨûϹǸ˾ӣǻΪΪŮ˶װˣϾԨҲ֪һ2oʱ뷨ͬһ145soֵ꣬rsҺȻͻȻĸ˵niûҲ145ԨֻΪԼĶͷ˾ߵŮʵ̫ˣͲҪֶ
Ȼ˾ŮsȤ鲻ͼ򵥶ˣ
ԭԨİǵȵҹרŸϹŪϴ˽͵ϹķȥůһҲȫκ˲һܸ˾һĵۡ
ʵԨŵչϹ⵽ĻǽΪһегҲǲܵ顣ǣ²Ÿոյ磬ϴҹ6Сʱʱ䣬ôԨľѾϹĴˡ
˵ô£ͬɪɪĹԨҲһӻĳż˺ֶʹʱҲˣϾ˾ýֻôҪԱǰ
ڻԨǰ̰
ƺҪ˵Ԩû˶ŵĹ˵ϣҲǣȻʱûʱͽͽˣȻͽҲӦˣֻǵ뷨ҲԨ࣬ϾҪϹõģֻˣû뵽ϹⲻˣҾȻôһ
ʱϹҲ׹Ԩ͸Լ
ԨҲǵģҪԼѵͲܵԼһ˵ʱ𡭡ôţϾԨǵһ¸ԼˣϹ⵽ҲΪֻô˿ˣǿ϶ˣڿЦһºϹĻ̿˵ԨԺҪŪЩˣ𣿡
ǣǣǣְס
Ԩϻ̳ϿֵʱϹͷ̤ߵ˴ǰǡ
ضĻū澽ѩū澽
վǰϹ⣬ñӵѩӻش
ﵱȻҪ֪˭ѩ֪ǰ˾ǱҪ̷ǸˡûĻ
ʵѩҲúԩ˵ʵڵ̷֪ĶϹʱǻǺܸ˵ģϾνjԺ³һʱܱԨ͸ִһʡĶǵˣͿѾϰʮοϹ2o࡭
ҲΪʲôǲŽݾѾѹԼֻûǽݹʱ˾ȻѾˣҲˣȻһ˹ʱѾѹ˵ѩȻû3oڴе·ҲֻñסԼ**壬ȻϹˡ
ɪɪСƵʮʿתȥͳ¿ҲѧֻϹһľ
ҵһϢͺˡҲ16СϹʹı۾

ղغƼһʮ
лллл
ϴһsۣѩϹǰסĿͷšֻǿſͷ絷С˭֪˾ӵϹʵڵѪء
ڵ֪ѩԨ¥ĺϹǴ·ѯԨϹ5oo˳·ѡû취Ϊ˱ֶţϹܲܵ˵ͰС֮˰ɡֻһѪһװ˾ӵǮϽʧ
ȻڰǮǵʱϹҲ˵µĻԼţҲ֪Сû˵ԸСĲûȤԵ֪ԼѾzyu˺СֻǹﲻסĸлϹ⡭
ˣǿˡѩôʶ࣬Ϲɨ˵İ˰֡
ϹҲСǰŸճ뽭žͱ˸ȥjԺϹ⻹ǷԸһӽǻ͵chngqngȥҪصȥļУchngqngֱӿʼһµǱȽ׵顣
ѩͳúϹóˮʹһ֭ԴƽԼеʹ
ʱվϹƵ˿ϹĿȴ壬Ҫ֪ÿ˶ΪӵӵġϾٵƤǺܺģĩĹԱˣǻǣ;ԻƤѸոѾͷˡ
ȵѩڽǵĻ뿪ãոհ˵ԨһԵͷҪҪϢһ¡
ԹsԨȻóϹʵ飬ԲŻῪѯҪҪϢ
ˡϹ˼ȵԻſڡȰ˰ɣϾʱǽǮ
׼ڳطϹúñűʹһȻϹⲻҪȻҲ
ȵԨƵȫϹԨƵ˵뽭Ҫ˽һĽôԼûʲôѣʲôѵĻڽɣһ취ǽġ
Ϲô˵Ⱥʦ
úĹ˳ĹͬҲ˳ҲһЩ⣬úұҪ뽭Ȼ3o˿ڣųˡŮͯũԼְҵ˺ʣµĿ޷ȱڡڵһаĵ¹ʦӣȻܾˡ
ȱж󣿡
ĿǰѾ뽭ļ5oooˣϽȵĻٻҪ1ˡ
1ˡϹ⿴һһԵĳ¿гchngqngǱа취һ𣿡
û⡣¿˵ͷΪ·˶͡Ĺϵchngqngܱвٵİ˼Ҷ֣һݿҺڵĹкܶ˶Ըġ
죬Ϲ⵱Ȼ֪¿û˵ǸʲôҲϹľԱֱӿڵÿÿ3󣬳гȻchngqngԺͰˮƽļɡ3ȻʹʿĹȲ˲٣ʱҲϸнˣϹ⵽Ҳ»вˡ
ס¿һͷϹһġ
ôǻ𣿡
⵽ûˣֻҪҪĻе豸ȱٵܼʱ͵ǾͿ԰ԤĶʩʵ⻹ǲٵģֻЩⶼǰǽģʹϹ˵ҲûãϾרҵԿڡ
ʱһԵԨСʵ֪˹ӶķǾzhngfǡȻΪոյԨЩ̧ͷȴòģϾ1ˣÿ3һ3o뽭ɲʲôԣأʷȫ뽭ԨɾҪҸطȥϵˡ
ϹȻԸոյЩȴûΪԨİɣúķȫɾzhngfеģطzhngfֻҪϾͿˡ뽭ɲԨܸˡ
ǣǣְһϣְóϡò뽭zhngfеԨæͷĵ
óϣԨոյĻϹܾЩŤΪﰡȻѾشԨ⣬ϹҲһԼĵ⡣ô˹а֪Ҫ뽭Ҫʱܽأ
Ϲĵ⣬Ͼ뽭¹ش...

ղغƼһʮʱ
뽭chngqng߿˵Ϲĵġ
𣿡Ҫұ豸ǵ¹ģҲɰشˡȻЩӣֻҪܼʱ1ʱӦþͿ깤ˡʷϺ3ʱ䣬Ƕ֪жЧûκν壩
1ʱ𡭡
ûϹƺʱ仹Щ⣬æ͵ڶҪʱ䣬1ʱѾǼ޶ˡ
ѵͲһЩ𣿡ܵĻϹ⻹ϣڶһ㣬Ͼһʱ˵̫ˡ
ȷʵѾǼˡЦһ¡ϾǴľ1ʱʵѾܽˡ
ʱһԵ˹Ҳǻ˵û1ʱѾܶˣڶ̵Ļ¾ֻнϵˡʵǳѾԤȸǺһ֣ʱ仹Ҫӳ١ұ豸ǵƵģΪ˲úҪĿ豸ӢƵˣӢ˵˹Ҳ͸𿪲ɷ⣬ȻˣרҵϱϾӵģ˹ⷽҲ֪һЩ
ʵԤȸǺõĳʡһʱ⣬ʡʱĻϹԣʽĩ˰ʵҵķʱĲǽ裬ǳﱸʽ
ͱ纺˵֣ڹ˵п˲֪˲ϾǺǺֻ˼ʮĺ죬йĽʷŨһʡǺ֮ĺڲٹ˵п¾ǽҵĴʡʵϣйĵһҽҵǺǹݵϪ
ݵϪǹѲG1885꿪ʼģG4ʱʾﱸʽ͹豸յ豸װȴֻ˼£ȻҲϪĹģйء
Ϫɺ󲻵һ175oo֡1ooooֵĴͬʱҲйһҽʱҪȺ֮ĺ3꣨189o궯1993Ͷ
ȻϪսͺʱ¼һǳġ¶GֵܣΪʽѷͲò˵㲡ͳɼڵ7ȥ
¶ǵʱи߼ˮƽͬʱjngͨѧ˲ţȥԱǰϪ˵˵һʱټϸС⣬յϪʱ5꣬ʮĽڿ3ºͲòرˡ
񣬿Ѿ˻֪ڹݵϪйһҽҵˡ

ϹҲüʱͽһȷʵ̫ʵҲֻա
ǣ˹úĿûʲôɣ
ҲϹȽϹĵģϾûúԭϹӦǿڵĻڳɱЧҲǺܴ⡭
ϹԼרҵ⣬˹Եһ˼·
ͰͬΪܾǰ뽭Ѿ˿úĹϵĽȺ˳ڰЩĽĿУ˹Щķ˷Լ۾뽭δʱѾ˿ʼɣļ뽭İ6˴ޡ̨ƽϡ̲Ͱʯ5Ϊе5ѾһĻĽȷǳ˳ֻҪchngqng豸Ծ˵һµʱͿԽдģˡ
˵˹ϹЦһ¡1ºλҪĵľֻв֪Ӧﰲʯһˡ
˹ô˵ϹЩνĵûϵ˾ȶţԺá
Ȼô룬Ǿͺܺˡ
ȻϹ˹һЦʱһԵİȴԥһ¡ʵֻСĽаװʱͿԡ
ģ
Ӧû⡣롣ֻǶһС豸аװ͵ԣôڰʱûģҪ1oôĻҲֻ2֣һᵢ깤ȡԴ5ooo˿ڵĴ˵޵ģǼ˲Դأѹʦ깤һ֣ô깤ʱͱȻᱻϺҲǰΪʲôԥԭ
ȻڿԥѾϲϹļİɣֻҪڰڸҰһСŪұ֤ͬǵĽһֶ١
ϹⱣ֤ԼĽ𲻻٣Ҳ˵ĵͷǾͶлˡƮйΪŹԽ𣿲Ϊ˭ڵ¹һܵĹҪ֪Ȼǵ¹ˣǶ˼Ͷ˹˼ۿһȤûС

Ľ裬Ϊⷽ治ҲοϪĽʷȻϪĳﱸʱ4࣬豸ĵ԰װȴֻ˼£׼ûдȽϷϱҪ
ںǵʱЩŵһ磬ǲ߱κν塭
psղغƼһʮ5֮1
ΪƺͰȺԼĹϹǿһĽҲΪʲô˸˵ԭҪ֪깤Ľɱȵϰ1oĹˣȻǰǹ깤⣬ȻĻϹһӶ
Ű˵ӣȴֵ˹ĽˡϾúĹҪ򵥵Ķ࣬˹ĽҲҪȰȺ¹רҵ٣ʹˣϹ⿪ĽҲ൱˹5Ĺʡ
˹ĽŰʱϹҲͻȻð˸뷨
˵chngqngҲ뽭һûпڰ֮ھӵСģ뽭֮ǰϹѾʹ¡ӢĹרˣǸĴ81o£Ҳ1ڣӳ쵽깤2ʱ䣩깤ʱϵҪһЩֻ6µʱСĻԱҪ8µıĸ2µĲҲ7oooָֺ1ooooûȥ
7oooָֺ1ooooǰںҲ84ְָˣӴĸҪ2£ֱǿɳܵ˷ѡ
Ҿ뽭ԭƻ1oָһchngqng깤Ϊëɪg98ʽǹ2oooooˣr5ooˣȫʱr1ooo4oooooˣ75ײ5ooţɽڡҰںϼƣػǹ3oooͦɭǹ5oooͦ
֮⣬ֻпԺ֪1o5ڡ12o׼ũ\ڡ15oͼũ\ںͳǹൺҪòϵ21oͼũ\ڡ
chngqng뽭ĸϵϹȫ԰йchngqngһЩֻ5֮1Ϲ˵ҲǷǳϢˡ
뽭һֻǼװһ豸𣿡
Ҫ֪ĴеĲôղﻮе·ҲֻǴڿ̽׶ΣchngqngͬͶĻĸҪ2µʱ䡭
˹࿴һۣ˹ڵ˵ɣϾרҵͱȽϽӽһЩ
ŽƸԼͬţЦһ¡Ӧû⣬ҽ齫㻹ȥѯһ£Ͼ֮仹кܴġ
Ϲͷʹô˵ϹҲȥѯʵġ
¿Ԩ˹뿪ϹһڷԵϢһ£󲻾ԨϹμרΪٰϴ硣
󣬵ڶһϹʹų¿صchngqngȻ¿Ϊ˽ģϹΪ4Ĺʦѯʱ⡣
֪Ϲͳ¿뽭ˣصĸгƸ˹гôôͻˣǳʲô𣿡Ϲߵʱ˵Ҫһ£23ͻˣҲѹƻ֡
ûʲô¡˵ϹƵȥһ˱ѸĹ̽йһ£˵Ҫǡ
Ȼӵĺ棬ƻǵͷϾȥ
ŰСʱԺƴ4Ĺʦ߽г칫ҡгҰѼλʦˡ˵żʦ߽˰칫ҡ
ȵʦ߽һзѲĵ¹ʦñȽӲĿڵ˸г˵ʲô飿ҵĹʦҲĿϹ⣬֪ʲô뽭ܻˡ
ǹڱ飬ǰЩrҲʹҪʱ깤ǸҪ81o¡
ѲҵĹʦ˵ͷʱǾһ㶨óġҲǵʽ𡢳ле豸ȫ׼ˣȻĻ81o¾뽨һǼֱΣҪ֪֮ĺҲ2ʱŽõġ
ȥ뽭ʱ򣬰ڶеи飬ȼװһֻһͿڶʱͶ
˼ǣѲҲǸˣܿϹ⻰˼ȼװһ豸𣿡
ѲԼ˼Ϲͷδ뽭һ±Ҳôûпxng
Ϲô˵Ѳͼͬ黥࿴һ¡ȸǼһ𣿡
Ȼû⡣
õ󣬷ѲҵĹʦһӢｻ̸ţ˼ӺѲתͷû⣬ôĻ5Ҿһ豸ͶʹãôĻԱ깤кܴӰ죬һ豸ĲҲֻб5֮1ҡ
5֮1𣿡Ϲͷ5֮1Ѿ㹻ˡ

ղغƼһʮµ籨
뽭⣬3ooojng׳һĲУһһӪĴά
û뵽ȻôôĹˣĿǰ󳡺ǷȱͶܿܲءվسǵĳǽϿ泤һ˹Щ˷ܵĵ
ǰϹЦŵͷȻΪʲô˹ô˷ܣΪֻҪǵĹһɣԼµĽһ쵽ǵСֻ3ʱļ3oooˣ·˶͡ƽȻ԰˲СӰ𡭡
صchngqngĵ2죬¿ֻڳڵһӣҽÿ3;Ĺ˵һº󣬵ļ15ooˡȲϹһ¿ҲһӦƸİѯһ²֪Ϊ·˶ƽchngqngĲٰնꡣǺߣʧܺٵӵܱߵȥλΪ˽ЩҲ˲پӣЩλΪûвԴòյļȥĽмchngqngİն⵽սֺ˵zhngf´˲ߣټһЩǵĸǺսʧȥȣĸȴʵ̫ˡ
ҲԭϹǲ3ʱļ3oooˣchnգҪ֪3³Ѯֻڼŷգȫ˶Ҫʱ3нЩ˵رջˣҪ֪3нֵصջҪ࣬οÿյļже֡
chngqng˿ڲм򣬾ļһˣҲü˵˱ϣղӵ·ҲҪһʱܶѵҪཨһЩǷ֯һͶȽϴĹֹĴйһƬң㹤ˣƷҲˣֵȥô򰡡
Ϲ⻹Ž취ʱһԵѶϹڵгûһ𣿡
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ˣЩͲ˵ˡʾסϹҲʣʽëɪǹһԷٸˣ
һ𡭡׼ȵĻһſԷ2oˣrҹϹĻٿԷ5oˣҶʵ鳡õһǵַǺܶεĻϾԲѷڵ¹ԭװ١豸ëɪ豸һģҲԼţƤ
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ȻϹֲԾΪЩջ𣬵ѵҲòϣȷʵҪԭࡣ
֮Ϲֻ࣬ڰѵ˵ˣȵѵ뿪˰칫ҺɤӶɵϹֱ̱ڰ칫ϣͣĸԼŹ֭
Ǹ̵ļһҲԼҪ˼ҸϹŹ֭ƿԹš
񲿸鵱ȻΪϹеĵֻۣžֺ;ֽĻᣬٽһȽܵĲŰˡ
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ζҫһֱþֺ;־ǽͶ
ֹǴģΪֻ񲿲ϵĳ͢ӥȮ
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ҳ񲿶ҲһЩ鷳Ʃ˵ζžǣϾ˵顢ֵĳǶԵз鱨̽ͷзļô񲿾ǳ1uoڲζǱȻзԵġ
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ڸƣʶʴﵽٷ֮90ϵ˵йµĹ飬ƶȵĻйԽŪԽҵĿxngǸЩ
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ȻҲ˵ЩǸ߿ƼĶ˼ҲҪһһ

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谭ҵȫ顭Ҫ赲̹ǲܵûȷʵһЦأ
ڻ谵r£ϹsԽynɭ

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ͬڸҲȡɵȻͺҪɵνʵһǾǶǯ̫ˣϹɲϣԼйԺЩʲôں泶ȡ
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ϾڹغҵعҵϣƩ·ɹҳʡ˽ƿؾͿˣṤҵϣɹƿضپЩˡϾںгҪxngϹҲǺģЩغɹƿǱģͨӪҵͨķʽɳȽϺãҲһЩ
ȴԼŵʱϹǵúڹµʱͬ˻ͻνʵƶ·չΪӰйʷġ񵳡ĴȻͬ˻zhngfѾ𣬵Ⲣ˵ͬ˻Ĵûгˡ
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ԳһzhngfڲĲŽǽЩͬ˻ҲɽһҪˡ.
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ǰǳϵϰ壬ζҲЩʲôƺš
ƾͽй񵳣ƹ絳žʵй壬ַͨʽйһǿĹҡ
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10ꡢ20ǰ־ͺˡϹЦһ£10ꡢ20ǰйһܷյĹңѯҲ޷йǸʱϹ⽫ֳ嵳Ҳʲô⣬ڲͬˡ
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νĹ壬ǡǡǴӵ¹Դڵ¹ġ
ҫͷǶҲʦеϵѧϰͬʱҲԵ¹һЩȽ˽⣬ҫͷѵ߼٣rĽӴѾѧ˵Ȼֻ˵ްʹûкܴ·Ҫߡ
пܴ˿˵壬֪ʲôĻô˵˹絳ȫƺ󣬾ϲ˵ЩʲôڱҲˡ
죬ҫǲûҪΧϹҲΪzhngfĶ󣬵Ǹʱ
ֻҪ뵽ϹͻԼҪˣû취ֻܽ嵳񵳣Ƶûб䣬Ȼǡ絳ˬֵĻҲԸ˵ǡ񵳡
𡭡ôһйЩİĴʻ㣬ζ˵ͷ
˵ζǸϺĳҲ֪Сҵв¾û˵ò˵ǣԴϹְζǺ̰ĵ**ദõйˣԺܶණҲĿ˵ой塭
ζ⣬ҫΪʦеϵԶԹҲǺİ
ǲ֪ʲôй壬ܹԼȨλľǺ壬ܹԼȨλùҸǿõ塣
ΨһȽ鷳ѵˣϾǶǺȨҡģȵϹͶٶԹЩ˽ζҫ˽ϸĽͺѵҲʲôй塣
ҵԴи
Ȼ˶Щ᲻һ**ר壬ǻǵͷʾͬˣΪȷʵʺйһ塣
ڶѵ˽͹ʲôǹ󣬰칫ڵǴ˹ʶļ죬ϹֶٵϸһЩ趨һں󣬽Ҫȫˡ
絳
δйһ󵳣ϹССİ칫ˡ
ڳ˹絳ϹͷϳĴzhngfĶ⣬Ҳ˹絳һְ
Ϲ⣬絳ĵһԱҲζѵڡžԶڹݵŰˡҫһɽУȻϹβǺjngͨҲ֪˸ı׶ˣھzhngfʱѾҫ˵һ㡣
ھ˲øҫͷǵ˵ȴǱȽԽܣ󿴵ҫǶνĽˣҧҧҲֻܽˡ
ڳΪ˹絳ϹĵһǹɵԱϾĿľΪǿzhngf
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ȻΪĹϵûʲôΪ絳ԱͬʱҲĴĶȴ񲿾ʲô
ڲ񲿴ڵ塣
ڲĸܿշ˵˴ʡ񣬵ȻҲ˶ԾzhngfߣС˵һСڽֵشС㣬Ҳ񲿵ĹϽΧڡȻͨǲܵģ´ʡҲûôϹˣһЩ˶ϹһʡƹʡϹҲûȤȥǣϾ˶̨ͲǴȫ
ԣҪְȨΧǹ絳ڲ⵱ȻҲЩΥ͵Ĺ絳Ա
ϵı飬Ϊ׵ˡǺǡһЦ
Ѿ֪ǸʲôˣȻһ˰ɡ
ȻҲֱץˣΪ¾zhngfڲζѵڡʵȨﶼ飬ԡִǵΪ׼򣬱ϾǼȲǳҲǸ̫˸񲪣ĻϹҲûػȻҪʱҲֳ׺ݵһ棬Ͼ񲿵ĳԱǾ˳
û´ȥʰǹƴֻƿɪɪС檣һ˵βûзƾʲôҪߣҪ
ǰ壬֮ʲôѾϳǰջǹԱڷ󶼲ҪǣˣҲΪʲôûƴмˣкüС檺һңҲиøĸͼӡҾ㱻񲿴ߣҲһ˿ϣǹǾһ˿ϣûˡһô֮Ѿϳ˭ָұ֤񲿵˲ļ˴
ûҪľٶΪ׵΢΢һЦַϵ񲿳ԱҲַոҪľٶȻҲˡ
İɣһȥģΪǶ´ġ
赶ŪǹˣϹɲȥ񲿵ÿһжϹ´ġȻҲֻϹΧʡ£Ƚչȫʱ򣬾Ϲ⻹ôҲǲܵģǸʱϹȻİ취
ʱϹ´̴ĻӦûΪʲôҪץҡ
Ȼô˵Ϊ׵ȴֻһ¡Ϊʲôѵﻹ𣿡
sͻȻûҰ׵Ҳϻֻǳ˻֣񲿵˾ѾǰС檣ҲֻһñסԼ塣
Ȼ硰ϴ󻧡ôҲҪѰ˼ǿ࣬ɵС檸sҲѰŮĸɱڱ֣ʮֹˡ
񲿵ǰȻǾˣͬҲǻʮСӣȻЩֱۣΪ׵ǸҲС檵϶Ƴ˼ۡ
龰ȻַߣС˼ҵϣҲҶ˵ʲô
ȺҲ֪ζҲһֱһԻҪ񲿵ЩʲôëԽֻǶ࿴ۣΪ׵˺񲿳ԱѺ뿪ס
֤ʲôģֺѾˣѼ֤ȻǺܶ࣬ǽǹϼػǹˡ
űϳʱɶǺĴҲڷ顣
ϹǰԼԩʱϹֻǽһѵĲӵǰ
ľֺ;ֻ޷ͺĿ˸ȣΪҲʲôܣйֻ֤һھѼˣȻЩ֤Ǻȫ棬ϹҲûҪǹʮ飬ΪһѾ㹻ˡ
촽ȴһ仰Ҳ˵Ϲ˻֣Ѿǰܳ˰칫ҡ
Щͬͬ۵˱飬ܿʹ˴ʡ˲Сĺ䶯Ȼֻھzhngfڲ
ĴzhngfǹݾzhngfǰϳģһЩصĵطԱǰԱֻͷδת˾zhngfѡҺ;zhngfԱͬЩԱͶǺܴƽrϹ⿪нˮҲܸߣr󣬾װҲ㹻ˣ̰Ǻձ顣
ЩǰĹԱȴһzhngfճʱ򵽻ʵûþȫ̬ȷһСϡ
ǵzhngfȻѾ˴꣬ʱϾ̫ˣֵҲûгֽ滻Щ̰ĹԱдϴ´ʡҪ̱ϹֻɱӺ˵ɱjng
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ô˵СôҲǺԼjngȻ˿ôҲЩڼһЩԼҲԶЩʱʵ˲šɱ˺ﻹjng˼ԼҲֻһˡ
ϹοǣɱЧƺһĺãڵ֪Ϣطϵڼȫ䰲ࡣҲѹ֣ȻϹֻһֻС˵ȴһֻ񲻿۵ĴϾΪǰϵһĶݵλͬһ㣬ǺһĲҲ̫ࡣ
ȻطԱ֪Ϲܾˣֻ֪ΪĶֻǺ̰˼Ԫͱˣأ
˱̳chngqngһͦ³߻ǹxngʱʡٳϵǱɾһЩ

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˵Զɽ˫һͩ޾һ
ֻǵһڵĻʵǲģϾ֮ѾˣԾƽrһЩҲûϵڵĻ
ʵԶɽ޻ͩĹϵܲĳϣʵˣĳϡ
ԼЦЦ󿪿ڵˣˣŪһס˵һָԱߵӵս˷˻ɣЪЪ
ô˵ڿ˿ͩsȷûʲôͺ
ԶɽһԾһ˱裬Զɽһԭͨ***裬ֱùţôľô·Ҳȷʵǿʵܲˡ
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Ȼϲϱ󣬵װϹ絳10ʦǺƵģϾ絳˴װȻ⣬ҲװΪٵɭǹԼҲֻװ񵯣ʲô⣬Ա͵Ⱦѧȥˣװ絳
ڽ絳ӵеĲΪ10ʦϹ10ʦࡣ2ʦ͵56ʦΪһ3͵78ʦΪڶԭϽĵ3ʦ͵910ʦΪͬʱ޵εľ
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ڽ10ʦĲΪ󣬵һפڳɶڶפchngqngפڹݵķ
ͬʱڱԴĴҲ˻ӵķʽԼϵ⡣
޵ĵڲ˵4ʦıԴȫǴ⣬½ĵ9͵10ʦǴˡǭ˶԰֣ھϣռݾݼռķ֮һ
ڷڵһ͵ڶĵ67͵8ʦԴҲǴˡǭ˶԰֣Ͼݵ˿Ҳ1000Ȼ˿ϻȲĴ5000򣬳35˲ξûġ
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˵ϹⲻιݼϾ˾ͲĴˣݼٵԽ࣬絳ڲҲԽƽ⣬ĵλȻҲ͸ȹ̡ʵΪݼڹ絳ڵϹǭʦĵ10ʦʦǸˣе7ʦʦҲǣʦ½5ʦﻹ3ıҲǹݼġ
ֻݵ½СѧҲǹȥĹ䱸ѧľ̫ˣϸ޷Ĵ½ѧУĴ䱸ѧúٳѧľȡȻ½5ʦﴨ˺ǭ˵Ƕ԰ֵģھٲȴռ˾ԵƣϾϹôǭҲҳ˲Ųǣ
˵ˣϹŬ£ڹ絳ڹݼľԱӵ˲СεĹݶŰ룬ȻǸϹͿս5ٲȻϹսѡ
Ȼ֮ܲȿ϶ͬСӻдȣ׹˳Ϲ⻹ڻ˲ٵȨ
βϵ⣬ϹҲķգ˵ӵսȵȡ
Ͼڹϼ¾ҪԬˣԡ𡰶**ˣԭе5ʦ⣨ǳʱڣҲϱˣ½5ʦȻװjngȴȫһȺ±ɵġ
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ȻѾڴ󣬻ʡݶŴɽ˴ڣЩ˾ˢʵĶ󡣱Ͼ±ֻҪϹսһϾϱˣѪ
Ǹ߳ĹϹд˹Ů˸ıࣩ½5ʦŰ75ɽҰڵĸʼ˴ڵġǷװ
ֻȻܶɽ˷ǳʺˢ飬ҲЩʺϵģԶɽġ
Ҫ75ڸ˲ȥػǹҲǿŸ̧ȥģЩʯݳɵկǽ񵯾һҲûըû취ֱֻȻǸɽկըƽˡΪҪɽկկѾػǹɨˣԶɽµʿǳ岻ȥ
ۿµȺ±һĸ£ͷԶɽɴֱȻ6Ȼȫshڻڵ˳ȥڽǸùɽկըƽˡ
ȵɽկͶʱ滹ŵѾûˡ
Զɽͩ޲ÿɷ񣬱ϾһȺ˰ˣΨһȽϿϧľӵɽկĵҩʱĺԶɽ˵һǿҲǵʱΨһеİ취Ҫ֪Ȼ޷˷ѵȻڵȣʿ˲ĸҲǱʲСĿ
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࿴һۣ޺ͩ
ˣʦո˵ʲô
˵˷˵ľԶɽոĲ豭һ޺ͩոƺ˵ʲôǱʵ
ԶɽôʣΪһֱڰ칫Ȼûбã̸۵ҲʲôҪ飬ȻĻȻûжξ飬ԶɽҲôʳġ
Ϊ˸ո̸ȷʵʲôܣڻ࿴һۺͩ࿪ڵ
Ǹո̸顣
˭ԶɽЩģֻ벻˭
Զɽһʱһֱڽ˷ˣ֪һЩµϢͩ͵ԭĴ˵ͩཫһʱ䷢Զɽ
ʱһԵҲڵ
˵ǸнˮҲͣ˵ҲǧĶȻ̰ͬ۱ĲҲѹֶǿȻ̰Ĳ㰡
Ϊ絳ľԱ֮һÿµнˮҲ500ӸֹѲҪ֪񲻹20꣬Ҳֻһӣ˼С檣rĿͺȾҲûģʱû500нð췿ӶԣҲ˵ͷ
Ҫ֪1933ĽʯÿµнˮҲ800󣬸ίԱ͸γʡϯҲ650Ȼ˿϶лs룬ʹûУٿԪҲ̵ˡ
1933ۣһ൱60ңݵͬһͨĩ¾ʿÿнˮ77X60420ң仰˵һ¾ʿнˮҲ400飬ڴʱ¾Ѿѵõĸнְҵˣְҵһٿ鶼׬

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Ƴߴ̣Ҳ̫һЩɡȻ̵ĲԼ̺ԶɽЩľĵ
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׿ھǹǿǺģֿھĻǹУǿǷǡȫʬԶɽ˹ݾ˵ʱЩԭľƴɵկŻµĻǹָɨõġ
˵ôñ˽ǹھĳԭĲҲͦõ𣿡
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׻ĺܲϹ֪ںػǹھףȻʹú׿ھػǹϹ⻹û˵ڿھŵԸ࣬ڷ»ڷװ׷ҲҪȿھʺϡ
Ȼװʲôһսʱ϶ǲˣһսԺأ
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bijngʨӺͬͳӦʱͳ⣬һűʿľ׮һͳĴš
Ժǽڣŷֵ籨߽Ԭ鷿ڡ
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϶ĻȻлʱͳԬЦŵǸʱģͼйɣʲôʱͳʽˣڽС
ƽr𻹻Ԭ̸Ц䣬һ±˴˵Ĺϵ˿̶ȴֻǽĵ籨ȥ
Ĵոշĵ籨
ȻôУΪݵ籨Ĺϵ
Ĵĵ籨ȻЩƣԬǽӹ˵籨мǸϵСֳʲôˣҿʱͳˣֳʲôӵĻҿɲȵ籨ݺԭϸ۾ȴԲԲġ
ԬrԲֵı飬ҲһЦ
ǸϹշĵ籨ϣͳ޽·һǹȥĴ·һĴɶݵĳ·һɳɶĴ·
ʵһɳɶĴǭ·ֻ·ҪԬͬ⣬ϹҲûڵ籨ϽˣϾĴ͹ݵѾǹ絳ڲˡ
ʱԬ籨Ҳһ㶣˰ſڵϹѵлǮɣ
ҲѹԬô˵Ͼ籨ᵽ·ÿһҪǧԪпɣȫ㳬ǧҲǲܵ顣ϹһҪ޽·ȻǷģһҲǱİɣ
ԬĻ󣬶ֻҡͷЦ
ǮǲǻҲ֪ĺǮȴǿ϶ġ
Ҳѹֶô˵Ͼǹ絳ĴģƻѾͶ뽭chngqngֻղԶ·Ѿ˾֪飨ΪЩϹõТرģԬͶȻbijngڣô֪ܲ
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ô˵Ԭڿ䡣
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ҲܿԬ˼ϹbijngʵͬԸͲһֻͬǣһʱڵֻǹ絳ڵһͨʦ϶ΪѶͷţһפڴ߾˶ûչֳԬвԬȻͽĿ׼Ϲ⡣
bijng𣿡롣취Ǻãô
˵һʡҲƣϹڴʵĺúõģƾʲôܵbijng
ҽƭbijngأô˵ԬЩĵĵ
ʷϣԬƭİ취Ͳƭbijngˣ⣬ǲbijngxngǱԬµƭģbijngͱչ9ͽ̣
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ƭ𣿵пܣҪϹƭbijngҪȹʽΪͳԺ󡭡˵ŶЦȹϴͳͿ˳ƹȫʱϹǮѵܵеùȫĲ
⵹û1911Ĳ3ϹĴʡĲ룬ټԼ̹Ƥ룬Ҳֻ൱ȫ֮һˡ

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Ϊһ˽Թ˹棬Ϲ֪ˣɲˡ

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ڲҲȷʵûȤʹնˣڻӻֺЩپĲ鲻ԸƳˡ
ڵڣɻӵоԵȨġ
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˵ҹʼøֿͿֿǸͭķʽԼٶͭͭҲȸֹ󡭣ͭӵԸֿӵϾвٵƣ׼ӹʴչxngڳǣ׶ȿԼСjngȣܼСϻ岼ãϹҲôŪֿӵҪŪͭĹӦԴϾڹսӵʲôĶǼڼڵġ
ԸĽͭϵĶͭϹ׼Ŀˣڽĵ˺xzngǰһĿǰϹ⻹ţһҲûɣн𴨺Ͷ˵ĻҲԶΪʲôϹ޽·ԭˡ
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ԴӺʹϵź󣬲ɾͲòһЭĲפڴ߾ϡ
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ĺʺһϹռȫңƽһ󣬲ɻǵͷͣɣڸ𸴡
ȻϹ಻˳ۣǺϹһ·ֲ˼飬ûɷԵġ𸴣ҲǲôʹʹӦˡ

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仰϶ûг֣ȴͬģڶսʱһǸרϵ¹ȵ
֪ԬȺһȻµʱ䶼ûгŹĻҾͲ֧ԮԪһ1888ίԱᲽǹˡһΪ֧ԮܱʷϵıָӳһЩء
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˵ʵϹʵ뷨һǾǿ˫Ȼһ˸ɵԬ

֪ĴаȻԼˣȴȻѡȫ֧Լվı̨Ͽڳž̤ǰĽһʦϹԵҫ
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ʱԬû͸¶ԼҪƵ۵ҰģڲɵȻΨһͳйˣοɺϹ⻹ŲСìܣڽӵԬ󣬲ɺܿһĲפڴ߾϶ϹмӺǣơ
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أԤϪػвСľ룬ѾϹͶ˾޶ʽܴﵽļˣʹˣֻһ·ǸϹ˲СıϹʣԺǱҲԺ޽һβ̵··Ȼûе˲Ҳ˾ݡ
ڵ֪ʡdlϢ֪ϹҪֵԬռԪغЭԪͬʱϾķѫóȲǰ֧ԮchnפϾԬ
ںϾ֮ȻգȴһֱﺺڣԬҲķ谻ϵϾ·Ҳ޵ضѡ
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ھ˼󣬲ɵó˾ԼҲܳԾĴ𰸣ǾϹǹԬʧܵģĿľǽǱƳйȻԼdlһ˻Ԭ
ڵó𰸺󣬾ԼҲԼ̫ʱûϢŪԽЩˣϸ˼һ󣬲ȴòûܡ
ȣϹĹ絳ӵвѷڱ̫ʵһٽĴĲɾҪȵʱԶϾơbijngԬ˸Ҫ˽⣬ϾǲϸǱĴѰõ鱨λϵĲɾҪƺԬ㡣
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οԬҲܽȫıϾҪһıϼңȻĻֹҪıأҲҪbijngڵ
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װŵһǼ׵Ķʱһǿú߽ۿڵTNTըҩȻΪ˷ֹԺ߽޿޸ˣըҩֻ߽ĵײըһ޷ֲȱڣ֮齻ˮͿˡ
ҼǵʱôŪİɡ
𵱳Ľ̵ͯǿĽʱúãȷͯǿվһ¶ͷϵĺСʹ괬˵ʱ䲻̫ܻ˽ǽըغ˵ɡ˵ͯǿһ̫עλá
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ͯǿոջͳȥ;ĽϹٱЩ֣ȴҲûй顣ЩͬţͯǿȻЩԲǣҲû̫ⲻȥըҩں߽ײԶ뵯ҩ⣬㱬ըҲըúˮʲô˵ʲô̫㺣߽ĳˣϵĹٱҲüģοһٸ˶
׿еĸͯǿ߳˾ۣھƫƧһȺ
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ϵͯǿ鸴ӵĵ
ϳɡ˵ЦЦģȵ߽۵ʱǮʹƱȻͻύ㡭
ͯǿҲ֪Щ˲߽ըǲܷŹԼģҲֻܵͷ
Ǻðɡ
ڰСʱʱ䲢ǺܳͯǿҲڽĥһʱ䣬ֻʮӣһǱըڲԶľ
ѾˣڿԸǮʹƱ˰ɡ
ȻȴûлشͯǿĻֻʾһԵһȥ
ʵҲҪڽȷϣΪڱըԭʮְľѾһƬҡ
Ȼû߻ͷ
ͷ߽ȷʵըˡ
һƬҵľۣĳͯǿͷ
ȻѾǵҪȥˣôͯɡ˵𻹳Ц벻Ҫģǲ񾡹صġ
˼ͯǿЦȻҲŵ
ʱʻ˾ۣ˵ıȴһƬľƬ⵱Ȼֻͯǿɵġ
ǲֹһ˽ۣžڵĻͯǿŭ
ȻͯǿʣȴֻЦ
СʱȻڵľ˷ȣպ߽ΪײըĿˮС
Ǹ߽ըף쵽50ԪȻһܵrҲпǱ˸ɱˣϾÿ˶ֻҪʱŶԹȮϸĺǻġ
ô˵߽ѾһʵҸǰ̽Ӣ˵ĹƣҪ޸߽Ͷ뵽սУҲҪʱ䣬ꡭ
Ϲ˵Ѿ㹻ˣΪҪ人ò˰ôʱ䡣.
ൽڶٶʮ
ڶٶʮ
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ֵЩ˲سʱӭİգþηԴųĿ⿴Щšʿ
Щǲ֪ڳšͬʱЩװjngĹʿʵζ
Ϊ˲Ǳִġ
ڵ֪߽Ľ׷ըҾϺ۵ϢbijngԬ人Ķ˵ĵһӦǹɵġԬǵĻɵȻûиݵģϾʱڣôҲֻйһҡ
ʵϲֹǱڵ֪߽ۿڵϢ󣬾ƽաʡЩͣйҲôġ
Ϊ߽Ȼڹ̨ʱ˴ƲǺأһxngʵսǿԲμӵġڵ֪Ĵˮ人ˮķyinԬ˽ˮҲǺߡݺͺȽȥս˼ϾĴˮڻ֧Ԯֻ½¾սĻҲδ̫Կˡ
Ҳˣ߽ĳûͬôԬԴһ
Ψһҵľǣ캣Ͼʱ򣬰ѺݡȽˣϺͣĳ˺߽һЩС;ûȻĻ󺣾ϺĪľͱ˸ըˣԬǰε
ڵ֪߽ûϢڵĶȴǶŷ谵
ڿҪһսˡ
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ѵصʿʹľ٣ϱ6ͼĩ¾ıʦˡϾôҲǶϵӡ
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ͷ谾˲أսΪ人һٶ๫Ǳء
ǱȻҲһ֣ȴ人ټǱؾ볤ԶصĴˮв䱾ҲǴ·һ֣ԱҲһƣȷʵһʺϵλá

Ǳ𡭡
ʨӺͬͳڣŶ𡢷谺Ԫĵ籨Ԭrϡͷ籨ݺԬЩԥѯʿȻʿԬǵͷӦˡ
ȵ籨ȥԬȴλϰ̾һ
δս˰
ƽĶۣԬҲΪͷľȷģϾҲǾóĽܶؾɶɱˡ**Ͼô̵ʱڱܹϾȻؾԭ򣬵ָӸrҹںҲ˲Сá
ĽͶ˲;ݣʱֻҪĴˮں伸rԬԼıģԪĶأԼĵϵװ׳ӣԬҲǻ۵ġ
ֻսˣҲʿĴЩոչ鸽ĸʡô
ע⵽Ԭ飬һԵʿæյǰȰο
ĪҪѹȻ˳˲;ݣôȨģǱϳȥĻǡ
ʿ˼ף˳أôôһ˿ģοҲΪȫ룬Ǳ˲;ݸϳĻǾͺͱҲûʲôˡ
ȵʿȰοԬһԵȺʿҲ׷ǰ˵˵ԬһЩ
ֻǾôȰοԼһʵǺǵͷǾȷʵǱ˵ģʵҲһϱǿڹúܲҲֻܼͷ½սΪǳһˡ

֪ԬǵЩ˼룬ʱϹֻڽǵĴӵŸͷ̤˲
ڵ֪˳˲;ݺϹʽһʦ˲׼սȻһʦܾǰѾˣϹⱾһڲıʵŻ֣ڽԵȽĻǰͶȻڻͬһִͶĽһʦһͬǰ˲ġ
ڱΪʲôҪ˳˲;ݣϹŵôıԼҲܲµõ
޷ǾԼľ³ĴˮĿԲ󳷵һˮȥĵطǡ
ϹҲò϶ȷʵһ壬ǽսƵǱԼԭ׼˲;óĴˮҲ͵ûó
ģûк˾ǰæҲǵġϹ⻹ھˮûóķһЦŵôǵǣ
˵Ĳô˵ҲͷͬҶôһˣҲǴ˲ٵıǱ人ֻһٶ๫ܻǱ·ıͿֱ人ʱֻҪ人˵𶯣Щ鸽ԬĸʡҲѡ...
Ѿһ̷ĶǰϵϹˡ
˵Ӣź̷]̸ôˣʲôϢ𣿡
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Ϲʡdl˽ʡͷͶڱƲòȡdlȴȻкǿʵ̷]ܿϹ⡣
Ϲ˶ԣǺܲϣ̷]ʲôϵģϾϹĿҪеľйͳһһ𣬻̷֮]ҲҪľ֮һ
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ൽڶٶʮһǱ
ڶٶʮһǱ
ȷͶ˳ضˣʲôϹ޲ĵʮʦذͶĲʦסšɽĵڶߡ˲ʦݣϹʽһʦ˲
ͬʱľĴˮҲסظۿڣֹоõĳˮϮšĺڲͱԱͶǿųˮά֣񳤽ˮҪxngҪ깤Ĵ·ҪҪ
ͬʱ𡢷谵Ҳͨ·人ݶν½ڶʦռԪʦƵ²ʦĽʦͺڵִı½ڶʮʦ͵ڶʮʦ϶ԶǱԪʦҲƶɽŷӲϮֱáúͶһʦ人
Դγ˹ĸʦͱʦ˶ŵľ桭ҲԪǲŶڳһԲŻöʦֱפɽź人
ˣҪԸˣһǱjngⳡ̿²̫ô򰡡
վھɳǰsɵĵ
ϹЦЦϵıҲɡ
ѾۼǹȫԬҲһǱֻҪܴҪľ·ٵʿͬʱҲЩڹ״̬ĸʡվӡ
ʡȡdl鸽ԬľƣֻҪϹںʡȻͻ¿ӦվһߡϹҲһвɡ
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˵Ǳ˱ȼ࣬ڵϱҲҪڼڽ2000ͦػǹǰƾװߺ75ھڣϹĿܡ
οȻʹɢսȴѾʼͻȺս͸սͳ˧һʱͷԷѡĻôÿǹֶΪ͵ũ

ϹͷѵɳָֻŵʱΪǱ˧һ½нķҲӲΧعµĽȡЩϹŰͷɵıʿڿ˷һкҲ׷׷ͷĹ˫һ
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Щ׳СӣҲЦŵ˵ͷ
ȵһߵһսʱеƺȥƵº˷׷սȻҪӷ̬Ѿ50ķȴǰ˰֣Ȼһ˱Ľ2ս
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Ὣսڵ2Ǻ飬Ϊʱ⣩Ļսձ鶼2׶ȣֺ֣ܶҲв2ǽʲôģͶµȺ͵ȻĻҲڵһڻʱ˽ǧˡ
δĶǱjng񣬿˵ֱĵһʦ͵ʦ⣬jngѾ˺˵jngȻǲܷĴ󣬺ο¶˵ڱսȻԽԽãҲԽԽá
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ֻҲôҵģԱʿսǰһ׸ߵ̨ףƽʱ̨Ϣ̨׵ãȵսʱվ̨Ͽǹsh
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˶ѣǸӪҲһܳӡ
ǸӪļ򣬷谴Ѳһ£ֹ¶ɵĺܺãҲࡣ
ȵһ˻صʱָӲǱúռԪԷЦŵ
ˣҲ̫ˣûѲӣѵȺһﻹɣ
ǰһԵĽҲЦŵʫĴ˭˲֪˲˼õʲôռԪȷС˼⣬Ƶ¡˶30꣬ƵҲ39꣬ȷҪСʮ꣬Գ˼ҵҲ±˵ֺ÷谡
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¾ͱΪϷʡ֮ΪƤһԬԬ⣬ҲᱻΪԬǣΪǳ
ҲѾ˽ӼġʵҲȷʵкܶôУЩͷ谹ϵ׽ѡͬȴϲáʫƺƺ谱ҲʫΪ١ëʫëڴ˽ѧʫҲΪԭ򣬺ë﷢һˮأ˵ǹɳ̾ĵطгһr죬ˮؾͱ˳塣n󣬷谵Ǩӵǿ岻֪ôľȻҵءڷǰ˵λ˳ȫǿˮأһţȻҲϲ˷ʫ֡
ĶǷ谵ͬźͷ谵Ĺϵ׽ȻҲϲáʫƺƺ谡
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ЩһĶλҪ͵ǱǼ鷳飬ڿǵйĵ·ˮƽ󡣺ϹʽɵĴ·Ѿ人޵˾ݣǡǡһۿڳУڽЩһװֻһrʱ䣬Щһchngqng˵˾ݣͨ·ɾǱǰߡ
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뵽Щһﱻ͹ʱ龰ϹΪԪ·Щɽ˲òݷ
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ЩһǱİվ͸ˡ
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ЩֵȻҲ֪ΪȷʵмǾֵˡֻĴʡĸͬʱҲǵڶľλȨأϽǹ絳ڵλڶߵԾֺ;ֵҲûа취ֻƽʱѼһġڡϣȵλȨأ˵ϹⲻϣλȨȥʱó
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ֺ;ֵxngͬʱĳ࣬ɽЩǼû顣
ȻɽҲûôģһϹĹҲûɹʲôΥ͵飬˵ûе;ֵˣˣҲûʲô취

¿һɳϵĵκŸոյǸı
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мбڻʱɵġҲɵġ
ֻڵʱвʿûֱֻˮ󣬺Ĵֻȴ޷ͣ£ԵЩ˸ˮӭǡǡǼ޷ͣµĴͷ
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һӵʱͱ10Ҵֻʧ200ˣ뵽Ͷһ۵һҲʧ200ˣɽǶҧѪ
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źϵ࣬ʿĴֻ԰һβСľ룬ʹʿǵڶˣǱý
ڱǱ߾Ͳ취𣿾䲻ڱǵĻǹҲð
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ȷʵڱڣڻһֱûͣٹshƵҲάһܿٶϡʵǺ30023˽5000ڵõ˱10ͦߣ¶ɺӲӵڴһЩ
ұ𿴶ɺӲӵܶ࣬ڱµԲȶɺӲٶ٣һӵıġ

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Ǳ6ʦ7ˣڶʦʦռԪ̫Է谾ռԪͬһسǡڶʮʦʦ϶ԶʲȫʦƵ²͵ʦĽΪں䲻ĺ󷽣Ŀǰǰϰӵֻĵʦĵڶʮʦ
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Щ̾ϢҲǱԹĻͳоˮСһڡ
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ϵľζ֪϶Υ谵װˮˣͬҲû˵ʲôϾҲʲô˵顣
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ǰãһ210ھڱϣͬڵ50ʿһͬĨȥʱ龰˼̵ӡ
210ھڣȺ߽ڿھҪ󡭡
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ʮ󣬵ڶ洬Ҳ˺ӰϣǵҺ͵ңԼдٶ洬

ֻʣ200洬ˣƳһۻ˷ŵɽüֻʣ200洬ĻһĶɺӲӾֻһŹȥˡ
ʦѾʼܱߵֻˣԴ˵ҲǺܵġ
Ҳʱ򣬵϶԰ĶɺӲѾʼ̲ͷˡ

ΪʲôҪǱΪƲȥİt-t
ͨˮ˵ĻҲ⵽󺣾أȻû˺߽Ͼڱ󺣾кݡ2950ֵѲ󽢵...
ΪʲôҪڴԬΪԬģҪԬƵۣǸʱѾҪ1916ˣοв֣Ԭ᲻ƵҲһʵ...
ֻҪȵ뿪йͿˣһԬھͲ˱ǵ
ϾǹӲ
ڶٶʮ¶ɺӡڶٶʮ
ڶٶʮ
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̲ͷϵǹʱмڵ洬ΧڸҲֻܳɤŻشס˵ڸնһ20СӴСţ죬Ұڰ
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ΪϹǲΪϹͬʱҲΪΪҪάĿǰӵеһС

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ڱǵûɺӲӸºȥֻϧڶɺӲӹµĹ̵УڱϵڻͻȻñȸոջҪҡҪ֪ĻڿɲǱܱȵģ˵210150ھڣ105120ھĻϾͱȱ75ھڸϲֹһ
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ڽ2ŵĶɺӲȫϰ󣬲д200洬Ҳʼسء
ע⵽Щԭע̲ͷıڱһνڻ˺ϡֻҪܽɺõĴֻȫû˺֧ԮĶɺӲӾͺвһ㱱ġ
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Ҫ֪ݵĸۿھվСֻ5ôԶ洬Ǻصġһ105һأӦò210ڸذɣ
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ڶٶʮm1911ʽԶǹ
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ЩĸõϹҪĵģΪŷսʱ򣬸ͬһȫûҪ޴ۣrҲǳծծȨ
ȵŷսйĹҵҲͳˣǸʱҲͲҪڵĸûеطãϾǱͷɻøֵĵط촬Ǹ󻧡˳һᣬŷսʱĸ16֣൱֮1929꣬ĸͱ485֣սǰĸҪ߲١

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֪սֲΪûеõİԬҲֻ人2ǰǱԮֻ¶һʦͬʱֱҲ2ɾ·½ԮֻõսΣʵһΪֹ顭
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ۼƱǰδе⣬ڴѪϢԬҲֻܽȫϣڷ谺׸ǱĶϡ
ǱڣǷ谻ǶֻǸողŴǰ߻ˣȴһûĵӡ
ǿ𣿲ǿڵȱҪ٣˼ҵװȴĺãھԵƻǰʹĵҪȹǿҲֻܲϵĴϰ

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ڶԳ½Ĵֻսɺ󣬼Ͼݡ˲ظۿͨ·ĴֻпõĴֻѾﵽ1000ңвٶǿذ˵Ĵ󴬡Щֻԭ͵װҲ˵ֶ԰
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뵽ͬռԪ˵󣬷谺ͶԬͨ磬ϣд人
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Ͼֱֻܴʣɲͳ˧ıʦˣһʦ˳ֳʲôӣ￵ĵʦδܵѹҲڵʦڱŵų
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ͬݣϵ̸ЦϹڽǵĴӵ³Ǳõķȥ
ڹǵĹ̵УǱҲܴǺݣҲʰһãԵϹʱõҲʰĲ
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µļս˵ĻǹҲһࡣעµģǰŪˣԻ˵һ±ȽϺáָ˵+ˡŷսķսۣӢһ˽6ˣܶ˶ϳķӵһӢ˽6ˣʵкܶ඼ֻ˶ѡ
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ϧǵòɾʲôҲ֪ܲԤ
ڳɶҽԺѾ߹ģҲƸ˲ٵĵ¹˵νʦҽлĻòɵȥһȫļɡ
ϹͲͷӶЦʱΪĳ¿Ϲӷϴһ£ʱȴͻȻǸһЦ
ֵ֪ϴǷٻƬ̣
Ŷʲô𣿡֡
ȻٱȲС10꣬ƽĳƺϹ⵹Ͽڡ
ǰʱҵĴȥιۣڿһ񵯷shͬһͬȥɵȻ˵ΪѧϹһѲûɵģϾô˵ĻִСĸо
ô˵󣬲֪ϹЦŵ
ȻȥǾȥɡ
˾ѻǹó⣬񵯷shϹ⵽ǲ±˼ϾһսʱѾˣȻsh񵯡
ϹӦѵ󣬲ҲһЦݡ

л-ѪСԢλͬѧ˰ѷϺ˿š
ڶʮ²񵯷shڶʮ
ڶʮ
ڱڲСʵ鳡ڣһŴsĹԱһ֧״׼˲ԶıС
񵯷sh𣿡
ǰκͳǹЩŪιġ
Ѳǳŵڣ40׵ĿھֳʹõĻʹ߸ͳܲǹɺɣ
Ҳѹֲɻô룬ϾʱĻںʵ̫ˡëɪǹ8mmھİԶǹͰСʹõʱ򶼺ܷοֿھ40mmҵĴڣٲɲûп֧ܣǸʵԱƺҲûʹ֧ܵĴ㡭
ƺǿ˲ɵɻһԸͬѧڽ͵
̽Ŀھܴ󣬵Ϊҩٵ⣬Ժô󡭡˵ѧεЦһ¡ȻʹĺҪһĴھǹеĴ󣬲Ϊһֲ֧Ԯǿеġ
˵䣬ǸŷĹԱѾ׼˲ԶıС
ʱֻ̡̡ͬĵƿʱ
һֱ񵯷shĲɾѸոƺ񵯱shʱĲӰȵ2ֺö񵯱200һСľϣǼľըķǡ
ӦֻǴɡ뵽ո񵯱shʱĲӰ뵽ڿsh񵯽һСľըķʱȴ⡭
ɶ񵯷shûʲôȵģΪshshһҪǿһЩע񵯵sh̡
Ҫ֪һ񵯶Ҳ350װˣǼľݵľȴ200׿⡣½׼Ŀֱʾ29£Ͷķ60֣ҪĻͱͶ30׵ľ룬6535ס7040ףҪõ100ֵĻҪӳ60׵ľ룬ұ10ǡ
ӵ񵯵ͬʱӵԶ񵯵sh𡭡
װײ㲿ӣǶԾӵսǼĵҲͬڡںȻһshͷ۵սսʱܷӺܴá
뵽ɿԵѧϣܽһxngܡ
ע⵽ɵĿѧȴתͷϹ⡣
ȵõϹͬѧɽ͵
ȫ1913ʽת񵯷sh˵һõתʽshװáͬʱshĿھΪ40mmװΪ6öȫ80֣ڰ6ö񵯵ȫΪ20sh350סϹҲΣЩת񵯷shȫػ10ظֻ56ң˼ѡõĲϺãõȴֻͨĸҲûУҪ1916Ż֣shܴﵽ350Ϊӵרõҩ
Ȼʹͨ£񵯷shȫشﵽ20׳ʿ˵Ǵ󰭡ͬȣ񵯷shsh̺ϵȻҪͻһЩͬʱ350׵sḥҲԺܺõֲȻ֮Ļհס
Ҫǡ
ͬ񵯵ȣ40mmھ񵯷shӵһ̶ϵķװʱһЩ̹˰װ׳ʲôģҲȷʵֻܳƵװסԵͨϵо̹˺װ׳ʱû37mmںʹھ߻ǹʱȫ40mmھתʽshӭС
Ϊ֧ԮսսͷװʱҲܷӲСãװªʱ񵯷shһôţϹĦ°͵ĺ硭
תʽ񵯷shѧҲһŪ˹ڲǹµĹʽǹ񵯡ϧԹһҲֻһߵתʽ񵯷shҲͰˣҪÿʿ䱸һߵĹʽǹ񵯣벻顭
ԣǹʲôģҲֻܵйĸﵽʱ˵ˡ
sh̴ﵽ350׺󣬲Ҳǳһ
Ҫ֪ʱĺ첽ǹëɪg98ǹЧsh̶300ңsh̵ĻǹӵɱҲʲô׼ͷˣ񵯷shshܴﵽ350׵ĻֻҪзû߻ɭǹֻСھʲôģȫ񵯷shִĺ޻֮
ȷʵһֻʱ
ԱȻڰŪŵ񵯷shҲò޵
ô˵ϹЦЦ
ֲżĳƽԬıΪйһԱȻҲװġ
ʵڸװҲûϵϾΪѣɵһʦѾ˴ִ˾ݡ
ֻ񵯷shֻǸո˼ߣѵļӶûװȥװ˵ĲӣȻϹѾɵĵ̷]ѵĲӣҲûвֵز
ϹҪɨƽԬ󣬲ȴһüͷ
ô˵ԬΪΨһʰйҾֵôһλϹĿȴ׵ĸһ
ðɣڿ뽭Ĵ󣬲ɳϹȷʵеƽԬµĽʿֻһѣϹô˵󣬲ɻǾЩ
ֻȻѾϹս񣬲ҲֻǿȥӦָоˡ
ϹȻȥֻ֮ʣţ˵ҪǿһЩȴͨûеǰհxngϹ⣬ټۺʵͳһйҪԬһЩɡ
ҲΪʲôɻͶϹԭ򣬵һȻԬкǿʵǱһܺȴͳһйĿxngǣȻϹⱾ˿ܲųơcoԬµĴ͹ҪԬıǿ࣬һȫȥʱɵġ
ɲһߣȻĻڶ**Ҳ֧Ԭȥ֧ɽͻˡԬƵ۵ò̫ʧĻ²ɻһ֧Ԭһ˵bijngʱûб˵ϵʱԬģԬԲɵĲȴΪʶڽɵbijngòɳĽá
ڲɻ̬ʱ򣬸xngܵԱѾתʣµ5öȫshȻ3öƫʣµ2öȴȫshǼľݵĲкϡ
ãshְ
200׵ľȻ׼ȣ֪ʲôϹȴǲͣƵ
ϹƣȻƺոյǸshƽʱsh6öȫУʣµĹԱҲŹ
ȵǸԱ߻ϹԸոջعĲɵ
֣ȻѾˣǲȥ²ͣ
ڳ˴ۺΪϴԵʣϹڴֻǳͷӡӵͷѾĲˣʼоϹȻʼԳ¿ϴ紹
Ϲô˵Ҳͷ
Ȼ
ϵʱѾԹˣԲŻϹһˡҲ

뿪˱ϹͲɳͬһװȻʱڵѾ˳ʵxngϾֻǳ涼ɿȻԹΪߣϹ⻹ǸϷְ4
ڵʱ򣬲һ30mmĸְ塣
ϹͲɳȻchngqngһҾ¥ʻʱͻȻһѪڵ衭
Ʈ굽̫ƽΰйٹshɣҫϡͬ־벽¸ǰ
׸󣬲æһԵĳȻ̽ͷȥ
⣬һȺźsѧƷѧж߹ͬʱҲڳŸող׸衣
Ǻø谡ȻʵݶЩȴѪڡϸ󣬲ɲסĵͷ
˵껹Ϲ⡣֪֪׸˭𣿡֡
ȻಡΪ˲ҲһǻѪոյľȻҲѪͬʱҲϣܼһ׸ˡ
ȻɵϹȴָָֻѡ
׸Ǹ˾ҡ

Ųһ𾪺Ͳŵı飬ϹҲֻܲסͷЦ
Ϊһ°ߣװʲôģϹϲȻǵееĵҲȻxng߼߼ǣȴһа
ڸϣϹǰʱϲȴġ
衰βƵˡϹϲ֮һ˷̵ȴˣǿ󡱣ս족ʥսĪ˹Ʊ֮衱˹Ů˸𡱣ڿǰߵɭȺԭԭ͡ɽԽƽԭʲôġ
ЩǾԵľ裬Ȼ
ҲһЩģ˵ǳά
׸ëζʮ㣬ȴϷ֣ݳ˶Ǳ׼ˡʹϹ⻹Ǻϲ׸衣
ڳ˴͹Ϲԭ˹Ů˸𡱸ıˡͬʱάı˹ľ衣
ȻôΪϹϲ⣬ҲΪľܼһеĶ־Ϲ⿴йȱǡǡǶ־
ڽļ׾ıϹⲻֹùȥҲĴ͹ݾڵİѧУеѧҲ˺ɴЩɸСѧУУ衭
ѧУѧϰѧ10-18ˣҲһǻѪѧУѧϰͬʱȻҲϲĸʱʱҲһͬϹǸոϵľһĻ

˵ڴԽʱϹҲǳϮ˲ٵĶ
˵յʱǰٶеĴ󣬡Щò˶þͻֵȻĺܶණֵһᣬкܶ˸Ϲһĳƺš
ֻϹȴ֪ЩͲѷģҲǰһЩ԰ˡټ߳ʲôĲûȫɥʧ˿ҫѯʵʱ򣬶ҲôһЩھΡ
ϾЩĽֻǵԭȻٽŪеʱѶ֣ǷԸģɡ
ֻǳϮһЩѾˣȴһЩҲϮô𾪡ϹȻҲֻͷЦ
Ҳû취ڰЩʱϹܲѲ֪˭İɣŪһʮͲڵֳû취Ҳֻ˵Ūˡ
ôЩϹҲϮ˲ٵĶԭܴѾֻʣһЩˡ

ϹͷЦӣɻΪϹΪѲòıŻôҡֵ
֣ʵǱǸ
ðɣȻϹҲһĳƺţΪı̫ƽˣԲҲһƽͨˡȻԵģҲʵƽһ㡣
ɵĵǸϹȴҡͷЦŵ
ûʲôġ
ϾЩͲѷģɻҲ
ڳϮ˶󣬻İõĽЩŪģϹѻһĵµߵġ
ǳϰ
»ζһ¸ոյĸٴοϹ⡣
ȻǰҲ˵ܶණû뵽־ȻǸּң
ұͲǸּҡϹƲƲȻϲ֣ʵ׶ǵʱŲϰġ
δ¶ڣڽ̸ʱ¶ˮƽߵ࣬Ϲڽ̸˼󣬾ͽתƵͬһ档
˵塭
ڶʮ塣ڶʮߺ
ڶʮߺ
ڻվһл𳵸ոͣڳվ̨ԣصĳ㱻һĴ򿪡
죬죬죬滹һлأҶ㡱
վڳĴŴһЩŻsıٴкǵͬŻsıʿһԾ̨ϡ
֥Ȫ֧ӣ
վڻվԵһ¥ڣӻıʿոշ人ûõķ谿һԵĶ
谵ʻͬվĶæش
ĸ磬ɽĵ47á
½47ãҲԭĩ¾ĵ47ЭЭ19122·Эıõģפɽļϡ
ڱڲһЩЭĩ¾ıĵ47ȻҪսĶࡣԬǲ׼õ47õģϾؾҪϷǿĶ࣬һЩؽ㹻ľأЩٺֳܻܿЩ
ϾڱѫȻЧҵǴڡ
ֻǱսʧܣںܵشغļʦȻãҲ˽ǣ򱱷2úԬǲò֧սĲҲ人
гɺͳ˧ͬʱҲǱԬĵı½һʦ⣨ʿȫ47ĲӡƺڵԬֵ˽3Ԯ人
г˵һʦ͵47ûܴ⣬ʣµļȴȫǸճãûʲôսӡ
ñƣȻսϿ϶в㣬ܱͷûҪõĶ࡭˵Ŷ˷谡ĸ磬˵ǾӦȽϺã
人
ӲҪ˵Ļ人ͺֳ飬γ˷ǳȤ״бָĺͺһ飬ڳһͷȴһ顭
ôʣǿЦȻŻش
ܵĻϣֻغںϾкҲгտľȴǱҪ
ϵĲɡϵ̷]ѾʽվϹһߣʺ㽭ҲǴyҪ˵սxngãԴҶпܻѡ
Ծ֪бͺڲõѡ񣬵Ҳò
ڷ谺ͶʶЦʱ򣬸ոлϵʿѾȫ¡ûл뿪ãһеĻѾʻ̨ȻظŸոյһĻ
ڶͷ谿ǰһĻʱ򣬷ͻȻ
֥Ȫ˵ļƻܳɹ𡭡
谵ĻĬº󿪿ڵϣļƻܳɹ
ǰϣԳɹǵѹҲܼ࡭˵ŷЦʱ򣬾˻رҲǸϵɵĽϷ˵ֿ˶𡣡˵νǹɱ𣿻˵ˡ

⣬ĻشгĬ

ڶĽֵϣһٵĳԶһʻȥ
ģйפrʹ½ߣͬһĻкǸͷɽ
ͷɽ˵Ǵܳɹ𣿡֡
ȻԬʥʹڵ½߿ƺĲ㡭
һŵͷɽȴЦŵ
½İɣҺǹʽҳǾûġ
˵䣬Ѿͣ˷ݵǰ
½³ɡ
˵ͷɽ½ߵĴʾο
ȵͷɽ½ʱ򣬷ǰļͬ˻ԱѾӭ
Ȼ
½ߡ
ͬͷɽһ½ߣͬ˻sһ䡣
Ϊɽͻ˵˵ĺѣͷɽͬ˻ܲͬ˺Ⱦƻǳ̸ʱƣ⼸ǰͬ˻ԱͷɽϤͷɽʱҲֻΪͷɽͬɽ˺Ⱦġ
½ߡ
Ȼڶͬ˻ͱ˲ûʲôΪйפrʹЩͬ˻ô᲻ʶ
һפrʹ⽻Ȩοr˵ĵͷɱǿ϶ɱģȻĻֻܸͬ˻鷳ֻһٵĻӦòʲôɣ
ôţע⵽½Ⲣûʲô󣬼ͬ˻ǻ࿴һۣȻĿ¶׹ĳ½˹
ͬ˻ĳɷֱͺӣЩѧ⣬̾ûʲôսģοͬ˻гˡ򡱣˼ʲôȻҲͲˡ
פrʹλã½ҲjngپҪǰ⼸ëͷСǿע⵽⼸ëͷСе׹½ǰ̾һž˵ͷɽͷɽߴסѡ
ʱͷɽҲһĲã˵ͬ񵳵ȷǳߡޱȺô˵½ҲѴġ⼸һ뵱ѵͽѵ½ߣҲ̫ѵ˰ɣ
ôͷɽҲ֪ѴĿģֻǿͿڵ
λ鷳ǵܲͨһ˵ͷɽפrʹ½ˡ
ͷɽĻͬ˻һ£ȻҲ򵽲ô˵ⶼͷɽˣҪӡο½ߺͷɽһ϶ʲôҪ飬ںݺݵĵͷɽ½һۺһ˾ת߽ͬ˻ܲ
Ǹͬ˻ܲʣµļȻ۾ݺݵĵ½ߣϾǴй½ϳĳôġ
ͷɽı½ȴǲǻô
Ͼڹ񵳱Ԭǿнɢͬ˻Ѿɥ֮ȮѾֻܶrңrҲǿź֯İͷɽͲҪǡ
½һ˳ӣǼͬ˻ȻǺ޵Ҳûʲô취
Ͼͬ˻rкܶ鶼ҪкæͷɽǡǡǺĹǸɣͷɽ½һ٣Ȼ϶ǳˣҲͷɽͺᣬʵǼòʧ顭
ھڼ޿κεʱ򣬵֪ͷɽ½߹ɽͻ˵Ѿ߳ͬ˻ܲ
ͷɽòˡŸռͷɽɽ˵꣬ͷɽ½һۣȻѯʵ֪ͷɽ
ȻɽͷɽУͷɽǶɽơ˴Ҵ½ǰҪҪ̣֪ͬɷ̣
Ȼ֪ͷɽʲôҪҪͬ˵һҪ½פrʹɽǵ˵ͷ
û⣬ͷɽС½һۣɽڳĬһ¿ڵ½Ҳɡ
ǾͶлˡ½Ҳ֪Ԭ¹شǾԲвģԵһͷ½߾ͷɽɽ߽ͬ˻ܲ
ȵͬ˻ܲĴͷɽʾ½߸տھͽɽһ
ǰǴɽͻء
ڶʮߺᡣڶʮ
ڶʮ
񵳷ش½ѾԬǿнɢĹ񵳷й½
ðɣλǳʲôֻǸ̾һ°ˡ
½ûɣ
ȻѾ׷ɽ˻һǲˡı顣
Ҳѹ֣ϾǵǱԬϳйģĹҲԬֽɢġ˫Ѿ˳УԬȴǻȥⲻǿЦʲô
ɽͻ˵һŵıʱͬɽߵĳȴһ

ɽһŵӣ½ҲһЦ
ʵԬɽǻйΪԬķˣΪҪͬѾйĹ
˵ڶ**Ѿ߽⣬ɽͻ**Ҳ׷rϷ񵳱ϾӵźĸֻҪɽܻصϷʦıûġȻģֻܿܶһЩǳͨƣƶ硭
ȻԬҲɽǿܲͬվһ𣬱ϾǶйģҲֽɢġ
ԶԬ˵ֻҪùطйͿˡ
Ȼ谺ͶѾ人սԬҲ˲ٵĲԮǶս۽ԬȴʲôġϾڱսĵʼǱЩǰʱĩ¾
Ǳս۵ʱЩսĲǱȴ⵽شһĶ˽ǡ人Ԯ˵һʦ͵47⣬ȴûмսġ
人ٴ⵽ʧܣԬѾ׼
ҪԮҪϹһЩ鷳
񵳣Ԭеõߡ
ǸϵĲһֱ˵dlΪҪַǺãҰɽͻǶͬʱҲѽպͰյĵø񵳡ʱϵӮ˻ǣҲò˻رʡȴ뿴ϵľôԣ
Ȼܶ˶֪Ϲɽʧܺdlľdlɾͷ˵ģֻԬϡ
ǱԬؾ˸ϹĿֻһǾͳһȫ
dlԼʱϹűϾַֻԬ
仰˵ʱԬ˻˱һֱõĽպͰյʡȴȫص˹񵳵УǸʱϹ⾿Ӧô죿
οͬ絳Ĺϵôãڶ**ʧܣƵȫr絳dl飬񵳵˸Ǻ͸˹絳
ȵط½ֻ人ıҴѹǸʱ絳Թ񵳵ĵûͼ¹񵳵ҲԬɡ

½ߵĽͺɽϵıһ任
ط½⵱ȻƵ˵Ը뿪½ʱƵ˸ĵ׷ģгһrһҪ»ص½ȥ
ֻ뿪ʱǡǡǶ**ʧܣԬrʱƵҲ֪һԸʲôʱʵ֡
Ԭȴ½ǻص½
ǿ˵
ȻΪ**ʧܵ飬ɽͬ˺ܴìܣʱɽͬ
ڻˣȻr󲻾ãͱɽ˸ѪͷǰɽָΪ**ʧԭ֮һɽΪ**ʧܣΪԬǿ󣬶ΪzyuɢĻ
Ϊ˹ֱһΪֻɽʺˡټʱûǸƶ˳׾ѵл**֣Ϊö**ʧΪ˲Ծл**ԱҪָģɽһЧңԴ˻˼ҷԣȻ˸Ѫͷû˶Щʹ죬˵ûмǺ޹ɽ
ֻϣҲȷʵûʲô⣬˰ҲûȻ
ɽͬΧͬ˻Ǹɶ˵xng֪ΪǰһεԹɽԲ飬ԾһԣҲûϡ
ʱ˵ӣͷɽȴվЦЦ
ǿڱͬλʱλһֱ˵ҪһzyuƽȵǰλΪʲôҪأ
ĻȻr˵Ĳ롣
ǺᣬΪɽ˵ġѡĻ᳤ƽ͵ڶͷɽ˵Ѿ뵽ε鵱С
Ϊr˵һҵйġ
Ԭͳһǿйɽͳһͷɽ˵һ¡
ȻԬйɽй˵ͷɽǶԣֵjngȴǿֵܻġй
йſȹҼ鱨ʵοʱrӢ˹֮Ҳһ鱨ͨĴ͹ݷ飬ƽͷɽҲ
뽭Ĵchngqng촬𣿡֡
˵뽭ĴֻrϹjngӵĻôchngqng촬ĳ־ͲòͷɽǶϹ࿴ˡ
ϾйԹһ½عңǵʱڣ֣ʱҲͿʼʵкˡ仰˵һ½ҵйr˵ǿ󣬵ȴû̫вϾûǿĺй޷вΪrġ
Ȼһǿй½ֻһӺ½عңҲr˳ĵõʿҲ
ȻϹⲻͬͷɽǿϹһ࣬һйˡ
ĴʵеĲɽνᳫͳƺڸƣԽ**ҲʺϵйĹƶȡ
ͬʱ䱾ҲӶԾӡ͹ҵķչҲˣϾһעؾǺ飬עؽ͹ҵĻ
ȻвԺӡ
ȣΪһͨľϹ˾Ȼڳβ촬Ҹݺɳ̽ӻر촬ڣйʦһЩ¹ʦָ1000ּ𽢺3000ּѲ󽢡
ҲˣϾ1000ּҲڳzyuС
3000ּѲأҪ֪chngqng˲һ䣬ֻ1000ּĴֻУ3000ּҪһſʹãҸ鱨ЩƳ3000ּѲ󽢣ʺԶС
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ͬ˻عȷʵ鷳ϾϹԬʱѾ˵ĺˣ˷ֻΪԬټͬ˻Ļڴ˷顣

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֪ͬ˻ᱻԬĻܿȥʦʦ⵽ǸȤⰡ

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ڲɵĲıȷ󣬲Ѿʽ˹ܲıһְɵĵҲֻ࣬人սۺһͱеС

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ԴϹҲûа취ϾҲ޷ı˵̬ȣڽӾȵȸؾӵļ룬ֻҪɷһӣʱȺҲûôˡ

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ЧԪȻܵϱųλãȻѶϵˣЧƽʱ˹̶轭ֻǺΪ¬鲿սŲò󳷣صöʧ
ȷҪҲԥֱȥ
ıڵõȻǴϲ˵ʵȻȷʵսԹǹʱҲ𣬱Ͼֶɲǹܱȵ...
ڵõ˺󳷵Ȼһĵתͷżصķȥ
ֵоҪӺҲæüǹֿshǰ׷ͲˣϾһܽ˱ڱshǿɾǵòʧ...
ɹٶȻ죬ҲҪҪĶֻ࣬գ۵ĹЧԪѾܵǧ֮⣬Уǹֻɨ450ϾϵʱǹϿǲʲô׼ͷģοЧԪڳɢͣǹǰ⵽̫
ע⵽ʱԶں󷽵ķȴһջΪڸղŸո¶ҪŵԮֻҪЧԪܹסЩ㲻ȫĵоҲ´ȻЧԪѾˣƻȻвͨ...
ԵЧԪʱֻзŵһ
ҲʲôϾսквӻȴﵽٷ֮ʮʮ»ܵġʧ˽ǧ˵ȴȻܶŵǰ壬Ѿ൱˵ˡ
ȻҲͱбһйأϾڱص󣬱Ȼѵһ¶ЩjngļһֻǵǷԷѷڼ٣ͬʱڽȺɡļһҲٴμɭɱ¾ʱЩԭб˿ıſʼ
ڹȻڿʼʱʧ300ˣıȴʧ˽ǧˣ¾˭ҲֲǺ£ĽսҲڶԷ٣¾㼺ʧкξգ

ڷֱ˺һ߸̾űȴȻά֯ͬʱ澳£ʧ뻹ά֯
ڸ̾ͬʱҲеǹëɪǹΪоУʾѶԱءеĹ450ϥǹ
ôһֱȵǹͲǹsh̷Χòֹͣshתǳǹ
ʵҲòǴ󺰣һ¶ıνߣȥ¡սʤֺٳ׵һ¶ԷǺա
ֻڱھsh֮⣬600ЩʲôıҲδŻתòǹʾ壬ǹɣ
ŶǹģȻs࣬ЩУҲͬˡȻڷ׼úѾԤ˵2űúõĽѵһЩ֮ͽʱȴѾŲµתͷ뿪
͸ֵ鱨Ǻ˿人жٱҲ֪ŵĻǾûӮˡһֲҺúõһ±׼ȳˡϾķ谵ķnųҲδܵĳȥ...
ʵɳ3ţ2ͱƴɱϾԸ2ŵıѾǼˣҪ3ʹǹ񵯷shҲǱĶ֡
ڶģķΪܾĻ2ŵϾ2ŵĻ˵3ŵĻʹˣҪĻʤҲܶپġ
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ѫ£Ӧѫ±ȣʡʡͭʣȴǲϸ˵ġ
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ȵͬ˶ºѾЦŵһԵĳڴҲŵǰû뵽ȵϽľȻ㣬ε̴ˣسɶҪúͰ
Ϊ˵չˣʦų⣬ͳҲֱʦڱųͲų˶rѧԺҵĵǶְܳ
Ϊͬ磬һͬrѧ֮ܽҲ֪ѡֻ֮Ҳǻоģ˾һֱΪ˭ΪһţԶ׼ǣѾΪξеʤߣԳĻҲֻȥǵڶλˡ
ѵĺǰҲڳһ̬ŪЦָͣ
ЦֵˣָͬӲڵҲǱ˫һԿ֡
ˣһʮֿݡοŸոһȫʿͷȥ˵ʲôˣˣ⣬ȫʣٽʦְαߣȫڸԵĲæµţʣµĲǺͬǱͣ¸վ˵ʲôˡ
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ͬȣıԵҪصĶˡ
ŵ˼һɱǲܵ顭
غ󷽵ָӲڣ谺ͶҲһصΧϵվԲԣѾУУЧԪָϵ
λˣЩǽսʱʹõˡ
ȻѾУУ˵sȴûжٱ仯ȻǿܱסһѾõĽˡ
谲ûй˵飬ֻۿɭǹתʽ񵯷sh
Щʲô
谵ʻЧԪشһѾ˽
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谵ĻıȴһԲڵ
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ݱְ֪˽⣬1904ʽǹ1908꣬Ҳǹʮʱ㶫еܳļʦֹĳƷ졣ʱֹÿµĲΪ23ͦ㶫еܳѯ¹²ڳ֪r10ͦĻԼ30˰δ׼óɴ˼ֹڡѾǼǰˣóǹõĻ**ǰϦ͵֣󣬸óҲɹ㶫еܳΪ㶫ֵҲÿµ23ͦ20ͦ˵ıǹϵĵϻ¡ְǵڵĵϻӦֻ30ݵǰĵϻȴ100ݵҲʹֵڵΪλְͲö֪ˡ
ЩǱʿսռġ
ʱսһƬңͱʿʬ嶼һټϱʱܻԮȻвٵ˵ϣǹϵѡ˳롣
󣬷ĬһᡣһӪĲսϽʱһ¡ϾõĻܻܿһЩıʳ
ҲڴʬʱЩ󲽾˲ɢսϵëɪg98ǹǹɭǹתʽ񵯷shȵȡΪЩҪxngֹѹսʿĲǸӪЩ谻㱨˴¡

죬ã
ڹϣھڱһŵս֮ԤڱڡΪûиĺ120mm150mmھͼũڵǿóˡ
ڱϷڱҲƯڿУһ߹۲űصĲ֣һѰűڱټ
ǵǲصĺܺðѾ̽һСʱڻûв˿
ָӲڣһľôžָûõĺɳ̣һ߶һԵɽ޵˿ڵ
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һĪǱӮһС˱Ҫ֪ȺһɱҪĶ࣬ǱʱǳھĿôܻ᲻xngأ
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ֻshҪԶڱھԳ˾ܵλλ⣬谺ͶҲûбʲô취롣ϾڱڿھĻҲ75mmھѣڹڲھĻȴﵽ210mmοںû񶫾գ̺Ļֻ˵ڲС˵ʵڵģǺӰ̫ش󣬷谺ͶغڻѾһĺϹ⡣
ڱ󣬱ڱغͻαװڸǵʵʵģֻȹڱر¶λúȡһξùڱʧءڵĻԴӣй죨Ʒ졢rͷ졣Եr࣬1913ʱԬrƺòrʽее
38ʽ75mmҰsh̼Ϊˣﵽ8350ףͬ͵ĵ¹75mmҰڵshֻ8000ס
ͬʱڴھڷ棬ҲעڶǼũڣϾйʹǱҲװ75mmھĻڡʽ150mmڵshҲ8500ףֻѹ38ʽ75mmҰһ߰ˡ
210mmڵsh9400Զ120mm150mmũڵshҲҪѹr75mmҰڲ٣ټûкţڽսʱǲҪڵġ
ʹ˻ҪСĽһЩϾԹڲɱ˵Ⱥ75mmɽں105mmڶr75mmҰڵĴΧ֮ڣϾ75mmɽڵshֻ5750ף105mmڵshҲֻ6300סԲСĵĻʹڱ⵽֣֮75mm105mmҲеùġ
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⼸ıﹴͬʱڵõµ鱨󣬹ڱҲڸ鱨ʾλãĸھڽУ

һھһ׼󡣲õɳѾϸ˱ߺ͸صĲ𣬾ڱҲ˸Ŀֻ꣬һ£ٴñһս֮
ڽĻҩͱڹܶ׼ú󣬼ڱרſٳڵŸշõġϡ񾭡ڱͬӣǻըȼױƷһѳ֧ܿӶᱻѳĵҩ죬ڱ̵Ļֻܵרſٳ
˵ⳡҪʱܴꡭӣһ20ʿ˸Ȧ󣬶һһ30ϱʵ
ͬ⣬Ǹ30ϱҡҡͷʮˣӮǿ϶ӮʲôʱӮȴǼһ顣˵ϱµľѥѾ˺ܳʱĽйһ¡
Χļʿѥʲôû˵ֻǲ̣ͣȻÿӵڵζǹĽ
ͬӣЦЦȻֿ˽Ѿӡ
һĻΧļսҲˣֱܳӵֻһ˻
ԭʹõĶͨĽЬںǳĽЬʽϾйĻʩ൱Ĳ·ˮƽĿԣʿǾҪ˫оʱĽЬͷǳʿǵˡ
Ȼʿʹõëɪg98ʽǹɴm32ʽͷ¹m35ʽֿϴȷʵsĽžЬ
Ǳսۺ󣬹ڵľٺʿͻȻ֣ȻЬǳʺоȴʺսսҪ֪սǷǳynchoʪģֻϸĵĻ׾ͻỼϷǳѲġս㡱Բӵսкܴ𺦡
ҲΪ飬Ϲ˺ŷս˵սս
սսУȻ˿׺˺޵ҧгݣͬ޵ĻսynĻοϷǳchoʪ1·ݵynܡΪ˱ʿǵսϹܿĴڵļҹ˶˶ʮ˫ѥԱս˳ٽһĴľҵ⡣
ڽµʱȥˣµʱЩrҹϹҲʮ˫ѥֻһ˫ĻǻԡȻΪϹƷЩѥ϶ǲǿ⣬ʹЩţƤƵľѥܵʿǵĻӭ
ϾڽʶҵĽžЬţƤƵľѥӦսеĶӻڽžЬţƤѥҲͬm32ʽƷҲһЩ
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͹ȣıͿĶˣϾΪصһҪھսұļȲǽЬҲǾѥǺͨĲЬսĻŪЩ಻ԣսʿҲ½˲١
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˵һʿڵϣⳡսһЩѾʹİ˵ˣսͻϼҺ顭
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ڶʮսڶʮ¾ѻ
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ľñͱ˸Ʒˣ˿ֻԴſڿӵмͬĩrĳ
ʿһͷſڿӵıŻίԱᲽǹвͣ߶֪䣬Щıӻ
ȻǵͷϣЩshƬչֳȴҪκ𶼸ǿ
ϵڵھһһŴǰǱҼӹ̹ĹҲᱻֱըЩ׶սֱӱӡ
ȻܵǱըĶȴѾһˡ
ôجج֪˶ãһͻȻ˹Ȼ˫ֲͣҡ塣ԣЩͬһսȴѾһվֻϵͬȻûкó
ǸȻҲ֪Щʿǵjng״̬Σοиʿȥٻڽ塰ͳججſڹʿ˹ȥ
Ȼ岢ǱġΪκٵľҡλ˲СãıҪȸոջججӺöˡ
ûã֪ѾӦҪЩʲôԼΪʲôҪѺˡΪ˿ڻѾֹͣڻֹͣҲһ飬Ǿǹ

Ϸйţ彫ڵϣһǰѾδİǹëɪ1888ʽǹȻʹڲ֪1888ëɪǹ1888ίԱᲽǹʵëɪǹëĹϵûеȻǴڡ
ǹΧЩѹսһܳ˹£Ȼվս̨ϽѵԴ̽˳ȥ
ǵǰӳеȴһȺŻsɢȴҵĹʿ
ڱǵİ£ЩʿѾ뱱߲500׵ĵشٽһĻʿбڻ˵ΣˣȻڱҲˣϾһڵӵͷǿɾˣοҪע𱻹ļũȺˡ
ڱϣЩڵﱤcoߵĻǹǵ֪Ĳڷ棬ھҵĺȴһ㲻ұ¶±ƮŵѵλãȻһƬڻ
ֻܵȣȵĲ뵽һڱshľǲŸҽѵĻǹȻ׼ЩĹ粽
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ɳϣӢһԵļʿĺ
ȻڳǰڱѾڻԲǰϰһ飬׼ټ϶ԵҩĽԼȥھЩ˿ɲʲôнʡҩ
ΪԭսвٵϰﶼûбЩͲòʿԴˡ
ӢǼʿҲֱӾʹӱȡһߵðΣռ˿
Ļǹܼ⼸ʿҲһ߶һ߸ɻӹ˿Ȼ˻һ롣
ߵĲһӵshУӢѻ˰һԵĸų
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ǸųҲǸˣ˵ôſҲ֪ʲôʱᱻĻǹߣӢǸųֱӴĻش
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ʮö񵯣ÿö񵯶װ100˵tntըҩȫϾѷһǳԽһıͲ·Ķ˿ըһھûġҲӢñͲʵŵĹѾ·ˣӢҲֻ񵯴պһ¡
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Ӣ˴񵯺Ǽü˿ʿҲ֪Ѳʺڴȥˣο˼ҵ񵯲ôеļʺµӢһͷǼʿ˻ȥ
ȵǼʿ˵ȫλúӢ͸ų࿴һۣȻʮĬĽ˿棬ڽ񵯵ĵ45ڣѸٴ񵯵ɱ˷Χ20ö񵯰൱2ͲˣڲܵĻǾҪġ
Ӣܳʮ׵ľȻһڵըĵںֻ¡һոǰ˿Ѿըһȱڡ
ӽϵӢڵ120ھȻڵȻһЦһɾ鷳ǵ֧Ԯ˰ߴ˿ĿɿڴĿˡ
ʱսϵںľ޴󵯿ӣȻڵȲӵǲҪѰ壬ҸһЩĵȻ棬ͲҪ߻ǹвˡ
ȻôҰϻЩ㣬˾ǶмεԣܱȱûǹshҪĺá

ӢĲ⣬ӵж˳Ͼÿ֧ӵǰ·϶谭ġһȻڻ37mmڵ֧Ԯ£粽Ҳ׷׽뵽˾뱱300׵ķΧڣ벻ߵҪɱ˾룬ͬʱҲίԱᲽǹЧsh֮ڡ
Ȼ˵300׵ľѾίԱЧsh֮ڣjng׼shҲǱǿٱȹҪ׼Ķࡣ
ڲǹxngܡҪ֪ëɪg98ҪίԱ1888Ƚһëɪg98صjng׼ȡοװһ͵Ĳǹһëɪg98ĽɵĲǹ
ڱϣոսñһѵİǹһǰĹʿ
ӣΪſڵҾͿ𡭡
˵彫ǹ׼ǸʿĸֿȻָĹס˰˵Ǹʿ˸ֿ300׵ľ7.92mmӵҲδֿܻʹˣӵǿҲ˵ľ׵ǹۣΪӾʵ̫˽ġ
ϾͷҪͷshĵƬֱӷӵһ˿ΣĸֿںҲû
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ûиֿıˣиֿĻȻӵһɥʱܱԺһ
͸׼ڿͬʧȥcoݵľżһ㻬ڵغһʿЦŽѻǹ
ȻҵѾ׼ˣȻôԶľ롣
û׵ľֻƫ1ףѾһܾ˵ˣȻЩǹֵľѻǿ300׵ľƫһףֻǿˣϾõĲͨǹרھɱľѻǹ
Ҳʿҡͷ̾ʱڱʿĪľͱͷ෢ֱüģƫҲ
ЧģȻǵһͶսľѻ֡
ΪؼһսۣȻϹЩѻһǱĽȴǽǸ˺ǰϾеľѻǹսսҲܷӼơȻڶɺӶԺڽսʱϹǾԲ˽ѻֱɺӲӵģϾڶɺʱСҲкܴԵȵ̲ͷȹ̺ڽͶʹã׵İ취
ʿĪľͱУڱҲ˼ĿֻţϾÿӵеüĻüٽʵ̫쳣ˡ
Īǹʿȫsh֣
⼸бʿҲˣԭսίԱᲽǹԳĹ粽ıʿҲηϾôϡͿĶxngҪġ
ڷʿη󣬲ٱæϵϽжսЩֻʵʵĴսﶽսĻ˵Ͼ2׶սѻֵӵ׼Ҳshսȥ¶ͷ۲ƵĻ
Ҫ֪ڱоͬʿװǴһѻֵĲǹֶװ׼׵ķֱٺʿĲֻͬҪо¶ͷôЩϡͿȥо;Իٵ
ڷһЩҲ¶ͷֻվڿӵжսֻҪĸʿηȥһŻһӣԸսĻֱһǹˡ
ôЧȻܺãЩʿȴľԹޣϾðսǣЩսľȴǺΣաֻȻԹޣЩʿҲҷֻվ̨еίԱᲽǹСĶԹʿ
սϵĹʿǲ֪汱еƣֻ6080120ȻԼ37mmͲڵڻ»ǰš
ֻ37mmͲڣ40mm񵯷sh6080120ֿھȻڶ޷ЧĴݻٱҼӹ̹Ļǹ㡣ǱУֻҪֱУڶݵƻЩڵĻǹ־ͿԼ޼ɵͻոսϵĹʿ
300׵ڣǸ˽ǧ˵
ԻǹֵвЩں󷽵ľѻҲ֪ҲеľѻǹѵЩıǹ֡ŷսʱս˫һˣôʤһڷֲҷ²оĻǹʱ󲿷ʱЩ²ǹֵʿ˽ԴЩǹ֣ΪЩcoŻǹļһսո̫Ҳۼ̫ĳˡ
ֻ߻ǹͬĹ濪˹ǹֻͬǹͨлܣҲrսʱ˵߻ǹѹr˵Ĺ濪˹ǹԭ֮һȻѻǹ׼Щͻ߻ǹȴûһܹɹĻЩǹ֡ȻߵĻǹܲǺܺ񣬵赲ëɪg98ǹ8mmӵûģȻĻ߻ǹҲôصĻˡ
ԵЩеǹ֣Ҳֻ̾

ڶԱķ߷˶εĳڸ˾޴ձǲòڱǵڻ˻˼أȻrսȻڳ˵ʱĻǹҲ׷ȵڱĴھڵͷʱĻǹǻǲòǹתƵλȥϾǵĻǹѾ¶ˣڲתƵĻǾҪŰĻǹһ̮ͬĻˡ
Ȼڽrսй˼ƽֱ37mmͲ⣬תʽ񵯷shȻڶǶԸսԵȵ󳷵ʱ򣬱ĴҲȹ࡭
ȵȫ˻˼غ׼õľҽǷ׷״ҩϵǰߣٻܻʿõֱӽ˵ʿ̧ҰսҽԺȥʱȻûֵҩ֣ȫҰսҽԺҲһЩ
սУ3000˵ıҲнǧ˵д붼ڡȻڡ񵯷shѻɵģֱӱǹеĽռ
ˣһrս

Ӧǧ֣4500ֵʱȸ뷨ϱ...
2000д...
ڶʮ¾ѻ֡ڶʮͺը
ڶʮͺը
صϿգܷߵ¡ʽɻýϵ͵ĸ߶ִ񡪡Ȼıٱǹķɻڽкըˡ
һµĹڣһͬŶ΢Ƶıʿϸȴsķֵĵ1840ѻƬս˿ƿʼйΪr˿˼۸ˣйĶΪr˿ˡ
ģȺѵͲЪ𣿳ϷȥҲ۵ûš
ͷƣѿɽ۵ļʿͬҲ̧ͷЦ
Ҳ˵ˣȻˣǵȻЩ˸øɵˡ
ƺӡ֤Ļʱʹ˼ը
˵Ķ԰ɡ˵Ǹʿ½ͷɣֵˣưɡ
ͬĻǸʿ½עееϣһһ

տʼʱվȻȽĴΪվܵϹֱӹϽҲ޷վzyu
ϹⱾҲûԿվʲôڴŷսǰķɻܸʲôãϹָӲ˼úʻԱ
Ϊ˲⣬ϹҲûôڴԿվִеĶzyuҲǼŷɻϿȥ磬˳ӵ㼯ʲôģ谵ָӲǱȺתƵġڵõֵ鱨֪谵λڣֻǸָӲλ120mm150mmũsh֮⣬Ծ֪Ҳûʲô취
һԱִС硱ʱżȻ䷢·ƺʲôԾĵطΪղӵķԱjngѡģԺܿͷӦ˹
˾˲һֱұڱ𣿡֡
ΪܴԵʣԿվҲô˾ЩˡȻΪ˴˵λĹϵԾվ˾ҲûʲôáοϹҲûǱʲôڴҪ֪Ϲǿվܿɽ
Ըվϵ£ЩԱǶһҪս֤һѡѪһʵ֤ڴʱзɻʵս壬谱ƵתָӲǿվΨһܽսˡ
Ϊ˿վòѰܹ֤ѵĻᣬҲڷ·ĲͬѰԭִС硱ķԱͽɻ½һΣյĸ߶ȡίԱᲽǹsh̷Χڡ
˱ͶЩԴϷɣʱӼķɻ޵һȻɵôͣȻcoһͶϰǹԵԱȷ·ȷʵǱصȺҼŷɻɻػʱǸԱķɻҲѾʮǹۡshϵ⣬ȻǸԱҲûŷɻˡ
ڼŷɻɻ˻ǸԱҲԱôǹۺľ㵣ֱҵվĸ㱨ڿй۲쵽
ǿվĸȽȻҲиУľΣڹڶҲǸʱٶһٸУټ½˶ԿվһƫниˡͷáȽվУų˵Ǹɵ൱ҡȻںֻһжӵ16ܷɻָӣĸĻɣ
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˵١泯֣һᣬǸ˱ȺķԱ˽
ų˵˵ոնʲô
վڴԱܹˣټ½ų⣬Ի֮䶼ҲȽųʱԱûôţֻǼΪ򵥵Ľոպ١˵Ļһ顣
ĻȽֱ˾ķȥֻҪܽϢ½Щһ˭˵ǿվûã
ȽĻЩŽɣһԵȺıȴǵĻɳϻ˼ɽڻҰڶļsḥsh˾ĲıҲԤλãֻΪԤķΧ̫һֱȷˣڵõǸԱṩݺͬȥԤλϣЩıǺܿ϶ԱֵȷʵпܾǱȺ
ôſվȴѵЩııǶô˵ҲԱĺܿǱȺ
ȻǾͽȺλȫҳɡ
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Ȼվ˽Ⱥҳ˹룬վҲ˲Сʧһܷɻմ򱬣һǱ׹٣3ܵ˲СشЩɻɡʻԱʻģϾôҵġڻҲΪ㾴ҵҲ뵽õЧ͸һĵͿ
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ڿվ˻ںִʱϹҲæ飬ǰһʱҪĿվԮԼվָȨϹ붼û͵ͷͬˡ˵ʵȻϹԿվδкܴڴûڴվ人սʲô
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Ƕ˵ĵ籨һͨѶ˸ոշõġ˵ͬҿԾ콫ͬȫ׵ͼֽôֻ˵ĴֻҪԸͬϵļ۸񡭡
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˵?÷ĵĻûм֪ϹҪʲôᵽķ?ŵά?˹Ļ¾ûм˲֪ˣ?÷˹ϵһͺը
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ʱķɻԣ?÷ϵĿоޡ
ϵһɻ˹ʿҲ˹Ƶģʵ?÷ľڶ˹ʿĻϸĽģ
?÷1913ʱԷɳɹģڵ֪һϢϹ˱˹Լ?÷ĵȫͼֽΪǸٴĴҲֵõġȻܽ˹Ҳ뵽ĴǾ͸ˣϾ㣬ֱӽҲһЩ
ڴʱ?÷ȻǸ߿ƼƷ˲ûжַɻзȤڸһĴۺϹʹ˹йȫ׵ͼֽϧǣ˹˶йΪһй˹ƺûʲôȤȻĻ
ڷɻͼֽˣѾ㹻ˡ
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ŷսrװĶʽսнװѲ󽢣ڵһİ?˽ӡŷսʱڶ?˽ӵֻһӢ˽ĽռսѲܹͶʹãʣµı191484r깤ģҪͶʹûҪܳʱ䡣
ΣxngŷսǿƺûпǹԿевԾϹúըr˵ͷɹrҺΣ
ȻʹrйԣȻȻһ㣬ϾǰηսнҲйܶԸģϾйˮҲ1896zhngfӢĺߺţˮֻп4300ֶѣοҿѲ󽢻ϹըϺڡ

ȷˣҲ˹Ὣ?÷ѺϹĴĸо񡣷ֱ50Ｖ100Ｖ250Ｖ500Ｖĺը
1000ＶģŷսǰӵصķɻƺǲڵġҺըļӣԼʹҪʱڷչҲʲô⡣
ȻϹҲǹҪҪñ˳һͬȼȼյǵʵ͡ϹñҲ˳ˣʱӵҲr˵ͷϣյٶҲ˶١
ϹҪΪѵĿվװ㹻ĺըʱվķԱҲѵ񡪡75mmɽڡҰٱҳһʣµôҲҲֹͣ˷дӵ񣬱ϾôȥĻҲֻ˷ʱ䡣
£վķԱǲֹͣѵ񣬾ԭġ硱Ҳֹͣˡ
Ȼͬ˿վսϵûͬսϵĹȻվѾˣôȺϷȥļһʡһЩȼҲǺõģϾȼĴ˹ҲҪռû𳵲СĿռ䡣
ڷֹĿվֹͣǵġ硱󣬱ʿҲһ˵˹ĺը˵վԱļܴ൱һһtntͲҲֻ˶ѡ
Ϊ˷ֹͻȻڻսʱͨǶڹڵģľӼҲ˲ֺϾʮصڵҲ޷ըĹ£Щ1000tntװҩļըģԱ˽ֻǾЩϷȥļһĺܷ˰ˡ
ҲڱΪЩ˵ĲӬȥɿʱ򣬹ھȴѾʼ׼µĿ꣬ЩѾվ֣ұıɳϹĿꡣ
ֻҪܽھǵɽȺҰȺҲͶʹˡ
ս׼ھӣһԵɽ޵˵
ĻɽҲ˵ͷ
ûֻҪɽȺҰȺܴнѳһνһ±ĵһߡ
ڹ75mmɽڡҰڵռ˾ЩȴҰȺţܽȺ½ֻһ룬һֱŵɽڡҰȺܴѳȻһεĽи豱Ĵ
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ϾǸ㲻zhngfЩ˾ЩֻǽװĻͿܵ
ŹǺһ38ʽ105mmҰװϴȥһsٶԵͬ鱧Թ
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ҫѾ׼Ȳ˭֪ȴ顣
֪ҵӦֱǵȳȴǡ
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ڴϣĴһǷǳϸֻҪǱץǾҲֱӾá..طľƫԶһЩسǵפʲôԣfuҲһֻ۱һֻ۸ҹܣ˵fuǱЩפǹŵġһϱ󵽻һЩϾӵĿǿ񵳻ľӾ͡
ǰ߶ӿ˵ԺܶӸͲϾƣںߣܶʱһַݵ̬ӡ
ĵڶʮһųǴ࣬hunսʱǿ°ֲѻƬҲˣ򻪵ʱ򣬸մׯ30ʹõذ1500ˡ
ȥϹһֱһֽϸѹӣΪóӯټϹ١ǡһ־ԾӵҲԸ־ͣ
ҫ΢Щ֣ԺͱĹٱؾˡ
ǣЩһﻹⰡ
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ͶϹ⣬Ҳľjioȥֻʱһֱæͳﱸѱ飬ææžȻæˡȻֻæ˵ĻҪؼΧ˵£ֳ飬ҫµĻ
ʵ⵽ˣϾôġ׷Ҳֻ׷Ԧ²ϵζѡ
ʹǺݺݵĵǼһۣҫ˶ڳĻ˵ǹǡ
ȻǼŶĲ£±ϾҫҲֻһԵ
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ЩǵȴһӶŵӡ
Ȼ֪ԼôԻὫĶһɶԼôأο˾ĺҲһôû˾ĺҲ˲¼Լ

bijngʨӺͬ
ΪйģʨӺͬۼ˳ͳڶfumnҲڹȥʨӺͬһֱbijngֵĵط֮һȫrҹĻҪȰ˴ͬҪּ֡˴ͬǰ˸ͬȫƣǵһĳͬ˳̶ͬ֬ͬʯͷͬ㸣б֡Һͬɴñͬ
ֻʨӺͬ˱սܵӰ졪ƺr˼ֻ֣⼸ֵhun˲ٵĻlunȥȻ龰
lunԵɣԱľ⣬еľԬĲ顭
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ԬchungߣΪԬΪصıʿʿһyo˹ȻݵԬСС
ǸСڽӹyoҪιڲϵԬs԰׺ѪsԬȴְֻ˰ڵ
ȷŵһ߰ɡ
ԬĻǸСһ㶣ջǲΥԬ˼yoϡ
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ԬС檽yoߣʿһԿȰ
ȵǸС뿪ԬȴֻڿЦ
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ʿȻ֪Ԭ˵ģΪʱԬѾڲchungĸµʱˣǰʱ䵽ͻȻһЩʧصĵ籨Ԭֱһԭ΢ֵҲ򲡱࡭
ŶݵӣʿȻȦ죬ֻȻԬΪصıʿµľҲǺް취
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вŹЩϣЩͺϹ⹴õ⣬вһЩ޾ɳ
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û˵ʲôԬѾ
ҺڰǸĹεļһ
Ԭô˵ʿҲ֪ӦλӦ
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ʿӣԬǿЦҡҡͷȻͽԼеȫ˵˳һЩ£籱ǰ̣ԼļСȵȣԬϣԼʿænongȥýýĳһ죬ĳϵbijngļС
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빬ģӳһչ˺ùļС
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ѵԬҵжĶ60𣿡
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ʵϣʷԬҲûܻ60ꡭ
ΪǰԬĸ׺游ôӣԬһֱԼ60ִ˱йĴȨԬһֱڿһ飬ǾԼϻʵۡ
ȻΪһйˣʵȻԬ֮һһԭΪԬҪΪһʿ˵ֻҪԬܵϻʵۣôԬҵȻҲ͸ˣǸνж60ȻҲͲʲô⡭
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ҫľȻûʲôϾոյһѾ͵ʦĹٱ˾ѡܵεʮʦʦְ񣬿ҲʲôȨһһһһһһȻѡҡĻ͸ˡ
ڻͬҫ佫Լɵ籨ԶھݵϹ⡣ϾϹǴϰ壬ҫٻӦȨҲҪʾһ´ϰ塣
ҫ佫籨ھϹʱϹŲ̺ڼ¹ҽİ¼塣
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ΪʲôԬֱӾͽѶ֪Ԭһ˶֪϶ǲˡʱʹǲ֪bijngǱߵҲȥ֪ͨģȻɶ׿ڸ֪ҲӵøжȣΪЩ㣮սնʹ仰⻹֪ģڽռԪǴݺⲻǰĵطһ˼ϯ
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Ψһ˿ϧǣֽӽŷ޶ˮƽľй٣ֻʮҵӡЩǲľӵкܶ࣬һңȻָȫйľӡ
ڹ۲**бԱս󣬹۲ŵĳԱѾ˱档
йһԮŷսʱṩʮ֧Ԯ
ڹ۲ŵĳԱǿȻѵʮӽŷ޶ˮƽľӣôֻҪṩһԮҪѵʮ򲢲һѵ飬ϾѾⷽĻTXT**
ڵʱҪԵĹ񵳱ڹ۲ŵ˿Ͼĵڰʦܹͱƥ⣬ʣµȫֻһЩֳؾǿһЩӰˡ
ʵҲ֤˹۲ŵĹ۵㣬Ͼս۱ķһʱ⣬ս۶ݿࡣٵطıֻ˲ʱ䣬yĵھʦڱϵĵͱ˻ȥ󲻵òڵڰʦŵڻ³Ͼ
Ȼڹ۲ŵ׼¹ݵjioȻ󷵻ϺܡʱɹƵĴʡȴdlɳ򲿶ӽб
Թʵ˽ľӢ˺͵¹ˣϾӵеװ󲿷ֶӢ˺͵¹ṩģٲǷʱԵʡdlʱԭ׼˴ϺĹ۲ű֪Ҫںͣһʱ䣬ĹҲһĹ۲졣
¹ݵľ۲ŵľҲòͷϾȫϺ¹ݵԱ
ЩĹ۲ųԱûֱӾͱսϾǶѾյ¹ݴϣĹһ˽⣬׼׼ǰȥʱԶİͶȴѾʧء
ʱǵûô⣬ϾͶֻŵıѣʣµǸʦ㲻ϡοʱҲ³ҪǸʦӵĻҲδؾӮôɡ
ֻȵǿʼʱ򣬹ȴѾǱ
Ǳ⣬ʣµĺǰһʱս۶Щ۲ŵĳԱӡ
ӡľǹǿĻǿװϵģͬʱҲǵװϵġ
ӲҪ˵Ļĵʲ籱Ҳӽŷ޶ˮƽڻϣ֧**ȴǾԵŷޱ׼ǵϸԶŷˮƽ
ЩЭԼ۲ԱôҲ벻ޣйƬϣȻԿǧmnڶԺĳ档rĹ۲Ա𺳵ľr۲ԱΪڹڱУ120mm150mmھھԲ210mmھȻҲжʮmnӣҪ֪ڵr½Ҳֻʮmn240mmڰˡʮҲ1912꣬1914rൺսʱrൺҪҲֻҰսڵڶЯ12mn240mmڲսrжϡ٣ҲrӺ½װйء
rڿھǷ280mmڣμӹrսrռ˳Ҫ203ߵأǴݻٸڶϣ˾xngáõ̫ͭãxngкܴȱݡѾôʵˣҲΪr˲Ż45ʽ240mmڡ
ȻӲͬǣr˳240mmⲢû210mmһھµĻҲֻ150mmڶûͬھļũڣڴʱrУھҰսũҲֻ105mmѣػr½صȱʧ
ȱʧƽʱʲô۲ŵļrҲr½ػϲӢ˺ͷ˻ʲô⣬ȻйҲػϳԽԼr˴Щܲˡ
ʵrҲ150mmھͼũڣֻּũڵҰʱﵽ˾26ֵģҪ֪ͬʱͬھ150mmҲ2ֶضѣǸ໹ֻǶ90ǵ͵ʱҰjioͨҰսʱѾrũˡ
Ȼͬr˲һӢ˺ͷ˹עĲǹػװǵĵװ
moɪ98ɭĲM1911
Щ40mmתʽ񵯷shսʱųֵǹȡ
ӷ谺ͶҪ˼񵯷shȻڵزòЩ˼·ȷʵ൱Ķء񵯷shȻڣ˶ͷ۵սսܷ൱sЧá
װټϵʲڱ٣սʤ߻ǸϹˣbijngԬɡ
뵽ЩƶصټϹӵڶڣغ޵ǲò
ʵ֤ǵ뷨ûдȻս۵ĹйĽȲ˳ÿսջʤȴĹӵƾʷıȴһٰܡ
ȵǰһʱʱ򣬱ҪĺҲˡ
ʱѾܹȷĽ֡ÿ˵սȥ۲ս⣬ֻڳڵķdngʵʵĴţʱڵըʱըҲǰ
ȻڶڵըͬʱȺҲʶ˹һվ
ڹȥ۲ŵһֱɻһߣҲʱЩô⵽վĺըϴ󣬲ȴԷɻĹۣ100ĺʱ谻ˣȴԲ۲ŵˡ
ڱܾѶ𡢷ȫǳӵʱȺ۲ŵĳԱڳڣһõ籨纺¹ݣǽ齫˵ĿתΪһڷ谰ŵסŹmn
¹ݵ˶Թ۲ŵĽȻǲΪȻϾ¾൱ˣѾڼֶʱˣȵй͹һǾ˽Ҳǲܵ顣
ʹˣǻǽ۲ŵĽתϺ¹ݣϾ۲ŵ˶¹ݳ¹ݺϾ¹һֻϺ¹ݵˡ
ȻͬģϺ¹ҲǹbijngʹݹϽ
ڰк¹תԼĽӢrĹ۲ԱڷǰŵסڣŹmnҲȷʵûʧڷǶ߲ãѾʼѲЩûü뿪ı
ѲĹУȻҲѵ˹۲
˿סʮӵʱ򣬹ҲһڴӵǸjngͨڿӺپjioȻٱʿóݵĿעӵʱ򣬶ʮȴԴĺߡǸjngͨûjngͨȷʵ֪r˵˵Ӣ˺ͷͬ¹˵Ĺϵȴ൱Ĳá
Եǰ**õԼѯʱͷУԴĺߣȻ൱ŵĺԼݡ
ͷľٵ֪ǰЩӶǹ۲ŵʱҲһ㶣ȫ֪Ⱥܵս۲ЩʲôjioµʿסmnҪӵsoȻ˳ȥԼϼ
ٵϼ֪һȺӵʱҲһ㶣ԼĲһҲ֪Ⱥܵս۲Щʲôǽ㱨Լϼֻϼҫ˵ʱæű͵飬ԵҲûʱ顣ڵ֪Ҳֻ˸ȥݻһ£ȻȺ۲ͨˡ
ڵõͨеɺ󣬷˵һܵ˺ڵ¹ȥȻڷ¾еϣЩСchungӢ˺r˵ǾְأЪ۲ŹʵװֻǰǷ¹ݵȺйǲеŷȥʵڿǹ᲻r˵սʲô谭r˶йĹǴߣֻmngʵ̫ˣǶˡ˻Ӣ˶rйôr׼ľǽ壬¹˵ĵ̡
ڵ֪˹۲ŵҫҲûжƣ͸l˲ٵĶǹۿֻһЩȽϻܵĵطơ
Ϊҫϣ۲ŵĳԱܿͻԼҪ鱨ͬʱҲó˶ԹĽۡ
ʿһʶװһ
յĽ۾ǣйṩʮͬʵľӣôȫʸŷһΡ
ڽ۰к¹תjioϺ¹ݺص˵ڽˡȻˣǻҪͣһʱ䣬ϾĿǰΪֹϺ¹ǷϺû´
Դ˷˵ûʲô飬Ͼ¹ģģĨ۵ķСܶ࣬еֲ˼һҪϺ˼ûСӢ˺r˱ϾǷˣѧ񷨹һϾʱҲֻڵȥߡ
ֻΪսlunĹϵߵĶѾߵĲˣﲻҪ˵ˣһ̶ǹmn󼪡ǾȻ̶򲻵͸ѩѡĺѾˣû취ֻ󵽹
Ҳûа취Ͼоʱ򲻿ܴѩѡĺѾսοҪ˵ʿˣĽҲûϰߣûµʱȸ׾ưˡϹҲֻûµʱȵ֭ĺѾƸûǸȤ
ѩѣֶһЩУ٣Ҳֻڵ¹ҪֶҲȫܵġ
ûа취ֻҪṩһЩĴľ߳˿ƣ̳ġ̡ṩ۲š
˿Ƶ˵˿Ҳ˿һ³ƣǸ̡
ʱ̻Ǻ֣ȫǱ̲ͨݣ͵ʱ̲ݸ޷ȣƽʱϰ̵Ǽ޷ܣֻû취˭̼ȫmn󼪣û취Ҳֻǿһˡ

ǻڷṩסֵʱ򣬿ų˴ִϹ⣬ҫҲһ󲻽⡣
ЩҲͿˣαؽеһЩװҲǽ
ҫ͹Ĳپ١һǽܵĵʽԵ¹һ׽УȻģӢȹҲһԶУټrϹһ׽¹ЩӢͷιۣϹľٶҫȻЩ⡣
ҫôʣϹҡҡͷ
ҫϹĸϹҲԼ뷨
չЩʵӢ˺ͷˣôܲ뵽ŷս
˵˦ҫ䳯ռԪͽסȥΪ˺ռԪǱıЭ飬׼һٽ󲿷ֵ⡣
ڲɣڱ˷ν˺󣬲ȴ˾ݣԺ󲻾þͻ˴ĴĴҽƴѧơ
ʱνȻһǱĲԺܶ˵ȴûʲô𣬺οϰٻʮûɻϷν˵Ļ
Щһõڶʮһβ
ڶʮһβ
ʨӺͬԴԬźǱйĵĺͬ񣬳һЩԬҵ⣬ֻʣԬļ˻ͳ¡
bijngֵĵط¾ֻĸۡˡ
ĸۡһ̨籨ָոûõߵ籨ͬͶݵռԪ硣ڱڲֻҪǻûо;֮ĵģȫۼ
Ƹ䣿Ҫȥ𣿡
Լ鷿һطʿ䣬Щĵ
ô˵ʿȴֻҡҡͷ
Ѿˣ걱еҲܵȥ磬пһbijng𣿡
ʿǱеı֮ͬʱҲǱһȣʿеϴȴҪСϺüꡣ
ټԬֵܣʿǺصġ
Ȼʿȴ׼ͷ谻жһȥסܿЩǷǷǡ
ȻϹ̸к󣬱еĺܶ˶fuЩ˻ǱʿѾСˣھͱ̮;֮Ҳ࣬ģֻҸ徲ĵطѡ
Ҳ֪ʿΪˣΪԬֵܣӦ̨Ļȴֲġ
һȻʿ䣬ĺĽ
ȻƸѾҲͲǿˡɣһҵȥϣܿŵĹϣͻǰŸõطй˵޶СҲչ˰ɣҲ湬һ顭
ô˵ʿ˵ͷ
˵ҲԬֵܣԬµǼֶĺܣҪôŲܣò˶ԬҾ͸˥ټԬʱҲйչԼļСʱֵܳʵˡ
Ҳá
ʿͷ
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ںһӺʿ䴩ط뿪ĸۡʿıӰҲǸӡôһɲǣҪʿһ˳̨գǷŲ¡
վڸۡĴm&#233;nǰ֪ЩʲôʱһͻȻ˹
ү½ȥһˣ˵е籨ˡ
û֪ĵˣԬʱҪáЩĲϼҵģϾʱı󲻹ôһҪùӡ
úҪ͹ͣұڵĴ󲿷ƺп³fuʱòĵȴΪ˵ȨסˣȻҲûҪѵɡȻҪǣȻȨסˣ͵ܵĻҲҳȻ֮Է
û֪òҳϵŸĲ͵ܣȻǸ֪ˣϾͨķ
ԿԼҳȻɺĵͷ
֪ˡ
صĴʱʮΧһ̨籨ת߽ͣʱҲֻһ˽ͷת˻
죬
ڵǸչʮ½£ովȥ֪ͨġ½µվŵǺ½ͲĲ￣ڲ￵վŵȴһʮˡ
ڡ
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￣ʷĻѡͳΪ˵лͳλã￾¸ѡʱϯԱ׼ÿ˸5000Ԫ֧ƱΪ˳ＯѡѣԽΪֱͨ170طִСÿس1Ԫ3Ԫȡѹ1300ԪһԱ1923105rѡΪлδͳ
¬±ԭͶ￳α֯ͷĿĲӵȰ£Ϻϡ࣬Ҳr˰¡1938ڵ֪񵳾ȡ̨ׯݵϢ󣬲ҾͲţǻ򲻹Сrͬ517rӢȪɽԢȥ76꣬ǰnvʿӢ˵̨ׯʤ֮ϣ**ܳʤոʧ䲻üĿ(ɳ󹫱1938526r)
˲⣬rҲرע£ʱڵĸ߹Ի£ڡԬ֮Ԭ˶ȣЩ˶ܾˡرվڲڣΪϺr˺˱r˸

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ڳһ½ģһ½£һ½顣
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ոմĵ籨˵ǹϹԳchunռԪ̸ġ˵½齫еĵ籨˹Ǹոշĵ籨chun˵ǸϵıֻҪԸôͿԽǱһϵ
˵½Цһ£ɣһǰȫй˭˵Ļ
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ؼľǣ˵ʦıjing⣬h&#250;nûʦɢɶh&#250;nر࣬ԭеıҲ룬ԭְµĲְ
ҲΪ˷ֹˮϾɱ󣬱Ҳ͵ǹһϵҲǽеĳԱǸʱϹȻھлָŵȣ˳ѹһ¾еƲӡ
áװһͬʣñڱԭƵ¼ڣĲ˵Ǻ͹ͬװҪԭеı󲿶£Ϲɲһѹ
ڱʦĲӣò˵ʵȷʵ߳ĲôֲҲȷʵ̫ϧһЩ
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ֻǲʲôã￵Ӿ֪ϱǾվһߵģټսѾʧˡ
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ͬʱڱ˲ҲȽ϶֮࣬£Ϊ**Ĺ񵳾Щĳɡ
ȻҪĻϹⲻϲԼµʱǯԼ˵μŷսϹҿ϶ŷսĻֻҪԼμŷսľ񵳵˾ԻԼ
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ȻԴ˹Ҳ֪ػйһֱԼ񵳵ľǹ񵳵ĳԱǧҪͻĽڡΪˣӱ߾񵳵ѲӼʱҪŵߡ
ֶֻҪҵĻҵĵġȻĽھˣֻҪ̵ʱｫȵصd&#224;ngƽǾԩҲûطȥ
Ȼʰ񵳺ϹⲻѧԬһǿнɢ񵳣Ͼʵ̫˿ˡοڳµfuϹҲҪмhuƿ


ˡ
ʵԣһױС
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ȻˣǾͳȥɡ
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Ϲӵ¹жһǧӢĸ豸ҲѾȥµʱ䣬⼸µʱӢھ˳ĳﱸѾһֵĻﱸȫ׼jioʱ人ͱjioսϹ⡣
ڵ֪ѾﱸȫϢϹȴҪ¹ˣȽһֵ촬豸˵Ҳڵβж
ﶼϹ⸶Ǯģ¹˶ԴȻûοڸжĻܽʡһʱȼϡ
ϹΪʲôҪڸж
Ϊй촬βֿԳƵʷƾˡȻΪh&#250;nlu&#224;nԵʶú޽ʱڣҲ1900ǰȴ850ּĽͽ𽢣ҲһĻ
£촬豸˵ԲʺϽʹֻchngqngֱ˵βȥβ±Զһ촬
Ҫ֪ΪԶһ촬βԱ൱ۺĻβ촬ҪڹݻϺ³촬ҪĶࡣ
人ȷʤֺϹѾ˷ݵ籨ʣָԼڸβ֣ϣΪܸһķ㡣
ԴȻǲκ飬Ե¹䴬Ҫִ︣ʱʻβӭӡ
Ȼβֵ˵ľԲǸʣҲܻǳϹ⡣βֵľֳϡΪβֵľֳۼβ𽥻ķϣΪ۵ľǳϡǸĴϵĶʹô豸Ҫβ֣Ȼϲ
ȵϺ߳˷󣬲ʱβֵһͷϡ

ߵͷϺһæԶjioʡ
ΪʵʲûʲôȨȫȨǵ**˵ϣֻһܰˡ
ڶ**󣬹ʧܣǲòĹһԶrʱȨȻʵС
ҲǳᣬڸԼȨزǺԬ񵳷йҲûˣȻصйҲûлظȨ
ڽӹԶ˿Զ
Զҵ¹ڳͷķʻ
Щ𣿡
ϵ˵ͷȻʵ
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Գ˵ֻҪβܹͿˣ˭ֳȴǼν飬ϾԭôѵʱˣѲ¸ԣȴֲˣҪ֪ǰõʱ򣬹fuÿ²ľѾֻԪѰʷʵô㾭ѹʲôģ¾ڹʦ͹ǵĹҲǸոչҲѹܳһʱβֶûʲôˡ
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ڳy&#249;ʱǼҵ¹ǧ򻽵ͣͷϡ
ܿ죬Ͼʮˣ׵ĻƵĶУͷȴȫйˡ
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µĹҪȱ󶥷ʱڻҪǿһЩʵҲдͷ˵Ļæش
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Ȼ֪ЩΪʲô֪ԼҲ˵ͷ
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˵Žjio˳ϵС
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Щǣ
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仰æ䡣
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İڷϰͼֽͼֽԻڷһ֧Ʊ
Ͽĺһ֧Ʊϵʮ򣬶ôƱһŵӣҲ˵֧Ʊٴһǧ
Щͼֽ𽢺Ѳ󽢵ͼֽĴ촬ʦƵģίг¾ֳ־һǧԪǶṩֵʽ𡭡
ô˵ʱͷ˿ŵĽ
ϣȴҪĳ嶯
ˣβڵΪйĻڶʮ庣;
ڶʮ庣;
β֣Ҳݴֺ͸֡ĳƸݴ֣Ϊôи˳һЩ
ݴ֣1866ĵܶʱģԺ÷r񡢵¿˱Ϊලһд񡣴Ҫʹѧɡڼ䣬ݴֳԶ촬
ЩȴѾrƻˡ
ݴйʱһֱܻңйֳϱ֡£ı޷յϷĸ˰ϷҲѳ
£Զһ촬޷֧ԮڵʱÿµfuֻԪ
Ԫͨ˼˵ȻһСĿɶԸݴֶԣ
Ҫ֪ˮֻ500ֵĽԪǳˮڽۣҲﵽʮrԪ󣬸ݴֵľÿҲֻʮˣ⻹ֽϵݣʵܵʵǡֻ˵ϾfuǱfuǷľѶֻǹݴǿά֡ôֵԱ͹ʦǳԱѾܲˣ콢ʲôȻҲͲ롭
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ҲκҪôȥЩƲò뿪ֵϻƣ񵳵ھʦyв͵ʦевɵĹ¶ʦеһһٶˣڶ߽Ѳţֻ

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Ҿȥ˽ȥϺߵһЩף¾ףìȻҲٴγ֡

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ûа취ϹҲֻܲȡеֶΣǾǽϾǽ۵һκȵս½޸

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Ϲĸ˲Ƹжû֪һǧӢ¹豸飬ڹ絳ȴ˾֪
زҫҲܵϹĲ֧ܲȥ

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ԬϹͱ˺Ϊץס塱ģڹǲӹǵͷһ죬ɽҲԭϾͳĽնڣٴлʱͳ
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ֻɽҪϵĲ豭һڵʱһöȴͳĸĳֱͳɽϵĲ豭Ҳĵ豭ĲˮֱӽϵʪһƬ
һԵ˻֣־ܿǰͬʱӲɾ
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ȫͳĵ鱨ȫҪԱѾһ춼ûгȥˣô֪Ҿ
ӣɽȻ̾˿
ֻ龰ҲùˣֻԼĬš
һƬصʱϹȴͷϵˡ

ͷϣȻΪսҵĹϵж˲٣ΪսѾˣڶҲ»ָһЩrķ١
죬ϹǴЩûµĴСԱվͷϵһˡ
ںϹǶ׹ˣйġѧҡȵȵȵȣϹҲԽ൱ڴ
ԬһϵĹԱҲȫԼͶϹͷ˷ݵ籨ڻڱƽ͹
ϹϴڽӵϹĵ籨ȻûвӦʵɡڽӵ籨ֱӾͰŽнλr˻𳵣ɾ·һ·ֱеڣɺڳ˴ý˴ģϾϺϾڹ񵳵ĵ̡
ڵ֪Ϲ⽫Ҫ뽯ϢѾĴȥݲٵĲҲ˳ֱӳŴܵ
ԲɵٶϹȻҲΡ
ʱĲɲ黹أҲûǸ¹ӹҽҽΣȻԵjngȴܲڵ֪ܳԺϹҲûֹ
ʵϣڽɰԺӪƷϹûзԸʲôˡ
˵Բÿ춼ר˿ʲôġ
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ԴrѧԺ󣬲ѾܾûмˣҲΪʲôɻôڵ֪ҪϢֱӴĴܵԭ
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ոպǱ߸շĵ籨˵ķѾˣںڷڰŴֻò˶þܹˡ
˵Ϲ͵͵ĳ˲ɼۡ
Ѿüˣ⼸ϹȻ֪ΪʲôôԿɼӣϹݺݵ²۵
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ˣϹҲٴƽȫעĿŽ԰ϣŽĴЩ
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ȻҲ˶ģٻк֪ܶǱУУУǵʱйõľУųһЩӿƵĻУĽѧĴУߡ
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ڶУҲѣϴʱ˺üأһССУʲô
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Ϲӵ籨ͻȻЦôˣôôһԵĲɺͽȻǼΪ档
Ȼ֪ԼȻǱϹģվֻǿˣʱǲȥѯʲôϾһϹõǻô죿οҲ̫˽ϹΪˡȻڱƽʱ˵Ϲ˲ٵĺ£֪֪治֪ģ˭֪ϹⱾΣ̫Ԫһ˼ҵλԺҲǶϰպõĺܣڽΪй֮ǿǡٺ٣ǰɣ
ʱ򽯰Ҳֻܽͣ⣬Ϲ˵Ǿ˵˵ĻԼҲҪȥѯʡ
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ҲΪȻϹӴʱ䲻ҲĳϹһxng͵ˣƢ൱ĺãʲôȽϽɵ⣬ͨϹҲᷢʲôƢȻĽǻˣϹǺˡǺܼǳġ
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ڻүߵϾڵĵڰʦٱٴdlϾڶԼһ£ǶθΪʲôµԭ򣬲ȻĻ»һ£νĶθҪˡ
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ȻĻƾĴˮʦͱ󽢶ӣ߼һȻҲ޷rԵУֻҪɽһеĻɽǾ޷Ͼġ
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rΧôƤһԼЦϹⶼöģвٵͶԼүү̫үүһߴ˵ʱȴȻһЦӡ

Χ˷һϹ⻹ôƮƮȻˣЩԭĲѵƤЩͬ˶ĵЦϹҲôĵˡ

ڵ֪˹սܵϢ󣬲ֹǳڵʿԱפڳеĹٱҲ˷˸coϵļһֱӳǹ־ٶƽʱĻ˵ĳǣ¾ܱӵҲѵˡ
ôϲʱǲӵĳ٣ƽʱЩǰһܱһҲһֻ۱һֻˡ
ͺʱһƽʱû¸ɣǿҵ棬ԻƿڴǹʱǴ糿˷űڣôҲֹ˼һ飬ʿǶڳǹҲֹģǹõɭߣëɪG98ͲȻЩ40mmתʽ񵯷shҪ񵯵ļһڵһʱͱֹˣֹͬʱΧʿͳٻܱӵһЩһһ١
磬񵯰⳯ӣһҵʲôطһһƬǿ϶飬ΧôլٵİսҽҲˣҪǿ񵯲գۣ˵ˣ˿鷢ĸһ㶼С
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ʡиҲ׷ҵϹ⣬ʾǵףء
ȻЩ˵̬ҲЩӵġ
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ܵ˵йľȶ۶˭кôģھȶˣ϶
ڹȥԾĴ󵥣϶иʡһݣͷĻǱԬϾҲֻǮϹ⣿
ϹȻĴҲ˽ĴΪṩ䱸͵ҩǣµzhngf󣬴ģǼȻ飬ϾеĹ15ʦϱҲŲ20ô㲿ӿ϶޷й20ʦһʡһֵİ
ǼȻ飬Ŀǰԣ˵Ϲ⵱Ȩٲӣй˿ټ϶rвԲ൱ķġοŷսǰڣҲǵһս֮ǰ**гİ˳ɶǵ¹˵ģһֱŷս󣬵¹˵ľ˲ˣŷǿҲûȤйľгűr˸ռˡ
ԶⷽŷѹûѹѻƬ
ŷĵľǣϹѧһֹѻƬô죿Ȼں͹ȥһѻƬѾǶԻҪƷȻž޴
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ڸʡǵûôƸУҲ֪һ飬͹ȫʧʱйҲûܹ赲Ϲ
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ϹûжϾԭкܶ࣬ҪһȴǣϹҪϷ
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δܳһʱxnjingȵйҪע֮ءȻڻиɽĽ塣
ҲΪʲôϹѡbijngԭδϷҪǷչãڱȴҪr˺Ͷˡعţ𢣬ܾжͬ仰ⶼϹҪ顣
ҡ20ϹҪӶ˹ϸˣʱbijngܱϾķ㡣Ͼߵ籨ոͶʵûãͨѶһݡ
bijngĵλҲܲ·ϷԲ˵Ϸ
ɽ뵺ɶ뵺ƳǣΪԿǹ򾩵ĺŻֻҪǿȫԴɱbijngĿġȻ˳rڵ¹ǣ
ҽܿҪˣ˳ڣЭ飬ֻҪûʲô仯Ļ˳1922ͻûëӴɵЭ飬˳Ϊ25꣬Э1898ǩģԵ1922ͻᵽڣҲǺΪʲôr˻ҪԬ25չ99ԭ򡪡ٲչ˳Ҫͻȥˡ
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ҾŷսʱڵķչϹйȫ泬ԽrⲢʲô⡣

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ִﱱƽϹ⵱ȻסϽǣϹҲûеʨӺͬҲıйȥסѰһס

Ϲܱ󣬵籨bijng޽ģΪ˾һrԼbijngиŵĵط
ȻĿǰΪֹΪĵطܼªϹסͳҪĹԼбȽϴҪҪװһµĹ¥ѾĲˡڵִbijngϹ⵽ǲҪס⣬ҲҪļݾӣδʨӺͬΪйġ
ϹʱͳľʽܼªΪʽϹִbijngĵ;еġһϢڶҪǺԱиʹˡ
ھʽϣھʽĳع¥˸ʹԱϹִﱱƽľҪԱ¼֤Ҳûˡ
˱ƽĵ͡Ȼ϶ҪȵԺڶ;ҪõĶࡣ˵ִﱱƽĵʱͳһ㻹ǱıֽˡϹҲû취ϾŹĿǰҲֻƵĴ͹ݣƲʡݸƲȥ
ȻЩıֽãȻһϹʱͳҲ̫ＱһЩĵûô˵񵳿Ƶıֽ
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ʽֶȻʡʡھʽ˷ʱĹϹ⵽ദһbijngһЩ顣
ʱ䲻˰
ȻϹҲûŹЩԼ磬ϹⱨĹ񵳱ֽ
ھʽϣϹʹ˵⣬ϣԼѵһ¹Щһ
ȻϹʹǡϴʾܾϹ⣬ǼһһʱϴʾܾϹĸʹҲû˵ʲô
ȻֻǸܣȦȴǸܣԱ˵ļҹ񵳱粻˵ıҲ׷ױͣЩԼǡʡı磬ڷµͬʱôҲࡣ
һҳƻܻҵʱȫܹһ˵ǺҪġý壬һҪֶΡ
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ͬʱ¼µҰҲ޷ѡٻΪ¼ǲġ
˳һᣬ¼µжҲ취ĸԼľ鷳2001ʱԵ鳤˳ȫΪѡսҫͱҫ浽ָͥھѡеĽǡ̰50ԪҵҽֹԶپѡԱ2006ʱΪ׼֤ݽ˳һʱ䣬ڱͷź˳ȫ쳣״̬
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Ϲ⵱Ȼܿý壬ΪĴڣϹʱܲȥϹȴܸһЩjng档
ΪҾû취
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ҲΪʲôԬҲûжñͬʱֽһ֧ԭЩȨҪͬʱҲΣյĶˡ
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ʵĲֹˣͳ⻹ʮͷǵˣЩ絳ĳԱbijngڵ١ЩһҲǽģֻ˸ˡͳֲǹϾϵģ
絳죬ϹǰҲһӵĻҡ
˵ûŴȷʵԬɽϹģҲ֪ҼȲɽҲԬǳϹûҪҲϰɡ˵Ϲ⻹б۾һۡ
˵ʵڵģϹûȤ۸ԣ¡ǶԹ¶ĸҲûԹ¶ĸϾɱֻ
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ĸڴ峯ȻڵʱڼѵʱֻҪﻹҲҪǷõġԬʱΪǸŴǵҲûͣ
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Ǵ˴ԭŴϵ⣬ΪЩͨǡϾЩԼմ״ʵļһѾˣԼҲܲ档
Ȼ˵˵лЩλĻЩλϹԬ㲻ʲôˡǲŻὫϾλں˵ҲǺպ֣ԬʱҲҶ
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ôҲΪٶ꣬ҲС֪⣬Ȼжˮֲö֪Ҳ嵱ѵһ֮ˣȻĳʱϹ˵⻰ʱģǸڹô˵æȰ
ȻĻǸڹȴֻЦ
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ͷһ䣬ڹҲһ㶡
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ֻЩҲʵ̫һЩjngѡʮǵϺõҸǱһЩ󣬾Ȼֻһ;ܵĲˣʣҲǿźҪؾȥ
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ЩˣܹǿĸԤҲֵõġЩӲϲװʹ𣿾ĵʹɡǸϵëͷСӣʱֻҪǿվ̬ˣҲ᲻
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Ǹsñ䣬˹˹ֺ󣬳rʹݵķȥ

ͳϹ⵱Ȼ֪淢飬Ϊʱæŵ¹˵顣
ڵ֪õ˻᲻վң
Ϲ⿴ȴǿ϶顣
˲ɲһջȻbijngʱϹ⵽bijngΣbijngѹͷֲˡϸһȫйˡ
磬ϹȻûbijngǸʲôȴ̫˽ˡ
Ȼ˽Ⲣ鱾ϵ˽⣬Ҳǵ;˵˽⣬ֻʵ˽⡣
ҪΪʲôôʣΪĴҲǵİ
ǲطڳɶڣȻνȻǶһǣ뺺˻ӡֹȴѾƵһˡ
ȻϹⲢûطɵô纼ݣݱ¾ƺ¾ڷٻסû˲18ϵӹѺΪ½㽭ʡֹ
оݣݱ¾ǰƳǺݸͳԣɱݳڵ˶ɢӲߵ汻¾Ǳֽ֣辰԰쳬һǹɱ
ҵʱ賿¾ƣǱžⱻ¾ռ첢ջ١¾óըҩըŴ붽ͳɱ¾붫ǵ˼Ҿסɱͬʱٲ20000˽õ300⡣ݻǺ¾ȱִ뺺˾۾Ϊrűֹ
ЩʱʵʷֻǺΪxngڸǣȻҲܹ
ʱЩ鶼Ĵ⣬ϹܲҲܲˡ
ǷĴڵϹȴܵģΪںϹܵľлĸҶָҲһֱ൱ͬ
壿̫࣬ĺϹ⵱ȻҧгݣҪ˵Ϲ⽫ֺҲ˵ϣȴǲܵġ˳һᣬںϹҲһЩѣũ壬Ϊ˺񣬶һЩˡ
Ϊ㣬ԸյĴʱϹ⵽ǶЩ˻ЩøС
ֻڼʶʱ˺󡭡Ŀɿڴ
ʲôûˣȻȻŹʵŸ档
Ȼʡˣ϶ܺbijng˱ȣ˵ʵڵģϹ⿴ҲǼ޷ܵ顣
󣬹˳ɶڵʱǵĲƲϹ⵽Ƿֺδǵ˷ȴȫжϣͺһ
ڵʱЩ˵ķӦǺܼңϾȻʡҪȾǵǿһЩҲǿޣܶ˼ͥȫָôһϹǵķãǾǵ·
ϹҲûϾɱϾڳɶ˺ôҲӣҲٶǸ档
Ϲ⵱ʱĴ˲ٹЩҲȷʵҪһЩϹͽе˹ȥʱϹҪĽֻ׳ҲǧӣôϹ˵Ǿţһëˡ
ֻЩ˵ķӦȴٴĿɿڴˡ
ȥҲɣ
Ϲ˵󣬻ϹƢxng̫ºˣ˾Ȼű
ֵϹҲˣ˸ֻҸ룬һǺԭһֻǮ֡ʲôǶ۰Ǽĺá
زȻϹʱҲѵһĺƢҲЩ˸ĲС
ãǲ˵ҲǾʹǺˡ
ȥٶԸ⵽˺ʣµȫϹ˶ĴǰÿʮӣҲǷԣǴӦԸ⹤ȻϹԲߡ
;һЩ񫷸˵ģϹ⻹ֱӽӵ䶾ȥǺԼļˡ
󣬲һµʱЩȫȥˡ
ȻҲһЩΪϹȵģԲŲòȥȵ˹Щֱӷǽܡ
ûϵֻҪûܳĴУץϹһ򣬶ֻǽǹصС
ûһ˿⣬ҲԷվԴֻʮˮʳС
ÿ˶һԼСݡ
ץЩ˺󣬽ǹؽСݣҲҪʲôͷʱ䣬˾ȫܲסˡ񾭱ȽǿģҲƲʱ䡣
Щ˳󣬸ģǰЩûнȥ˸һΪʲô﷣
PSڵʱĴͺĹУȻҲ巣ģõȴСݡǶôѪôµսʿ˴ؽȥǽһξͲٽڶΣ˶ηС绢ɰҲԸ⵽Сһˡ
СݵĴڱҲǳ˷⣬ֹþ͵󷨱

ϹôʰЩȻǶԹޣв޲ʳϹ⡣ЩС߹һˣˡ
Ȼʱȵطڴ˹
Ϲ⿴ıʱҲ̾˿ɱ˵ȻǲȥģǶԱôҲûʸȥֹϾ֮ĶԹ꣬Ժĺָܹġ
ԺϹ⻹ǽֽϷ͵Ӫȥ
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Ĵô꣬˿˵ˣȻҪжģ˾õĶЩƽʱڳɶ˵ǵ˲ٵĺˡ
Ϲ⽫ǵڶǰ޴ʱ򣬿вٵİΧ۽кá
ϹΪʱҲвٰʧϹܺص¾һЩ˽һϴ
Ȼʧʧ˲ٵ˰գũ˰ĴնϹ⻹ǺܸжµģϱԹͨİҲûʲô
꣬ôˣڼʶǵ³ЩӪȴôԹˡƽrҲʵ࣬ڣҲ1914ʱȻٵȻªϰѸģ󲿷ֵȴѾͨ޶ˡ
ԶԶԸbijngˣϹ⻹Ǻаյġ
ڰ취һһѡ

չ˲ƸĽ飬Ǯģʱ򣬾󲿷ֶƾӵˣbijngȵص֮٣չҲܹε̫ģôǳܶ
ʽһǳԲӵģǮ豸ҲҪ㹻ļ˲ţЩйǷڶʮʱ׼
˵𣿡
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ڵ֪Ϣ󣬾ڵȻǷߺ޲ѡ
ǰ˵е˾ͷеͷվͶֱɱǶѡԾеˣЩǮƵĻʳǵʣµЩͨ˼ǿŷ
Ȼٵ˻ǹ֡ﲹʣߴ֡
ֻϹǵķãͶǵʲô
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Щڹûг棬һЩֻȰı·ǧĪҪ£󲿷ǽմһȻһЩȴָǣǵǸ½Ĺȥ
ʱˣҪ˵ǿ϶ģҪ˵ȫǴǵδء˵лôЩ˵ģǵĻЩ˺ܿǵ˼
á
鲻ֹĩʱʡóģڵҲʮóӦ˵ڵҪȾеıó顣
еҰľж½ֻԼҵһĶֵȥʵۣҲ¾ӵһ£ôѣ֪леôľͱضڵĽ÷ȥ
ȴȻ
һ㣬ԸԺҺʱԣ˵ķȻһûһ󣬵Ǻԣ¡Լû·͸ῴİٶˡֻ˵Ļֻһ㼸ϺĻһʮңͳݣҲ֪ûд
һûһٵrӣҲûֵ飬ÿrȻǡá
һֱԬλҺǿǩƺŵԸơƺԬֻкܶҲ֧λ400˵ķá
ԵʱĹƺѣҲеȡֵ˼ϾʱҶ֪Ԭ֮ؽбϷĲ˰֮ѹ͹ܲټϵʱһ̯ӣûƺĻλ400Ԭò͸˵ķˡ
Ҫ֪λ400ɲһ400ÿꡭ
ûõƺ֮ǰԬÿ뵽Ҫҵ400˵ķãԬԴá
˳һᣬݵʱĶһȣ400൱688öԪ㹻齨һŷޱ׼Ĳʦ˵ķã34000ֵѲҲˡ
ϹԸǧԪĻӢˮ30000ֵηսнҲˡ
Ҫ֪Ӣ˹򣬲1911꿪1915꿢ġηսнϽ׺սнҲֻ250ӢѣյʱĻʴԻһµĻ4000Ԫ
Ͻ׺սнı׼ˮȴﵽ28000֣ˮﵽ32300֡
ڶװϰװʽİķ˹-ά˹ֻȫ¯Ϊȼʽ37000ɺ4300֣ӵ4400/10ڣߺ22.75ڡ
䱸10MK.I356/45ھڣ˫װ516MX.XI152ڣ276ں4533׷shܡ
˵սнڵʱҲƵǼǿˣҺϽ׺ѹҲǰͰ͢սнҲǼΪ׵顣
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͢ߴάǼڰ˹˹ܴ̼˽ηսн͢ηڰηʱʼ죬˱Ƚӱˮ50֮ࡣ
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ĺϽ׺ſʱҲӱˮǰߣڿھҲǰ࣬ټϺҲҪߣսнȻҲҪѹͰ͢ҲΪʲôҪҶʥԵʡ
һ¶̵ʥսнתø˵ļ۸Ҳֻ272.5Ӣ
ͬλxngܱǿöսн1912꿪սнֻ189.16ӢǱ25820֣30380ֵηսн
189.16ӢĻԪ3000Ԫ
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УȻѫˡ
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ʵǾѡϴҲЩ˰һЩڴսʱҲԼ鷳
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ڲɡζǣϹ⵽ǲǣʵҲϾȫڶûйĵˣϹȴҪʦСʮ˵ɽڣ˵ǲǣǵ¹ԼҲֹΪ£¹ʹѾϹüˡ
Ȼô룬ʵϹԼҲеǣǾǡ
һ¼ûзأǷˣŷսȴûԼôͽĲڳֺã
ֻвޣϼϹҲϣڴսʱԼȴǺ޷ԡ
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Ҫ֪ʱѾΪѵãʱзȻ硭ɽ;ʮôȴһûУοɼһߡ
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Ȼһ֧źڴִӵִӣ赱ԼǺֱ
ԾѫϹʱϹ⵱һ绰ʦǰפȥǰֱӴ
ǲԸĻ
ͷ裬粻ͷ
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Եǰ˿ʦĲӣԼǰΧһźǰѫ뿪ĸѾǳǳʶࡱĽĹٱҪʶࡣûأǱߵͨٱѾæҵô̵ˡ
ȻϹ˿ԼλͳΪͣµʱе㲻ŵǰĹٱȴûϹ⣬ֻ֪ϵĴͳԬҲɽ
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˺ͺ˼伸ĶԹǲö˵Ͼõ飬Ϊã

ǱʱȻûŹˣǵɱĲʱ򣬸ȴĺҲûŹ

ͷϵıεģеıȴεġ
ǹڱνʱ˵һλλϹǼΪϿɵġ
ֶڹĻֻһεķΣйΪͳйٶĹϵεͬҲεġ
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ȻĻεıӻУεıʲôãϹҪľεıӡ
Ȼο϶ҪεѼⲢǲܰ쵽飬ΪναӣʵԱСֻҪԱУεıȻҲ֮ȥ
ΪϹѾ׼
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ȻŷսֻҪŷսóɹһġ
ġ
Ϲǵúϣһϣյԡ
ΰĽԱеһҩκ˶ֻջ쵼һ߳ԱܽһЩڸеԺĶǱǿüŵĽⲢҫǸһšǵĵ˺һҪʶЩǵȨ
ϹҲϿ仰ΰĽȷʵҪȿտڰ׻ŵĶࡣ
Ϲ⿴ܹԺеĲֻǺΰĽǿľӺӴľ
Ūֵսнһ֤ڶĨһ
ʵϣϾϹѾĴ촬͸ݴֵʦﱸƴͽֻĹͽֻ˶λ10000ҵѲ⣬Ƕλ20000µսѲ󽢣30000սн
Ҫ˵ϹøԶողһ1000ּ𽢺3000ּѲ󽢣ּѲּսѲ󽢺սнοĿǰֻһ1000ּ𽢸ոڸݴֿǸ3000ּѲ󽢸ǻͼֽϡ
ϹôΪϹġ
ȻĲڡʦϣЩʦϵġ
ĿǰϹ¹ʦһһǵ¹ˣһӢˡӶϹ⻨˴ǮͨкƸġ
ȻȻϹ⻨˴ǮҲЩ²С
ӣڸ촬綼֡
ӢԲ˵Ȼ촬ҵӢ㲻ʲôҲм۸ơڵ¹
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˳һᣬʦ൱нĹμӹͷǼսнƵʦнˮǷ޿
ݺλʦѾԹ൱ɵˡһȶĳxngĶӵĻ
ϡȱ˲ţ˵¹ǲеģѾˡϾͷǼսнֵ¹ʽսнxng൱˽⣬Ҫֳ֪սн1913ſʼģھһҶûˮ

ȵϹ⽫һǧӢĶټϴ˵еĺʱ˵ֻһѾ˵ĽʦˡϹѵ»ʵӸŪȺʱҶ취ȥŪ
ԱϹĺֻٵĿ촬ֻһ庣𽢵ͷŽ庣šڿСĻϹﵹǲѷκĺǿ
˵Ͱ
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ڵȻʲô˵飬ϾЩڻѾϹԪιıģйЩֲ˼ĸоɵȵŷսأǸʱϹҪѡվӵġ
վӺϹ⻹ûչ֮ǰ˵ɵȵս
ЩӻйɵڶЩӻǻصһȥġ
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ǾҪǿģӴսȻܺãսֶϾֻͣڸۿϡ30000ֵսнô͵ľɲ¡Ҫ˲ι۵ĻֻͣغĸۿڲС
Ȼܲȫ˶ܵۿȥι۰ɣοսнô͵Ľֻ׿Ƶʱ䣬ӿˮҲҪһʱСͷǼսнеİͷǺţ1914122r1915219rˮӿˮֻһһµʱ䡣
ȫ˶ܿüһ˿üĽʵʵġ
˵Ϻ۹ʲôġ

ҲᱻӺѫһҪҪǲòʵӡȻҲֻװģνϹѾǰʮֵˣѫҲչ˺üһҪĻϹаʲôǰŪ
ĵʦҲϵϺɽھʦӡɽʦ⣬ֱҲפʦפϾʦ
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ҶԸʡ²ӵ๤ҲڽеУ˵ЩĲϹ⿴ʵĿԡô˵ҲļһȺ±ѵҪļ򵥡
ڸʡаϹһߴǵ£žȨһ߶еľӽࡣ
ĿǰΪֹĹֻǳչݳ˸µķ⣬޳ϸʿ򲿶ӣȻ󽫾еĲӻʦһʦֱӽһʦѹһá
һڲóϸĹٱȻ࣬Щµľսǿ˲٣ټĴṩװ
Ĵṩװʮԭӵʧ⣬ȵĶǹȥıϾʻսйǿģ£µװγսʱҲҪһ㲿ӿࡣ
ʵϣڶԹսǰϹѾ˲ٱװͶϵıЩjngĳƺţɭ40mmȻڵװֻ˺ʱѧʹá75mm105mm120mmĻڣҲҪȵĹϲ١
ڻͣıѾʦ˻װȻսʧıԱҲɹ絳ˡ
ЩȥıڵĹѵڹµĻЩȥıָܻʵһøȥһս
ֻϹ⻹æҴµʱ򣬾ЩҲû˸ϹЩ鷳ȻʱϹѾǸˡ
ھһʱĴ󣬾ڵѾ˾һںҲ51rͶڵʱڹϹͳǰá
˵Ԥƣ51rõٻˣų˾ڵóġ
˵ʾŪõĻǻӵģ
˿ԤƳЦͣʱϹȴ˼Сʱõ鱨
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˵ǲ٣Ҳ֪ЩӦô˵ĵڶʮ´ᵯƤӵ
ڽʦıɽںϹ⻹ڱõеҲɽȻôĶù¹˺rˣϾҲϹӺӣ280mmڶŶ
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Ҫ֪ڵŷȻսܲȴȻȱһսý顣ϾӢ͵¹ѾΪⳡıŷޣֵս׼˼ʮʱ䣬ôõŬΪһëƤС£ĳ˵ݵ¹˵Ԥƣսᱬ1920ǰΪǸʱ¹ĺʵӢƽ
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ЩrҪൺҪĻҪ˵Ĵۡ
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ʦȫӵĻֻǽӽʮȴʮҮ?߶˵ûеĹÿ춼ǳԵñ˯úá

Ϲ⽫280mmھҲ˵ɽʱҮ?߶ȴߴޣҪϽ塰й˵ͼ
Ϊ280mmһɽģѾ12ŵ240mmڡ
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ҵЩйˣֻǵЩڻ۹ʿˡ
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ô˵ô˵ȻС
Ϲô˵Ļ޵ϹͱɽǶൺҪͼı졪ǿ϶ġ
ôʱϹѾɣȻЩǿ
뿴
˵Ϲ⽫һݵͼ޵ǰ
Щɻ󣬲ǽӹ˵ͼ
Ϲ⽻޵ĵͼδߴķֲͼ
ȻֻǴԵķֲͼ
ߴ鲢ܣڻûйٹһʱҲʽڹߴϸֲ־ķֲǻˣϹ⹩޵ľǴ԰ģֻиʡ־ķֲ
Ϲ⽻ԼĵͼҲ˵ͷ
ݵͼǸϹͱɽľٶṩһɣȻǺܳ֡
˵Ϲͱɽ빥ൺĻ޵ɡ
ֻǡ
Ϲƽı飬ܾʲôԼĵط
޲һ˵˽˹ϵеƹȥԬһ޲ƻֹϵֹǸϽʦĹԱ󱻰ֺͺʱһйѳʲô޿Ǽǵ
˵ڹȥϹڵ¹˺͹нֻһйľ㣬ֻǸֺӵĻһǧӢĶϹκε¹ʱҵϱ
ҪϹԸ򣬲ӢĶֻΪ˰޸Ļ°ֵȺһﶼϹ
޻ΪЩʱ̾ʱͳͻȻһ
ţ
һ޶Щɻ
ҲͳĹֻǳҪ֪һոհѵƵĹңͳͺͻʵһͳҲͻʹࡣйסô꣬޶й˻Ǻ˽ġ
ԡ
ͳһôʲô𣿡
ôţ޿Ϲ⡣
ǣ
޲Ϲȴ
ˡ

51rͶڣǾԼáárӡ
rһѾۼˡЩһߺſںţһ߳ŹӿȥҪϹͳȥá
ȻʲôҲƾ˽ȥңЩá˻ûڵʱ򣬾ѾڴפbijngĽʦסˡ
ŽʦƽŵǹڣЩáȻһȴûһ˸ǰ
˵ʵڵģáһǻǸҵģǳǹڳ¡ȥõʱ򣬲Щô֣񸮵ҲҶ֣ǹǾ͸ˣЩˡ
һȺ²ļһ
ȺȻôǲǰ壬ڡá˵еڹҲֱҧ
ڽЩ˷ڹֻһԿ֡ƣǲȥƲĻ½Щ˾ֻڴںˡ
뵽һסԼһߴĶΧ˺
ϵĲҪ˻ϵĹҪǵķãﺰûõģҶ尡
˵һҪĶ
ߵģһЩͬףڿϴôˣȻһģѧ
ЩҲķԸ
ڣôЩˣЩǲᳯǿǹġ
忪ЩǵȥǸϵ˵ȥ
ֳˣ˵ڹǵʹӲҲİٵӡ
İˣֻһôУЩ˻޶ԣİһôǵ΢ڱˡ
尡
Ҳ֪ĸ˷һźڳһѷĳŶ˵ԵʮСӿȥ;Щ·ϣҲЩ˸˸jng⡣
ۿô˾ҪԽ·ϳˣ·ϺһҲһͷ亹
Ϊ٣Ҳμӹٴεսս۸һû£Ȼôӿ֪Ϊʲôȴĵĸо
ԼԸĳŽӳȥѾڹҲһЦҪЩӵ˾δµĳ棿
Ǻ޷Ӧǳ˵ֱӿǹѹѪ
ǰߣ絳ϹԻܴߣѾrʹֻҪѪɣrʹͻǿʹһϹʩѹ
ʱ帴ٿ϶ǲܵģϹŪôȴǾûġ
ֻҪ뵽Щܻܿõĺôͻȡ
ֻźôʱ򣬸ոǸð亹Ľȴǻһ֡
ΪǹʱڽٺͻȻӿʿЩʿϻֵֹĶȻϵЩȣԼϴģһĶȻҪһЩ
֪Щõľʲôڳڳ˸ֻ֪ЩеĹŹֶshʱһshһЩڹ¡ĶȺʱһЩмʶȴŵ
񵯣
ǻôУʵЩڹ¡Ķʵ̫ˡȻĽʵǵǺ񵯸һЩЩҲмʶˣ֪ѾǺ˲ˣ񵯵Ļм֪
񵯵ʱںҲsס
εҲô֣ҲǿǹѹˣôҲû뵽ϹȻôݣݵ񵯶ӳˡ
ȻһӻûϵйϵǡľȻһ񵯳ɹˡ
ۼһڹ¡ĶɵԼĽűߣǾһ϶죬Ϊ˵е֪֪񵯵Ρ
ֻŵԵڵصʱǸڹ¡Ķڵʱɢȴǻ͵ƬһƬٺs
֣ѵװǶ
ȻôʱͻȻúԼ۾ͱǻˮһԼͱ鲻ס
ֻ¼е˶ָоʹyĸо
ᵯ
ϹĴƵֻܿϧǣȻں̣ܶھԲͶģʱ򣬶Ա͹񵳵սȴʹˡ˳һᣬĲԵǺܿˣⶫȼյһ̫̣ǾԲܶйõģܳʵľֻr˺ŷˡ
ƴᵯΪӦսս
Ͼоʿսʵ̫Ӧ40mmתʽ񵯷shҲܷshᵯĻͿԽսĵоôᵯƳˡ
Ȼ˺Ҳó˵ʲôģͺһ

ЩոջڵˣһĶ񷢷һҺҴܣ·ϺĽٱҲһ
ڸսЩʱֻǱ֪ЩԲ޷½Ӵʲô
niniġЩŵˣһʦľٳط˿ĭЩһôģҲ̫yn˰ɣ
ʹ˵Ѿ˵ĺЩֻܺʱɥʧѣȻĻ²ٽٱѾĴᵯӵԶԶˡ
ֻȻЩѾɥʧѾɥʧ˷ʦĹٱȴûоôŹǣΪǰӦⳡ¼Ѿ´ˡ
ڽᵯshһͨһŵĽٱҲǹ֧վ˳
Ԥ
ȵĹٱǹ׼ЩͷӬ˺ȵһУٲŴһ
𣡡
һŵǹǹ֮Ļǹʹǹзɳӵ
Щӵں»ˣЩ˴ġ໽С
Ƥӵ
˵ᵯΪսзĻƤӵʹΪ˷зġΪ򵥣ʱҲû˻˵ʲôԡ
ƤӵǺܺõģܰ˴ĺֻۣҪʹСģͲԱ
ȻҲ鷳ĵط˵ǹЩѾᵯģߵ˻ΪЩѾǹɱأһĶԼ϶˵ķӴܶȥ
ôȥĻ˵һþǴģĲ̤¼¼ںﾭһСľǼʮϰ˵
ֳЩѾᵯä˵⣬ʦڡȻǲάģ
jngúʰһЩ˵ġ
ᵯä˺Щ˱ʹڻҵ״̬Уʱһǹ죬Щ۾ȻΪǹ˴ɱ䣬ʱǧŷߵĽٱӿȺͺȺһ㡭
˫谡
߽ʦĹٱjngˣǱһʦĹٱͽЩ˵̧ȥóʲô¼
˰СʱЩáȫʦjngˡáûһ˵ĵǲ٣ҾǱʦ˸ˡ
־ܿ˻㱨ͳڵȴϢϹޣϹȻ΢ЦȻ˺ȴĿɿڴ
ֻϹ⻹롣
־ûһˣǵʱʲôⷢӡʱ
ϹȴͻȻվϹǰһĵ
ϣ
ӣϹҲǲĵ
ʲô£
ֻϹΪҪԴʱȴڵ
ѴᵯƤӵŷ޵ĶȨҰɡ
Ǵչʱھˡ塱յŷ޸ᷢչ¼ȻֻǰչҲˣڰչͬʱЩչĹ˻ἯᷢУеʱһƲס
޿ƤӵʹᵯһֻʱĲƷڶʮº
ᵯƤӵjngϣóȺĽʦ硰Ⱥֻ˰Сʱʱͽȫɢֻһذ衭
Ȼ£ʦ˵һ㶼ھΣϾ⻹ǸȨʿߣǸǿjinҲҪһǿjinȨ
Ҫʿͨڴɱ䣿ǻԥһ£ֻǶȺʩĻ
Ǻǡ
οʩĶˣȻϹĴϵҪʡݺгⲢڹȥĹڵĹоûе˵ˡ
ѹЩ˵ʱ򣬽ʦ˵в֡
ȻֺҪʰһ̯ӵģοϹ⻹á˵гκһɿܵ⡭
ڶֺ󣬽ʦһЭĲʦһƺ󡣺Ϊֵ鱨ϹѾ˼ҰսҽԺڹ˽˵˶͵ҽԺʱȻ˶Ϲۣȴûһ˶xng
ĻĺҲˡ
bijngĸۡڣbijngķڿѾûл˵ĸۡͻȻһҵʱĻô
ȻԹ͢󳼣Ҳ˵£ŵûԾԼլۡΧȻ˸ҵҺֱӾüëһԵŮ
ȥ˭Сеġ
ȻڵһѾûʲôȨˣŮǶ˺Ǿηæ
ǡ
ֻûŮ뿪ãͼŵ˻
ŮӣҲһ˵Ů峯ûʱѾߣҲˣĽӴҲ֪ԼŮһxngȵˣȻôšѲǳʲô£
ŵûв´
»صԺǸŮʮֻŵĵ
ˣˣүˣ
ȻҲµ϶ǳˣŮĻˡ
үˣ
үȻָľˣʲôõģͨӦǻز㲻
ﰵֵʱŮҲӦԼĿæµ
ү˶ǻ˵ı˸̧ģ
ûӦȵӦ󣬾Ҳ
ôܣүôء
˵ŵһܳԺ䣬ǸŮҲæ˳
ʱźǸŮլۡĴãڴڡͼ֪ڵϣʮȽõˣҲ׵Ŀһߡ
˵˾ʮŪġ
֪ڵʱẕ̇˵ϣڽŮæס
ȵߵԷֻǻȥûxngΣպæЩ˵
үôģ˵
ôʣȻʮ˶۵һվ˳
ˣġ
˵Ǹ˽ľŽһ飬ȵҪβʱĸۡȴͻȻһ
Ź˰Ӻһ˲Ŵŵܽ
ˣˣһȺˡ
˵Ļո£ͻȻءһһӴźsƷͻȻӿĸۡ
ôһȺźsƷļһﴳԼļУæ
ʲôˣѵ֪ôլǷ𣡡
ȻŵĻΪ׵һȴֻͳԼ֤
Ǿֵģɷ¶?ûɡ˵ź˿ڵϻȥһۡɷѹɣξǴǻȥġ
˵źҲӦֱһ֣Щ˾Ѿլۡڵȫˡ
ڶֵĹ˵ȻҲֻЩǲsôܷĹ֣
ԽֻʮϢʱ䣬ֵ˾Ѿȫˡ
Ⱥ˶ֵʱЩĶˡáǰڹļҲ඼ֵ˸˹ˡ˵ǲǰȨ󣬼ûһܵģǵˣһЩrйϵǰڹҲָ¡
ȻµͬʱҲ֤ȷģЩ֤ݣЩȽʶṩģв˵лм
ֻܵլۡȥץ˵ȻΪϹΪϹᣬ˵еΣշӸһ¡
Ե˵ĸɵͶϹʱϹͽǵİڻ㹻֤ݺ֡
Ҫ˵ǣˡáʱϹѾѼЩĶˡáǰڹƬҽЩƬ˽ʦٱСá鷢ʱʦٱ²˵ÿһţôҲһһƬ
ڷƬͬʱϹҲ´
ֻҪƬˣ͸򡭡
ΪʲôᱻĻȥԭΪʱΧΧһٶˡЩˣԼӱ˸ΧסˣЩūŵȻҪȥӣҲ˲¡
ÿĸҰĻǸͻزۡ

ھֵbijngڴѲЩr˶ЩϵڹʱϹҲںšᵯ͡Ƥӵר⡣
Դŷ޽빤ҵʱ󣬹˰չļʴӣһĳΪֹֺ󣬾͸Ǿ
ʱʱȺȨƵ˼ʱЩϵʱҡ£Ȼ԰չĹ˺͡˵ӡ
Եչʱzhngf߼Ȱ˵Ȱ˵Ȱ˵Ļֱѹ
ֻĹϾֳͬعĹ˼ǱĹѹĻҲֻjngôǹʵ
ŷأûĸҸôġëӳ⡭
ֻjngĻϾ̫ûˣʱϹеġᵯ͡ƤӵļͺܿɹˡΪ߶ܶĿɺܴʹ࣬ͬʱĿЧĿxngҲ൱С
˵ֶƽչ
޺ĻzhngfɹЩʱҲ˽˵ķʽвɹ
ԡ
ϣ۰ɡ
Ȼǵ¹Ĺʹʱÿһŷ˵ԺŶҲһôͼķʱ֮Ȼȼա
޵ĻϹԼҲһƬΪѡ
Ͼڷᵯ͡ƤӵʱϹⲢûóǰߵľ;Բ˵רԸ˰չġϾҪǿĻͲò߹ҵ·ҵ
ʱ˵޷õϵġ
˼һϹ⻹Ǿרŷ޵ȨޣϾ޵˽˹ϵǲڹϻǵ޵ʱ򣬱ϾҪǳʲô¹Ƴ˼콫ൺҪϹͲòֱrˡ
СʱϹ޾ʹ˳Э顣
Эݣᵯ͡Ƥӵŷ޵ȨޣҪģһֽ⣬оǽ۳ɡ
ȻϹṩ޵ŷ޵ȨҲֻŷ޵ȨڰޡȨϹǽļҡ˵Ȩ˱׼ʯͺȨͽϹϻƱ׼ʯ͡
ϹϻƱ׼ʯͣȻҪľӪĿʯͣʵҲвٵĿһЩҵĿռ˲СķݶԵϹǩЭ顣ݷͱ׼ʯ͵Ϻ󣬺ܿϹͺͱ׼ʯǩЭ顣
ǸǿĹңĳϽ
ʱǿЩͬһǿֻһҵǿҲΪʲôʱ򻹲ս¹ԭû۹ҵĻҪǿڵ¹涼ۺһµĻҪڵ¹٣Ҫ֪ĹҵҪĻҲҪҪʱеġ
ΪܶϵЭʵǩЭ࣬޺ͱ׼ʯ͵Э⣬аĴǺġ
ȻطҲЩعϡ˼Դϻڹҵ϶ͬϡȱԡᵯ͡ƤӵҪȥĻٶǼѵ顣
ǮĻû˻Ǯ࣬ĴǺķݶȻһЩ㣬ÿҲиӢ

ںϹǩЭȻĻص˹ʹȥ顪ǩЭ棬Ѿ㹻ά޵ˡ
ȻΪ˵־۹棬ܶ޻Ҫһµģ˵飬ôˡá͵־۹ʲôϵ
Ե뿪ʱ򣬸ЩҽԺˡ
޲⣬ȴҲ⣬˵rˡ
ЩáҲˣȻЩáϹ˲ٵ죬ĽЩʵr˲û̫ĹϵϾrԴڷḻҲܶЩͨ˵ϡ
ˡ
r˶޵񣬶ҲŽr˵и٣ڽӴʱֱһļϣҲ˫ôһ㡰ꡱ
ȻЩrйϵˣȫϹľָץˣrľֺͬʱҲϹп飬Ϲ޹ץˡ
Щ鶼ֱӽеģrʹֱӵϹнġ
Ͼ޵ȷʵr˵ΧһҲǸĬϵģټϹץЩ˺ɽûжٵĹϵrҲҪ鱩¶¹˵ע⡣
ϹԴҲ׼
˵֤ˡ
rʹϹǰʾʱϹ⽫˵֤ȫ˳
Ȼֻ˵֤ʣв˵֤ʣЩڡáǰͶϹṩġ
Щṩ֤ݣrѾĳ̶ֳȵĹᣬֻ˷٣r˾ͻṩĳ̶ֳϵ֧֣Ȼ֧Ҳ޼۵ģҲҪöġ
˵
ĳЩ桭
ԣʹΪʲôҪץ˰ɡ
ڽЩ֤ȫӵrʹǰϹⱧ˫Ц
֪Щ֤ݣ֤ܲǵѹ
˵ȷʵǰzhngfĹԱڱϾֻûκְλƽͷգԽһϵȨø˻֧֣ĸңѹġ
Щ֤ݣrʹҲƿԡ
˵ףr˶ԶôʣϾйй˵ءЩص˲ĳ塢ĳվܾģϾһʼƬϵģֻǡ
ԶϹľٶrҲ޻˵ģϾϹֻԼҵͽ
ȻЩҪ
ҪǣŷսûбӢ˺͵¹˵עҲޣr˻޷Ӣ˺͵¹˵Ƥӵ£ľٵڶʮº
˵Ĵжһάʱ䣬ʱкrйϵ˶ץ˸һɶ
ЩrûʲôϵֻΪˡáˣϹʾ£ֵ˵ץ˲٣ڶjngֵη
˵ġá¼ֵĺܴ󣬱Ͼ˶ڹڣǹѽѽʲôҲˡbijngôһܴ󣬵ʵϢܿĵطˡµܿʹˡ
ʹҲ֪ܿ飬ϾҲϹӡ
ο
Ϲ⻹ץôˣģ˵ʮеλ֡Ҫ֪Ŵǿļ֤ǩģϹôôˡ

ڸʹܵҪʵôµʱ򣬿űϹǰĹʺ֤ݣЩӶ˵ˡ
˵ףΪǿйķˣҪΪԼĹҿǵġ
Ϲ⽻ǵ˵ĹʣоôѼ֤ݣһڱΪ˻ȡr˵֧֣ڱ˲ٵĶȡrǵĸ˶֧֡
Щȴǿڻ桭
ԵܵϹĹʹǿϹг֤ݺ󣬼ȫԹԵı͡
ȻǱ͵ͬʱڳĵ¹ʹҲʹչʾ³ɾ͡
Ϲǩµᵯ͡Ƥӵ
ͨҡһ⣬ȻķָʱĹҵҡ
ҪΪңҪһǱҪǿĹҵʵһͺԴ෢ҲͬΪʱкܷḻԴĻôΧǿԲŹ㡣
ʱνԴҼʹΪǿֳأҲúīһȻġǺsʯͣܿϧЩʯȴīˣʯ͹˾ġ
ҵǺܲˣӵǿʵҲṩ㹻ĹλǣǧҪ̯ϰչʲôġ
Ȼ˹ҵ⣬һֹҲᾭ̯⵵飬ǾǹңЩѾ֧ŲסҪĹҡ
Ӣ¡ȹȻڹҵң˹۹Ͱٵ۹ȴڹأҪ˵һ֡
ȻҲġ
ԣʹʱܿΡȻϹ棬ͳ칫ǿ⽻ٿʼ⡣
۵ͬʱǵĿ鵽ϹʱҲڰš
˵ϵͳһλķңþӵʱ¹һһ׳٣һ˹ԡĳƺšôţ˿ԵöЩޡôûŪأȻ˵¹˵
ǵsϵĵsø

ȻϹʱǶٶЩʦζڼʶϹṩ֤ݺҲͲ֮ˣϾǵҪְάǿڻ棬άr˺˵档
˺r˵ĺı˺ǿ档
ǿҲֻܵûз
Ͼô˵rЭԼĳԱôһʱ̣Ӣȹ޷ΪЩr˵ġڵ¹ˣȻڻӢ˶ʲôû˵¹ȻСϺӢΪѣϾЩ˵Ӧr˵Ҳ޵ȵصһЩȨ桰ѡ
ŪһкǾͽȫעˡᵯ͡Ƥӵϡ
Ϲǰһ¡ᵯ͡Ƥӵûþͽ뿪Ϲͳ׼¹˵Ĺʹȥúһߵ⡣
Ϲ⣬Щ˶뿪ǼԼĹ

ҫṩϣϹЩա
һԿϹյӣȴЦȰο
ͳҪģԸ𣬾Բġ
ĻϹͷ
ҵǵ
ҫϹȷʵôģΪΪ˰ɹϹ⻹ɵߣЭнҫ䱾˵ҲᣬԽϹ⻹Ǻġ
νЭҫȫʡӽ࣬Ϲ⻹Ǻܷĵġ
Ϲеͷ۵Ĳҫͽﱾִٶȡ
ȫй60ʦйͱĲಿռ˶ʮʣµʮݶǸʡӵСЩǽµľɼʦѹһʦֱӲü˼֧ӣȻһ²ӵװ
ȻҲÿôҲвپִĹ̵УҲ˸ԵĲӡ
ȻھһʱĻʱںЩҲǹӵҪxng
Ϲ⵽һ㶼ģһҪһȥģںܶ鶼ֻǸոտʼҪֱһλǲܵġҲҪһ㣬ǾǲϹеġ
û
ȻϹⲻһе⣬ؼĲȴûֻ֣ҪϹһЩλƫԶϹʱκβɢҲûϵ
ֻҪû˲֧֣Щ˸ôľӡ
Ϲ⣿ϹҪģֻЩڹеĲӣıĿĲӣͲϹĿǵС
ȻЩҲܻ˽Խ룬
ϹĹҲǰģôĻϹɱӺ
µĲӣ˵ʵڵģϹ⻹ûֵµЩں֮ڷ
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ĿǰΪֹĳѾ꣬ʩҲѾڣҪһ¯ֵĻ¾Ҫȵһսʼˡ

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ں76mmں127mmڣڰװھȫԳƽʹãԸɻͧ·Ŀꡣ
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ڶѵչˣͬʱҲǱйķЭԼļҲûнЭݸ֪й
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ǾôһһջֳصĽ죬Իʷᡣ
˵ʵڵģɶԱʷҲôһȤģŻʱͽһȥൺҪһʷϾԻأһոֳصģǽɡ
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ʵϲ㵱Уһʿô⣬ʣµĶҶû̫ҳϣλϾܿó
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һջֳصԸκˣܸѫǰȻĻ˵ЩǰƻǣʷһأӾʹˣ
ѫʵͽһʣҲûѡѫ

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˵ڶrʱѫļʦٲӣĹֻЯȴͲԼɵjngһ𣬳Żǰൺ
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ڻϣôԲʵ
˵ݵ籨˵ģ¹˻ὫͬൺҪһóΪںܾǰѾǩһЭ顣
˵ģûۼĸЭĽǺ¹˻ὫൺҪó
ʵֻǽô룬ԼҲеֹ
Ҫǵ¹˷Ļ
ͳ˼¹ĲϳǷЭĻǾֱӶ֡
˵Ųɿ𳵵ĳ棬棬һƬũأũȴʮ泯ũæµš
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ô˵һ൱˳ĵִൺҪ;ҲûҪը𳵵r
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ҲǳʱЩӿҪĹʿҪҪȫԼС
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뽫ЩҵתɾȴҪʱ䣬ûǲ̫ܵģټ֧ѾϵĴ׽ӡ
Եǿλãĺ۳ϾһʱڵķʮôûáȻҲΪһ̵Ĺϵ
1913ǿֲָǧһٰʮ򣬵¹һǧ˰پʮӢ߰ʮ򣬷İʮ򣬶İʮrֻʮ˵ͷ硣
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˵ЩԱûʲôȨȨzhngfУҲ֪Щ񵳵˻ôҲΪϹ⵱Ϊ

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Ȼ˵ǻ˵Լֱġ
ź󣬿Ǻܳ壬˵൱ƽȣͺʲô鶼ûзһ
Ϲİ칫һᣬƷһϹĲ仹ǵԼ⡣
ܼ򵥣ǾѯϹͼͬʱҪϹ⽫ЩѾĵ¹ٱӢ˺r˹Ͻ
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ʱ¹zhngfйǩһơ׶ԼĶйİȫôrzhngfûأӦ˵rzhngfǾԲصģôǸʱӢzhngfɾȫˡ

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ϹĽЩ¹˶ȥrҲһֵģϹ൱ġ
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ڸǧ롢ޡǧȣһЩ23000ֵĶѲ󽢣ʹˣЩrֻڴ˵ȽľҲԺйǿĺ߽ͺݡȽƥС
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ʹˣͳڵľԱ鱨ʱҲһs൱ѿ
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10սнսѲϵ鱨ޱĵϣĻǽһɱxng񡣡
˵ʵΪĿǰйʵֻҪСĵףrֻҪһҺڼսнѾ㹻Ըй

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ս½ϣ˵ɳ10սнɳ20Σ˵Ϲ⿴ϺϹ⻹൱𾴵ģº͵ĵģҲ֪ڵĺr˵Ķ֣ս۲Ҫ档
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㣬ҲŲɣԴϹȻʧҲοѾһ˵rǱҲʲô뵽ԼÿվԸr֧ӣУҲΥɵϼһǡ

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˴ɸո˺ĵ籨Ǽɺͼٶӵʧ棬ʧϳͷοϮʧġšҡšʯšĦšơź͡ǧ롱Լһ𽢱⣬˵ڶοϮ󣬵οϮʱ⵽ʧ
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ڶοϮĽȻ⣬ô˵Ҳrһսнҳûսнȣվںϵļֱֵһᡣ
ڷȼϺ͵ҩ󣬹վĺըٴη˸ոշϮƬ
ںըӷʱָԶӵļҲһǾǽԶӷֳ֣һڿϮбã˵ԱȽõĽͧһܴѾ޷ȵġ
ҲΣΪըȺٶ̫죬ʣĽͧڼһжĻֻӶԨС
ʱ򵽲ӷֿȻܴ֧ȥնһһ֧ĻҲܴһЩ
ɵḷ̌ܲȴΨһͬʱҲĽ취
ԵըȺϵʱֻں򸽽ܴжӣĲ˳۵ķӴš
ʧ˼ɵټԱǵջԲ˵
Ѳ˼Ȧһ󣬺ըȺֻܽԼŭйڣǣrĲརϡ
ǲúں󳼰˴Ƿݵ籨ϣտʼ⣬¼֡
սѲ󽢡֡װѲ󽢡𡱺ššޡŵҶѲ󽢣Լһ𽢱ӡ
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ǻ˴ɣǴģ½󳼌ֵ֮ļ춼ϲ£죬ڡ
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Ű˴Щӣ֮̾˿
½ͺìٴҲε¼Ӱж
ЩװѲ󽢡Ѳ󽢺ҲˣսнսѲѾr֮һˡǱġսѲǿӢҲΪ֮Ŀ
һδȻͱ֧˵ġߡˣҪ˵˴ˣ֮½ҲҪѪĸо
ں󳼰˴ɻ﷢ʱһԵĴȴ
ˣ˴ڱǰҪעǱ
Ȼ˶֪ʷļʾжС˴ŵĻ󣬰˴ɻǹԹԵı͡
Ͼô˵ʶЧҵĶ󡪡Щϵǳ⡣
ȵ˴ɻָƽ󣬴Ųs
ѾΪ˻ȡ¹ɽȫȨ׼Ȼйȴ˳ϵ벻ʧ
˵Ŵſһ۰˴ɣ½˵
ֻʱİ˴ɻûƽûа취ֻú
پ˵һ°ɡ
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˵վ
Ǻͺṩ鱨ϮԶӵ֧ǸոճĿվӣĿǰ֧³Ĳӻû̫ϸ鱨ǵ鱨ɽӦþ֧ӵȫˡ
ǡ
i󳼣ͬʱҲԿǲ󳼵Yɿʵ
Ҳ޹ôʣҪ֪rǸծڲ൱ţһҴսļ۸ǧrԪŸտս죬Ѿʧ֮һҪôȥĻiҲͲҪٵȥˡ
YɵĻЦŵ
²Ҫôģҳ֧˵ĿվȷʵǵʧҲȷܴ󣬵´εĻ֧õսһѵˡ
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Yɵд˲š
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ݼн鱨ڵһ⵽ϮͬʱҲʧصһΡʱԶͣΪûϵ֧ǾֹᷢԶӻǰϵԶ޷ΪԵһ⵽ϮʱԶӲŻܾ޴ʧ
ڶϮʱнԶлܻĽͧʻ뺣壬Ժ󽢶Ȼ֧ǿվ׷ϣڽ˼򵥵Ļܺ󡭡˵һ¡ڹʱеĹܶ
ȻĶУrǸǸӺĵĸλܿ˼
ڿ˶Լ˼
˼򵥵Ĺܶ󣬽⵽Ϯʱеļʴ󽵵ͣϮУȻвս𣬵ûֻһڵһϮоѾ˵ġĦţݼн鱨ʱĦ⵽ʮ֧ǷɻΧڱö׺ըѾԽԽġĦսнų˺ס
ĵϮΪʱ֧ǿվĿǸ𵣵նĽֻûзıҪ
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鱨еĳ֧ǿվķɻȻԵ۹ӵкܴвʼͣһϮʱĽͧͣͲģȻĻֻҪеĿxngͻ󽵵͡ҳ֧ǿվͶ⣬Ͷըֻʹͧɥʧս޷ͽͧ
ô˵֧ǿվвܵඣ
ǡǡ෴
ȻܵȷܽͽֻеĿܣرʧĵҲס۹֧ǲ֧ͬ˵ը׶۵ģ˷ѶٶҪֻҪһöܹоͿԡǶԵ۹ԣǱһöԵ۹Ժʱ޷ֲʧ
¹ٽ飬ӦԵķʽ֮ǰԶӿ֧غļʣ⵽֧ǿվϮܽʧ
˴⣬ļ΢΢ĵ˵ͷ
Ժ󣬴ȴڵ
پ۹Ҳʼ齨վĻҪòӵйվһս䣬ŵк˸˼¡
覲褣ȻڵĿվȷȱ㣬ŵҲ޷ڸǵģվװͺը
Ȼ˴ŵĻҲһЩ˲ΪȻЩ˼Ǵ󽢾Ƴߡ÷ɻ˵ǺĸȡսнںеλãҲҪ20ʱпܡ
ڴʵǰڸܿ
ӦԹվİ취ǰԶǱҪɽغ
£ҪɽĹȻֻ½ˡ
˻λǵĿ⣬֮ظ֤ûкЭ½Ҳdl֧Ǿӡ
ֻ˺Ϸڴ˵ϻһynӰ
ǴˣǿʼΪɽ뵺β⳼һЩԮȥɽԶٴ⵽Ұܡ
ֺͻ½ûʲô뷨ȴČ֮Ȼܾˡ
·ģɽβһΪr۹ȡµҫġ

ڶڼԶӵʧʱӢǿҲΪվȡõսе𾪡
r۹Ĳʹʧܣ
ʱֹʱս᣿
Ӣȹıֽϻȡı⣬ʵrԶʧ̫ء
սнսѲΪٵѲ󽢺𽢡
ǰǰȫӵĻrʧ֮һЩҪ޵Ľֻˡ
սƫƫǹȥûӹĿվġ
巢һж󣬺ܿҷӵҪ巢õġվʲôġ
.÷ĺըԴ⣬ҲзȹеĻӢ͵¹
ǰǵĺϰҪսĵڶǿ
ߣ֪վİء
ǵ¹Ȼ¹ĹӺųڶҲȷڶʵÿ˶֪ӲĻӾӢʼҺĶ֡ԣ¹˱ٽݾ
ݾǸո崴漣Ŀվ

ǿȣõսֻǸеܡ
ˣѾжйûܹսʤˣ
ڹȥÿսĽֻǲҰܣȻǸмεǺһ㣬ҲǲܶܡȻֻǶӣô˼ҶҲǿ֮һսϸ趫شȷһùܵ顣
ټzhngf󣬲ٹѾʼãйԤס
ԵbijngϾϺȳеĽͷϣֹЩѪѧһЩͨҲףɽõʤϹڹڵҲΪεʤ˶塣
ͳҪҪݵ籨һ²ܲıǧҪΪʤС
ڲμ˹¥սµѯʺһ½Ľ콨
ص칫ҵϹĻȴҡҡͷ
İɣҲ˵µĻǾΪ¶еġ
ԲɣϹ⻹ǺĵġϾ£緶Ҳôˣɾбµһ
ʵΪûоӹҽ飬µĲ״ϱʷϵǿ˲ֹʮҲϹԭ֮һ
˵ʵڵģȻϹԿվ˺ܸߵǵ촨ĵ籨ʱҲһ㶡ϾվȡõսѾþˡ
ʮ.÷ĺըܻشôҪ֪Щճһң۶Ҫһ.÷ĺըȫܺ͡
ϹҲܻսǶôżȻ
ǵʱ峿rûϵ⵽ϮrԼľ϶װһЩװ¹վ˴ս
ڿϮĹУϮȫûҲǼܵ顣
Ͼʱķɻʵ̫ˣڽֶҲ൱ļ򵥣ֻͨĹ濪˹ǹҲܶЩɻ㹻в
˵ֻǿվĻӢע⵽ǣǵĻվǲ˵㡣ŷսȻЭԼͬ˹ļңϸһĻҲܻ;ƿݵľ桭ȻҪһ½ս֤ǵʵ
ôţϹ⿴Զ
ɽڴһʦĲӵִ󣬲ҲʼĲ
bijngĳЩ˵ĵ⣬Щûڲɵֹ
ûڵ֪巢󣬲ҲܳԾվӵڵĹûrʸ񡣲rѧrս
ûڵװϹȷҪǿrڵϣrȴҪԶڹҺ͹ȥԵıͬӵиڹʵ£rܶʱֻúηݡ
ԲɱȻĻϹΣһӢҲһ
ΪվݵԵʣٹܡʱǾʧܣ𣿣
ʱ˾ڣɿʮ˸ŽǵĽ˲ɵĻЩҲһվش
ף
ܺá
Žôjng񣬲ĵͷ
Ժóһݵ籨Ȼ˵ǰ
ݾ̽õ鱨rûڻصȥڻһŵı˵ŲЦЦrһ嶪ĳӰ
ɵô˵˾ڵЩҲһЦ
˵ڿսǰȻ˶Ƚɣǻв൱ĳءϾô˵ڹrҪǿйǿһء
Ǻ˵
ں½ϵĲҲͲ˵ˣ˵롣
1911꣬ҲʱzhngfĲҲڶԪ
ΪȫһƬҾֵԵʣԽйĲһֱάԪ¡1913꣬ҲǴԪ꣬rzhngfȴ687,392,480rԪ
ۺԪĻڰǧԪ΢һھǧ򡣶1914ҲǴ꣬rzhngfĲﵽ721,975,484rԪҲǧԪ
ͬʱڵйȣڲrٶйԪ
һǡССrһǡ󡱵йߵĲ֮ʵ˺ղڶپʮ
ʱ֮ǰϹһֱΪȻڸйҪrڲϻһƵġϾôйҪr̫ˡ
ͺϹڽ̿ѧһʷϵйҪǿrֻΪzhngf**ܣټϸޡ԰ӡעطչƼԲŻǿ衣
ȻϹʱҿʼעrʱŷֲֹǾ͹ҵ涼ѾԽй
ȻǶ֪rҪǿй࣬ϹһֱΪһսһս顣ŷսʱrɶ磬ֱɸծתΪծrڲϳԽйҲǸʱ顣
֮ǰrֻǷǳӽйˡ
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ʵǺܲпģͬũҵҺ͹ҵҵĲҲǺܴġ
ȻھйҪԶԶrģͺĴ֦һǲеģ㻹ҪܿĻûʲô
Ϲ񣬾ǽйũҵңתΪҵҡ
ͬʱıйе˰ƶȣڲڸͬʱzhngfĲ롣ϾֻzhngfǮܿչһЩʮֺķѽǮĿ
ʵϵĿǰΪֹЩѾЧ
ڵطzhngfʼԹԵĽ˰zhngyng˽Խ󣬸ݲԤƣĲ뽫ﵽڽӽԪˮƽʧҵĸٷչ׵ʱ򣬾ǳҲǲܵ顣

ҪҪĻɽս¡
820rr½нβ⳼ɽùʮʦź͵ʮʦ͹ؾʧܶЩ½ʿ
rִʱ׼ʱ
821r׼󣬵ʮʦϽµһȶڽķ߷͹
rƼͣȻĹװ˴ػǹrǶ͹һʱ䣬ڶһǧʬ壬һֱrֹͣ͹
ȻУû·磬ΪװػĹϵռһơrڽʱֳ׺ǸǰߵĹʿ˺ӡ
ͬʱڵһr͹󣬿صĽβ⳼ɽùҲеѪ
rԶһֻʦһţȫҲֻˡеһŻҪػڣú·˳ءβ⳼ɽùܹõҲֻ˶ѡ
񣬽ֻǵһrԶͳ˽ǧ˵ôȥĻò˶Զûˡ
λģгҩһܸʿõơ
ҰսҽԺڣҰսҽԺԺβ⳼ɽùŵͷ
Ժı֤β⳼ɽùҲͷ
Ǿһаˡ
˵߳Ժİ칫ңֻ·׵¶첡ʱڲధrʿβ⳼ɽùŵs൱ѿ
û뵽Щ֧˾ȻôѶԸ
ڱܿ˼̧ŵܵҽԱ󣬿ŵѪԱβ⳼޺޵ĵ
β⳼ĻɽùҲ˵ͷ
ǰȷ̫СЩйˡ
սµȷǳβ⳼ɽùŵԤϡȻrȺѹ㣬ûг˵ϡΪݺrṩ鱨Ѿ˽⵽ػϹҪǿrϢ
˳Ծǣǿ
ս³ڹȺڻȷңǻûеȫѹrڻ̶ȡ
ĹǹȻȥr˺ܴɱˣrȺڻ£rǳ˹ء
ֻβ⳼ɽù𾪵ǣĵһ߾ȻסˣЩȥrҲ
ΪЩ֧˻rսʱһֻҪһɱƬײû뵽ǾȻôǿ
ȻȥɽùŵǸʦţβ⳼ԼͬĲӣųơ¡ĵʮʦŵʵ
ѾȥĲӾȻᱻԮӶûüȥԮ϶ǵʮʦ̫ϵĹֿ̫ǿˡ
β⳼ĻɽùҲ˵ͷ
ɽùŵͬӶ֣ʹǶԼĲ൱ġڲӳصʱȻûΪƾһγأǳȥĲô򵥾ͱ˸
βиԤУⳡսôɡ
˵ɽùźβ⳼Ѿ߳ҰսҽԺ
ɽùŵĻβ⳼ȻҲЩգɵЦ
ѵս´̫ˣ̫û˼Щ
ͬšӣɽùſЦҡҡͷ
ΪӣھܻıԼðɡ
ôţɽùſڵ
Ǹ˵ҲᣬֻǵһʧһǧˣһǧʱġβҾӦ÷ݵ籨ض󶫾ЩԮ

β⳼һü
Ӧ˵ʱrڣrٶrսʱ۹ġڵ֪װ鱨󣬸һֿ桱Ϲ
ԭۻ㲻ıҲ˲١
ȻڣЩŻĲǻ㱨ġ
ǹػȻͲһ׶Ը顣
ǹװػǹȻʱľЩԶ͸ԶɽùŻǿνжrģЩ³ߵĻǹˡ
Щǹrɵڹװػ֮ϡ
ôһҵƶĹңȻ½䱸ôװҲʵǼֵ¡
ҲѹɽùŻ֣ϾrҲһƶĹңһҪ˺½Ϲ⣬ʱֻ½Ȼֻչ½ˣȵ̯ϺôһǮ󻧵ʱ򣬹ڽսĲѾװĲˡ
ⷽr½ûй½ôõˣŷս󣬵ʮʦź͵ʮʦŵȼʦžȻˣrǼ׳š

β⳼ɽùȻǲ֪󣬵ʮʦź͵ʮʦŵĿɱˡʱβ⳼ɽùŵĻȻжЩǵ˵ͷ
˵Ĳս¶Ļƾʦţеʦæĵڶʮſ϶ǲġɣһҺݵ籨ɼʦŹɡ
β⳼Ļɽùŵ˵ͷ
ҲãֻǡɽùԴǵĵո⵽ĲҰܣҲ֪ǻԸԸⵣ񡭡
ͲܹܵˣֻϣڵѾ뵽취Ը֧˵ĿϮ
ôţβ⳼ĵҲ˼˿ǡ
ϾҪǹװ½ʦŵ˱ͱ֧ǿվԸԶˣǿɾͳˡ
β⳼ɽùȻСrЩ˵ǻۣʵ⵽ʹʧrѾڿӦӦйĿв
ʱrԶӵĲརֻҲѾ˳ۡڷ˳󣬼нԼ˼ʩ
Ҫһrȫֻװջ
ȻǵڻûСshڡõķװֻй濪˹ػǹˡʱķɻ൱ªټʱ׵shҲ̣ܶʹÿվڹʱҪ൱ӽĿУrװĹ濪˹ػǹѾ㹻ԸֵܳĿвˡ
ڽԼļʩύr󣬴ڸܿͬ˼ЩʩһڳʺͶפصļ½ʦţʦװĹ濪˹ػǹȫԶӡ
rԶڵװĺʹ⬲ࡣ
ʱվٶԶӷϮҲɲ˶Чˡ
ڼɶԶӵķջǿʱβ⳼ɽùŵ籨ҲѾ˶
ڽӵ˵籨󣬴ڶrеԾͬʱҲûԥڽ籨и֮󣬾Ѿǲʦ֧Ԯβ⳼ȻϸĽҲ˵ʦţΪеİʦžǵʦţʱɽ뵺ʦǡһڶʮβ⳼ĹϽ֮¡
rɽѾʦһŵıȥǧˣıϺԮʦźrɽıﵽʮϡ
ҲrѾԼʦ˳ĶԱȻĻ
Ȼõһò⣬ǾӦ˭쵼ɽʦšɽԶȻβ⳼쵼ʵҲʦһţǸųȻǸõ͵ȥʣµʦų֮以Ҳˡ
Ҫһɽʦţβ⳼ָӾͲ̫ˣϾβ⳼ֻһнʣĸʦŵʦųÿн
һнָĸнԸĸнҲδػ
ڴΪյĲӦЩȥɽӦ˭ָЩӡ

ݾڶֲõ鱨rǲʦŵıԮɽĵʮߺ͵ʮʦţڴڸڿӦ˭֧Զָӹ٣Ŀǰָӹٺߵr½㡭
㣿
Ϲ˾־ֳĻԴɻĵ
һǸʲôģ
Ҧش
ι̫ڸ½󳼣԰ڸ͵ڶι̫ڸΣͬʱǳʵĵһܶ½󽫾Ρ
ʵĻ1916ʱ㻹Ԫ˧Σҵr࡭

ϹͷȻѾbijngҫͽ
ʦţ˵ɽܿס𣿡
ҫͲɵĹϵȻദʱ䲢ǺܳԲɵ˽ҲǺûзԡ
ͲɵĹϵܺãһһͬrѧ˿ڵϹ
ɽҾһа˸ʦڱõıԣҾռƣҾൺҪҪһʦΫͼϣҲһõһʦır±Ҫر⣬ʣµȴȫǣڱ»ǱȽϳԿġ
Ϲ˵ͷ׽˼
¹ɽıôҪʤҲǼѵ飬ο˼㲻ôҲǸ

ϹҲܵģҪrɽʧĻܻܿᷢ쭣Ǹʱغr˵ĹΧ֮ڡ
䵱ıϣӢǰԼģЩҲΪ˷ֹrйԼóϰ
񣿲ôr˵ʧȽϲأʱӢ˵ıϾûĺ˵
ȻǾʹbijngϾһʦɽͬʱٴĴʦbijngϾ
ĴôҲнʮʦԤۣȻЩԤû취͵ĹȣǵսĻҪǿڵطϵЩʦʱϹǵĻǱȽϳġ
ڵطӣ
Ǽǽɽ˰ɡ
Ϲ˵ֻҪǲѾллˡ

rǲʦԮrԶϢܿ͵˲ɵСϢһ𵽲еģϹǲʦԮϢ
ϢеͬʱҲѾͶβ⳼ɽùٴν˼Ρ
Ȼκ첻ͬʱֻǵ㹥أôĿľ뿴rսΡ
rսѾ̽ˣȻͲҪڼȥˡϾǷ޷r˵ģҪĻǽ
ڵڶr˫
ƾԶǿrװͻ㲻ĵʣռ˺ܴơǼΣrߡֻ󶼱rηĸ˻ȥĹr˺ܴҲͬˡ
Ͼƴսĵزǹÿ˶һ˿ףȻȫǵǹġ
ǹ
ǹڹװ൱ĸߣһȫҲǰéġڹУֻЩԭʦŻὫǹ䱸һʣµͶϵıȣȫֻװż
ϹҲΣϾڹҴҵϹǮҲÿʿһǹ
Ҫ֪ںųǮҲûΪԼÿʿǹΪںһʿ䱸ǹԼǮġ
ԵһѪսr˽ǧеľǧ࣬ҲһǧࡣϾװٺҲǵǹ룬ǰϴһˡ
Ҳûкôģƴrrrʧļr־嶼˲١ҾrѪսҲùĽʿףʵrˣȻһǿĳƺţҲһ첲һԴԺ߸һиͷۡ
Ժ󣬲ɼν˼սϱֳsĲӺĹʿ˲١
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ڴʱôһ͵rнšȻԼԸġ
쵰ҿһЩ
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ټrĹƲ˳˵ʧأܶʱrǱѹŴ˵ķչȻ޷rߣڶԴͨյʱ̫Ҳǡ΢һ㡣
ȻĻrĴͳڻصǧвٵĸŮܹáġ
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ǰߺôҲвrսrÿĵҲһ֡ô֣Ȼֻɲ1000йοrбӵıƣ
һӲ23000ˣʦŵزӺϲѾй׳ˡ
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ÿԲůȥۻһ⵽ŹЩŵ׳İҲǸŭԡ
ΨһԾģֻrrصıˡȻǲrǰ߾һЩ˵rе˵ģȻҲףЩӾûĹǰֵá
ֻڽ׳Ǹո¶һ˿ЦʱһԵһrˣȻľ˦һӹ

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ʱ·൱ªȽͨҲڳʼ׶ΡȻƼȻr죬·ϻxngõıȻԸĻõֶҲֻһǾ
ֻԶ½йΪͲĹϵûЯ̫ĹһʦһŵôĻҲûãΪrսǰr½УһӾֻ700ˣĩ¾еȴ1100ˡ
Ҳѹ֣ʱǿڲеСŴıơʦϽĸˣֱƵļʹеսжʹŵжʱֵ󽵵ͣųٸղӣͬʱʹűڵĴ󽵵ͣӶսЧʡ
ǡǡ෴õڴ꣨ţСӣıƣڵ͵ʱȱʱɵxngʡԭ򣬹ƴʱ**ǶսϵʶʱɮȶûԵĽ
ڵĹ̳еĩ¾ƣıĩ׼ȻrÿʦھԱˣĲʦֻһǧ࣬ƴĻrδػǹĶ֡
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ڵʦŵʦȫ½󣬼ɱʣµĽֻʻ塪ˣ;ԶѾըһҡ
ңʱըĽֻһҶѲ󽢺һ˱Ѳ󽢻rսʱϽԺҪٱըһңһսѲսнأ
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ûϹǮȷǺܶ࣬Ҳûൽϡ
»ǮĵطҲʵ̫ˣĲᣬǰʱʹܵϹǰϹ棬һηսнһйʵ
Ͼڵйʵ̫ˣʵҲֻһ4300ֵĺߺţʮ꽢Ͻ
Ѳ󽢵׽ҲҪһµʱˮҾˮҲֻ3000֣ǿǿ϶ǿں߽Ǻrȹĺȡǡ˵ϹӣǱܹһ¡
˵һʵҲûǮѾʹʹˣһηսнǱҲֻҪǧѡ
ǧ򣬻ѡȷԼǮǻŲ۰ǧһʦһµľҲʮȫɽĲһµľҲһٶǧ㹻ȫ**һµľˡȻȻǧϹȷô¡
ǵʱ۵̬ʵ̫ɶˣϹȻľͽˡ
˵ʵڵģϹۺ黹ôһĶϾǧ򣬾һʽηսнԳƵǳη
Ľֻһңܸйʵ㹻
ҲֻҪһңr˶㹻Ĺ˼ɡ
ϹҲֻĶһ£ΪʱĸݴѾ˶սѲ󽢺սнơ
ھƺƵսѲ󽢺rĽռһȼġսнλӵ¹ʦաͷǡսнƵġ
׼ߣѶҲ͸ߡ
ĲᣬͷǼõʮӢڡ
ʮӢ磬Ҳ380mmھ
ҰͷǼõĻ380mm/45ڣֻ280mmҲˣȼļũĴģҪ380mmھļũڡЩĴȷǳ٣280mmڶܹһ380mmھĽڣĿǰĴûҲûʸڵĲɹҲֻܶ׼ӢĿ׼ӢҲûа취£Ͼڿ϶û취¹ˡȻеڵĹϵ¹һ
е㵣380mmĽڣҲδĳ356mmĽڣ˵еա
ݸݴֵƣսѲ󽢲õĽrĽռһ356mm/45ڣ˫һڣrĽռࡣ
սн380mm/4550ڣͽռͬǣսнʮڣǰŵķʽá
ôãȲ̵ʥshʱͻнΣաͬʱмΪǿĻйӢµǿͬӢµǿÿһҵսнλģڿսнxngܵͬʱҪڿһ⡣
йһ˼ҵսнλйѲ󽢶ûλйҪľxngܣֻۣҪ̫ˣǴҪ⡭Ȼ˵ЩʵЩøԶϾڵĸݴֽһҾҲֻǧֵľѲ󽢣Ѳ󽢣̸ռǰͷǼսѲսнҪȵһּѲ󽢣ҲһѲ󽢽ɺ˵
һѲ󽢣缶Ѳ󽢡280mm/45ڣ˫װšĿǰڸݴֵĴ̨ϣһҡѲ󽢺ҡ庣ڽ쵱СͬʱĴ̨Ҳɺ˽С
ֻеһЩּ̨꣬缶Ѳ󽢵׽罢ͻڴ̨ǣ뽨״̬Сڳ缶Ѳϻ㹻ľµսѲսнͻᱻϴ̨ˡ˵ô࣬ϹΪǮĵʵֻһ
ȻոҲѾ˵ˣϹԲΪǮ̫֪࣬ӦﻨġϹǮȻ࣬ǻ˸ûĵطڲûĵطԼסװ˿յԼԼŪһרṩ֭ĹʲôġȿȡϹڷĵʵһ֣̰ŷչֺ;ֵѾԽԽ
Щ漰zhngfڲһЩ飬ΪЩ˾ġ
ֻɽս±ΪսµļңҩʲôľͲ˵ˣʳҩƷʲôģȴҪɵطzhngf湺͵ɽȥ
ҩûʲôϾǱģ͵ҲǾӡ˵ǱʲôӻпܻᶯһɼȻǾӼ͵ҩ͵ľӾ;ᶯһ£οԱ߻ôֺ;ֵ˶š
ǵطϡ֪طzhngfĵطzhngfĹԱʵǰʱһЩԱһϷԺãϾϴһҲϴɾϾʡݵĶǷǰԱ
ȻϷȣԵضˡ
Ϊ˼ĵط⣬һЩԱûŲѡ
λ̨ЩǰԱҲֻǻ˸֣ɴ峯ĹٱĹ١
Ȼ峯ªϰҲʹ
տʼʱΪ³ЩٵĻ̫֣ϾʲôǰһˣҲҪӦһ
ԬϹλΪϹЩԱϤҲûʲô飬ЩԱ͸ʲôСˣϾǻ˽λͳƢxngΣҪûŪõĻꡱ
Դʱô˵鶼֪
ǵȵɽս±ҩҲͲ˵ˣطԱܲţܣ̰Щǰ߼ҩ˵㾿ȥߣҲѺ͵Ĺٱͬͬ⣬ͬˣǹҲδͬⲻǣ
ǡЩ;طʳҩƷȣǾǵسＯʳҩƷأ
ʳᣬҩƷ޻ɴȵȣɶǴµġ
ҲҪȱֻҪԴγáǴпΪɽ֣ϱߺͱߵĵطzhngfҲ֡
ֻһ̰¼ǹ˾ϽģڵطzhngfһЩѾϵ˾ӡϵɽս֣ǣֺܿ;־ͷеһЩ飬ھѲ飬ֺ;ֵ˾Ȼ֣ڵط͹һЩʣ٣ûгġͬһЩƷҲȫ͵ǰߣѪǰߡʲôƣûйѲƷˬһ³
ǧƣ緢Ѳơ
Щ;طڵط͹ʣǰ߼õģѵطĹԱͲ
ǵȻǰߵսٴѵܱǷƴ
˾ǰսܣһʿӸrˣʲô˵ģҲⲻȥ
ĹУzhngfҪǲã˵ǻܳôһʣȥǲôɵ
ǰʱzhngfϵļ˰˰˰ġҪֻǼһЩ˰ҲˣȻũ˰ҲˡУܼ𣿣
һҪǵˮȥ
Ҫ֪ڹɾũ˰ˮ࣬۵£ʴʵĺô
ũ˰𣬻˰ˣ˵ˮˣ˵ķ붼ˡ
Ҫ֪طԽʳãթ︳ǮɣֹԱǮѹ͡Ʃ˵м۶ǧĺһӣԶΪǧİĺһ︳Ͻһͨɵ˳ɾˮ֣֡ճǰ˳ɣԱɣũʵ︳ٽɡյݡعٺ˵⣬Ǵ˾Ҳݡعթĺûᡣ
ڣũ˰ûˣҲͲʳ¡
һĹ˾ҲţسǽjngֺͷԺز̰ôֲԼʧ
ȻⲢ˵zhngfЩطԱǮˣŪǲò̰
zhngfֻҪǵһģһٿԪǺƽġٿ飬ۻǺܸߵʱðһЩݳƷðһҲˡݳ޵㣬ðʮƻŮʵҲˡȻǰ巢ŵȣǮͲĶˡ
ԭ峯еĹԱ֮нƶȡ1723ĸнƶȣɸнԱϰxng̰·ȡΪԴԵطĻ˰Ӹظвͬһ˵ͨΪнˮ10100磬̨ѲнΪ155һ̨ܱٺ67¼Ӹ144Ϊ1500
⻹һЩʱϷȻڵʱȴܺϷĶ롭Ĺٶ࣬ѵ˼Ҹࣿ
ȻҲȫĹԱֻ֪̰֪ͬҲܻôࡣ
ֻٹ໤ͬۡһˣȻҪٹ໤ɲһˣȻۣͬǾֻܰ㰴ڡۡˡڵĵطҲ˵ÿطԱǰߵһʡȻٳڰȷܵٵδضǴˣĶһɵӵҲֻܴӺıϷܿ
οǾĸʲôֻҪٹ໤Ҳδػ֪
峯Ǭ¡ļһʡһĹԱ뵽˼УǬ¡ǲֱ֪˷ӳطԱ㽭Ū٣б˽ңǬ¡ĻɡãǬ¡ִԸ౨е֪ز޺֡Ǭ¡ɹԱȥ㽭ֻϡǬ¡ļңûղƲۺϰ300˰սʱ57ˣ56ˣвܵǣ
ͲܵǣֹһڡһʡĹԱ뵽ˣ̵ֻ57ˣʣµֻǷܵǣΪʲôѵǬ¡ɱ
ʵ̫ˣɱҲܽһʡĴԱɱˣ
ڵطϵЩԱҲ뷨ڵطϵ˶̰ȻǾ·ˣڣټzhngfɽǱҲںr˴̣Ȼ봦ԼҲҪǵ᲻ʲôӳôһ룬Ȼ˶ʼ޼ɵ
ֻǵطϵĹԱûһ飬ǰߵȫսʡЩʵͬսԴ;ĪĹ
ԴܵĲֻ˾о
Ǿֺ;֣ǲҪб˽ңҲҪr˰ƻйж󣬿û˱Ⱦ顢ָˡ
Щǰ߼ʳô⣬ֺ;ôͨҪֺ֪;ֵҪǸɣɶǴӾġڣҲ͹ǧ˿ƵĹϵ
ϹҲǬ¡
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һϹֻһȽϺõͨˣͷϲǬ¡ôߡߣΪںͨգϹⱲ޵ľ̰٣Σġ
Ҫһ㣬rѾͱ˳
ϺݡϾbijngȵؽ磬ֻҪ΢ϵǰսµĶ֪ǰߵľսѾطϵһЩ̰ٸ̰īˣʱϹҲһЩ
ȻĻֲֻ޵ǰߺrɱĹʿҲ
⣬¾r˵Ŀˡ
ϾѾھ״̬ɽʡ⣬ӱϡʡвҸ⣬Ҳ൱ѵõĳˡ
ҵ֪Ǹϵ֧ˣ龿ôӦ
ڴʵǰһ൱ӡ
Ҳѹô⣬ϾϹǰĵȷһѽ顣
ᷢ䣿˿϶οҵɷҲ
ȻڵϹйʵͻʵҲ࣬ϾĻʵۣһЩ飬ﷸȵȻ޷ԾϹᷢ䣬ɱһЩҲǺѵġ
ڴϴأɽؾʣɺӱԼʡﱸġ永ĹԱռʡٳĴ룬ټǵ永ҪĴصĻꡱһʡʡĹԱаٷ֮ʮҪԴаٷ֮ʮҪһʱr
ʱʡȫңϹʴ
ûʣϹҲ޷֧Լֻ൱ݳ޵ľ˰ɣڴſڡػǹаһǺʹãѾ൱ݳˣֻҪĺܵţôɽrŵĹҲ޷ݳ޵װrԹʱrĶ֡
ȻϹҲԽȷţһֱȵս½ٴ
ڴſҲõĽ취
ֻʱϹʧȥģǰ߽ʿսģҲƽǵġ
֮ܶϹô鶼ϹСʧ
ڣ￴Ϲô֪ǰǸӣȴȻҪֹǴ֪ǸӣζҲĳϾʵ̫ˡ
ڣζ˾ȰϹ⣬ϣȽһţȵɽս½ˣǽrȫº˵
ϣֻζҲ
ȻⲢ˵ͲϣϹ⵹ùˡϾ˵ҲǱˣϹȻȴǸֵЧҵԬټϹ絳൱ɢֻҪϹ⵹£쵼µıδûлᡣ
ȰϹ⣬ֻΪʵ̫ˡԵҪ˷ļƣܿ
£ȰϹߺص·ϹҲδػĻ
ңһҪϹⷴӦˣͷ
ʲô˼
ʱôشܲ˵Լʵ뺦ɣ
ʱͱ³Ի൱൱ҡȻֱӽȷѡϹ⣬ҲܴյĽһЩ
ʱֶҪԼȥȡͬʱҲҪȡ
ȡδضʱҲпǶҩԾЩ뷨ҲֻЩ뷨ܿһӶûʵֵĿܡ
οεϹ˴ѡǵɽսսܣƾЩҲδػᵹ
ζǵķԼȰϹԴЩͷۡ
ȻһֱլbijngⲢطϵֺ֪֪;Ҳ취ģͺһ
Ψһû뵽ľǣطϵЩԱȻô
ʡĵطԱȻдĹԱ뵽鵱С
Ҹ鱨ķɽս¿ʼ󣬽ֻǰµʱ䣬طϵЩԱѾ˼ֵٶʡ
ֻ࣬١ԴγõxngֶΣΪͳƣֵҲ޷ۡȻֻǱ̵ʣѾ㹻ǵʮԴˡû뵽սŸտʼûãȻѾϺˡ
˵Ϲ⿴һԣһֱζ˿ڣԼȴһֱûпڹž
ž˵εô졭
žζıܣĴzhngfʱھ͸ϹˡĴʱžѾĴzhngf˾³Ǹ󣬸ǳΪ˾
ôžҲѾϴ˵ۣȡ֮һģ˵ͭsʲôġε顭
оζ˿ԼsžЩԥˣʱʵѾԼ뷨
Ϲ⿴˿žı飬ƺҲʲôǻһʵ
㣬ʡж˹̡


ζﶼһ
ʱžȴЩ˷ܵĿڵ
û㹻ϣְ޷жٻɵĹԱ̣һɰ뵽ɵĹԱҪһãʣ²ǣܲɡ

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Ϳһ㶼СԻ湻ϡϡƺ
Ϲĺæյǰ
ͳкͷԸ
һͶ²ȥһ˰ɣж֣ܳºͲ䵽ӱϵʡɡ
ʱϹ˼Ѿ൱ȷˣȻϹĻȴs԰׵ĵ
ͳһҪ˼
ǰͳǻɽr˴̣ʱҪǡţrˣ
ǰҾʱʱ˵طȱĹԱЩϵģҲܻʲô飬ǸʱпܻὫɽŪģطҲڻָr徻
˵һǧһ򣬼֮һ仰
ͬ⡭
ֻжΪǣжε鵱кôǻǲö֪ˡҲǾɽս£ҲһҪµԭ֮һ
ΪҪ;Ļȵս½طЩ̹̰ǶһЩ˵ϻġԱ˺ôǸʱԼҪһУҲδܹе
붯֣Ǽܵ顣
ŵطzhngyngû̫ʱ򣬳ûѣȻĻҪĵطĴͺֻҪز⣬½ӱϵȵصĹٳһɨգҲɽս̫ġӰ졭
ô룬Ϲ⻹Ҫѯһ²ɡ
ںܵŵ£ûпʰɽr
еĻϹҲֻѡ
˵׻евҪһЩȰҲһŪУĵزҲûʲô˼ˡοǳôҲԼìܣй˺й֮顣һж˹ҵֻùҸǿ󡭵籨ʱŵ籨ϵݲͬϹĿ
οЩ治ܣĵطҲûʲôȻʹʹ
ҪǾѾ֪̽rڻصʶڻ㣬ԺֻҪվܽrڻȫյ󷽳ֻҲɺҲͬһߵɨ
طԱսʵ飬зˡ
˵֪ˡһھ顢֪ġ
˵ףɱϾɽʮ˾٣ʮȫЩȻҲͰ˺ڡ
ɵطʣܶͻȻɺñ仵ϸͲԣɻôµĻҲͲǲˡ
Ҫ֪Ҳι϶һ൱ԶԹٳϺ͵طϵһЩ飬ҲǱȽ˽ġ
û£ֻΪġ
ģҪų鷳
˵ȻͬԵطЩսʵĹԱϴǣϹⲻô룬Ҫϵս½أ
ǸʱлûиߣڻѾˡ
һе飬ɶֻڶ
ûãϹѯʵĵ籨ͷ˹ѾԵطԱϴ̬ȡ
ȻϹⶼôˣȻûзԵɡ
ҡ
ϴĻȷԵطɺܴĻңܻӰɽս¡ôβܣǰ߹ʣѵͲӰɽս
ᷢĻ˵طԱǵ档
Ǹʱ򣬿ɵΣȴϴء
۴ϻǴĽǰȻΪʲôأ
ôһЩҶԹҵδҲкܴ洦

ڽʡ̨صzhngfڣ˴ΧһԸ̬תͣ
ǵһݱֽֽϵͷǵطԱս顣
Щһҵˣ̬ҲǼΪķϰŵһǰЩrһ͸δƿĹˡ
Ǹʱ̹ᶼǺƽ顣
ͬԱ̰īʲôЩ̰īĶЩֽ֮ģȻĻҪһЩЩġ
ⶫ̨أس̵ЩʣǰЩ
ϾسĻһ˵ȥҲҲûǸֱתֽ̡̰īʣȫЩjiṇЩjinҲ̰Ӧøһݡ
Ȼڡ
Щrˣ˵ɽúôǵ̲ͺˣΪʲôƫƫҪҷأôҲڰ𣡡
ϰŵűֽسҲһͷۡ
ǧ㣬û㵽Ȼr˽ͱȥġ
үǸô죿
ǰǰسһҪ취
ʱΧļ˿سͣԴһʮͷ۵ӣæǰȥʵ
ֵʵ̫ˣȫʮʡȻʡݲ飬Ҹﵽ˰ٷ֮ʮϡ
˴飬Ȼ⼸ҲǸҺسĹϵҲ൱ĺáϾιġ
Ȼڣűֽϵıݣȴһ㡣
˵ףҲֻһȺС˰ˡ
ʱΧŵسߴߴӣԴҲ˰죬ʵܲ˲ӵ
ˣߴߴˣֲˣôʲô
࿴˿һλƺߵվ˳үڵ˵Ҳûʲô𰡡
Щ̨صĴسǰʲô֪
ڵЩˣǵĻҲҪһָֻҪ㴵һǷѹ¶ܽѹ࡭
⼸˵Ļس̾˿
ǵʲôڶֵĴûǲȥ˶డĲʲôѵǾ͸ֲɣ
⻰ֱͷ˵ֻƽ¼zhngyngһ£Ȼô򶼲ˣǡ
˵zhngyngǱ߻ᷨ⿪أ
οɽǱ߻ںr˴̣ѲzhngyngץˣɽǱߵҩĺʳʲôģɶǼʡڳ룬Ҫǳ飬ɽǱߵô죿̰۵УڵڹȥҲʲôڶzhngyngҪĻɽrӣǲôģ
ʵسһû˵ǾzhngyngôҲδС
ȻǸսʵ飬ôܲȴbijng£
ȻΪʱ̵̫ԵʣЩĴԱûд㼸ǹЩԱȴѾ඼ǸˡԱûҲûʲôĻs룬ÿֻܿzhngfһ㡰΢нˮڣǿ΢ЩʣʵͷϺܽŵĿrӡ
ʱǮԸһ£ôܾܾ
οЩֲǵطԱǵĻ¸ֻһЩطϵṩġ׽𡱣Щ׽ҲܼѡһԱzhngfнˮŹҫrˡ
Ǯƣ֡
Ȼ˼ҵǮҲͱȥ¡
ʵϣ鱩¶󣬵طϵĹԱѾʼھԱǣϣܰæΪˣطϵĹԱϧؽȥ¸ЩԱҲԼǮڻȥˣȷͷ˺ڱ䱾̻Ҳ͹ˡ
ֻҪԱǿǽסҲһЩ֤ͨԱǵĹϵ;ڵһЩҪԱϹϵ
ֻҪܺЩҪԱϹϵϹʰǣҲ顭
ϾϹֻǴͳǻʵۡ
ܶҲҪ;ֻҪڵˣֻһԸǣҲȥˡ
Ȼǫ̈سЩͷۣȴôġ
οϹھʰǣҲ˼һ£ʰǣ᲻طϵĻҡ

ΧسǵȻ֪뷨һôĵӣЩ˶Ҳࡣ
سˣȸˡ
ô˵ţس˹ֺ󣬼һ뿪سİ칫ҡ
ԺҲسĲ࣬ȻԵطԱսʵ飬ֽѾǵǵء
ȫΧڣԱƽҲ֪һ
ȻbijngϹ⣬ȴʲô֪һֻǹעɽս¡
̬õطϵĹԱĵͬʱҲ˰ǵĲ
Ϲ˰յߣոԼɽս¸˺ܴͨյ̬Ȼ̫ң֧ϹѧΪš
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ӣֻrˡ
һס
ȻƽϢһЩŭ𣬵Ҳÿ˶˵ġ
ϾйĴͳǣ̰**ˡ
ɱɱɱ
Ҫ˵ǣڶʮһͣŷrȷΨһĽйĵطйӵƶȣǽﷸڼ˷˰˵ĽǮ˵ǸŲǿˣصǹɱ69ˣȻֻ21ꡣȽȤҷ̣ͬΪһ˷ʲôĹӦọ̀һ˵

bijngʲôӦȻطԱ졣
bijngһЩԱΪԼĹͣƺôһһЩԼϵĵطԱ˷ݵ籨޵ĸǣӦøԼһЩ͡
ȻԲĸһ䣬طϵҲึһЩЩ̻ġ˫ǽԴϲ
ҿȣ
ڶ̨صzhngf¥ڣسһЩǰЩrˣzhngfڵһЩ¼Աžơ
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Զ̨س˵ûʲôǱõˡ
ЩΧŶ̨سĹǣҲ
Ȼھףʱһzhngf¥ͻȻ˽
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ֻǸܽ˵ʱһӴźsͻȻӿ˴ڡ
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ȻȴûнеĲˮУŤݺݵ˳ȥ
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ΪǺɽùŵ顣

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3000˵Ǳپľʡ
ӵɽùŴĵ籨ʱ㼸Լеĵ籨ġ
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ĴȻȫ׵ĵ¹豸ҪͷɻҪķҪһʱ䡣
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Ȼ˵ÿͶͷԣϾľѲǺܸԣÿٱܳԵͷҪ˵ͷˣͨˮ߲˹ͷҲǲܵ顣
ǲսӵĻսǰܳһ١еɱͷǰһ͡ĹٱǰԵĺһЩҲȷܷӳս
ֻǵȵ߻ҺԵͷȴǲܵˡ񣬳һЩʱڣ˾ŻᷢһЩûóȥţͷ⣬ƽʱĹٱǾֻܳ԰ͷ򽴲ʲôġȻֻǰͷͽˣʱҲһ˾ܳԵϵġ
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Ȼսϵr϶ɲ̫ɵըӵĳʱҲҪɲ̫ɵѣԼѾ׷ҵطԵˡrЩrӵľ飬ֻҪ500ＶĺͬʱҲǱֱУôԵǺõġ
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ЩЩrrڻȺĺը»õѪһĽѵΪ˻Щѵrĺֹǧ
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Լľٶͽ޹ĺսϵrٱֻĴţȻĺйͱԼʹࡣٵrٱʼ˺ԼƤôܽƤϵĻ泶һ㡭ΧЩûСȼյеrٱһʧ˻һſԼսƴĺš׹ߡ
лܹɲ̫ɵ˵ĸܵĻôΨôһ仰ˡȼյ𡭡
սѾճɻˣƴܡʹ຿еrٱʧǵĵ
ڻط飬Ȼɽùű˵ܺãˮҲĻ𣿶㻹ǲŵġ㿴Ҳɽùڿǡ
ɽùţʱ̫̣ѾѼ֤ݵվ޷ڶʱڣѼŵ֤ݳ
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ǰһУɲ̫ɸΪ

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˵ʵּ¹ǲԸṩġ
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Ѿװ˿յİ칫űˮϹ⿴ʵô˵ţϹ⻹еı鵹УȻһһҧ顭ﰵĽһϹĺںһ
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Ҳ˵¾ֻһ3000ֵĶѲ󽢣սĻҲйǿһҡ
ʽ210mm˫ڣȫ210mmڣۻĻͬȼѲ󽢵ҲǵһġҲּѲսѲսнηսнҲҪһҶѲ˼
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һϢǾھˮһּһѲ󽢳缶ѲҲ뿪׶Σҳ˾⣬庣𽢵ĺҲ깤ˮԽ׶Ρ
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Ͼʱ㺣ģ±ôֺγΪйһǿĹң
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һʱ䣬һЩ񵳼ԱһЩɵԱΪһץʹùڹڱͲرʵٴܴ
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Ҳǻ˵ֻǹڵһЩʧɽ˻ǿԽܵģϾԴӶθɽѾȡȨԸںƽݱʲôģŹڵķչrȹ̣Ҳĵ˼ɽ˵˼ֻϣܹڹȨռһȽҪλãʲôҲΪʲôһЩ񵳵Աץڶɽ˲δ̫ӦԵʡȻûӦҲԭ֮һϾЩ˷֤ȷ飬ϹǣɽǾ˵Щʲôʲô˵أ
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ֻǡ˵ڶڵĹ˵ֻǱȽҪһֵĻЩⲿ֣Թ˵Ҫˡ
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ںĻˣٶһӹڳģһЩǸողųġЩ˻Ҷ˼ͺһЩ޲йĻ˾Ȼͬ
ЩͳҪġϾйǧʷͳѾģЩѾ뿪йͳȴȻ޷ǡ
ҲΪzhngfλʱǸΪܶʹû˱ɶ壬zhngfں⻪˵ȻҪĵλΪͳҲˣȻ絳ֻһ³ȨΪͳxng絳⺣лǺеλģο絳ҪȹȥȨϲֹٱ
ȻҪֻҲˡ
Ϊո壬Լݺս۵Եʣ³Ĺzhngfں⻪˵еλݺսۣǰ磬ߡȻսۻûиɿڵƣһ˵սˣ
ΪЩ飬絳ĵλں⻪˵УѾȫ泬Խ˹񵳣ϹҵĹ絳ҲΪЩ¼ں⻪˵еλӲҪݵĻǰһ꣬ûһ쵼Ϲôĵˡ˵ǰһĻйҲûĸͳ߱Ƚϵİɣ
絳ûа׳գϹ쵼ߣҲֻʱȽͨΪźľ飬ԿҲܿ൱Զ
ۼŹ絳ĵλںںⶼrʱ絳ſĻǷһȽˡ
һʱ䣬絳ɳ˴ǸɳԱɡ
ڶǵļҺ͵rŷ޵һЩҳ˹絳ֲҿͳλrڸصķֲ£൱صĻ˼絳ңΪ絳ǰ;ԵʣҲĹԱ۵˹絳Ͼڶûʲôǰ;ˣȥڹڶҲ͵ûʲôȨԱңԱĻҲҪСġ
˵ǰʱľһЩԱΪ˵طԱǮġЩǮҪ֪ǰʱ򣬵طԱ͸ٵǮ̿Щǰ嶼ڰϷġҪ䵽ز㵱˸ʲôԱʲô˼
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£ȻйrûսΪЩӰ죬絳ķֲrҲ̫˹絳ںķֲr
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˵˵ɽǸˣⲢƣȻĻɽʱҲͲҪϴˣһ˵뿪֥Ӹ÷ĿϺ¥ɽݵĵ仪ǵһ¬ջ˿вͲ͹򹤣跿ʱʱ򡭣ɽͬǣϹһʱ䡣
ҺɽӲͬǣϹⲻһʱ䣬һĻ൱ĺáǾɽɽĽҲܹ㷺
˵׼ʯ͵ĴС˷գΪ̹ƤĹϵϹ൱Ĺϵ
ٱϹ⵱зЩľ󲿷ֶˡСϹյʱھɽɽϹЩػˣϵȡȻϹѾ뿪ܶ꣬ҲѾܶûлعϹȴһֱûǹϵˣǵϹǰ͸ϹǮعʵҵЩȻϹûعȥϣȴǲϵġ
٣Ҫһŵ
ϣҲΪһͳϹĹȥź˽һЩһҫЩһĻʮĽȻҲһЩcoĵ飬˵Ǹ˲ʡģʱͿϹⲻ˳۵ӡȻһֱӸŹ񵳸ʲôӲȻŲ˽ֵỪ˶ܵˡ
飬ʵûcoġ
ҲԼϹ㽻飬Ӵӹ۵絳ȥʵϣĳĻϹĽϹǾԲ᲻ͬġ
Ͼһ׻ѣҲ㲻ʲô飬οһʱҲвٵĹԱ۵絳һҲʲô׻ȥǼͬ⣬ûŭ졭Ȼ⣬ΪϹ˵ùϵԹ絳չ൱ĺáϾϹҲһйĳƺţҲǵ˵Ľ˽˻ͳЩ˲棬˭棿
ټϹһЩϵİֻһµʱ䣬絳ķֲѾ1000ԱЩԱرȽĻҲֲΪ絳չһֵһʮ¾ѻ
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ģ鱨첿Ǳ߸ոմģԲʲô⡭

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ԴӼοϮվʵһʱվҪǽ񡣺ըһ񣬳ǱȽҪսۣȻĻվǲ｡
ϾڵĹվѾǿսǰĹվڹվʵڿսǰѾɡôʵҪʡãҪõؼĵطȥȻͶ뵽ֱսУǹվȻ൱ĵ˷ɻЩ˷ɻִкըǺʺϣֻ񣬻rɻĻһʱ䣬վĸ˻Ⱥr˴񣬻һЩǺҪ鱨
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ĹҪȥô˵ţɵзų˹â⣬Ҳɡ

˱Ūһ㶣ҲǱܿŪ˲ɵ˼
˼ǣ
ƺԼ˼ĵͷ
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һ¡ȷr˽ܹĹзȷҪֱǿr˵ķҪһЩôĻ᲻̫һЩ
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˶˵ͷھӵĵҩж٣Ϊһʦ֮ȻǺǸڹѹrȫΪ޵еװ
Щװ뿪˵ҩʣͺջһһʱĵҩȴתۼĵҩѾȥһ룬ڲʤĻ¡˾ҪҪЩĲã
ҲãˣǵøĲιⱩ¶ǵͼпվӡô˵ţɿһλУεĿվ١һʱҾϿյİȫͽˣr٣ؽЩr룬Ⱪ¶Ҿʵͼ
ȻոЩ½Ľ˵ʱУεĿվһֱһվһԱտڲԡ
ʱɵѯʣæԼĿͷ
˾ģȻڿվʵ𣬲Ըr˵ĻǻǺĵġ
ȷȻڹվʵܵ˺ܴʧڿվӦ÷滹Ǵڵһݶӡ
϶ԣӢµȹȻڿվʵϣǷɻͷԱҪԶйӦ÷ȴҪйԶ
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ֻǶԸrĺղӣվǺĵġ
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Ȼô˵Ҳûָƾվȫѹr˵ĺղӡսǰпܣսxngʵ̫Сˡ
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ĲᣬڽӵϣһҪˡ
һǵrɻͻ˿վΧ£˹ķΧڡƾαװҲܴ󽵵ͱֵļʡ
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ԣЩshǹshʲô⣬һЩjng񲿶ӣαװҲйٵѧϰ
Ĳ˵ٱr˼Σƾαװı¶Ŀxng֮١ѵʱ򣬿ÿվķɻϷɹȥȻ󿴿½αװΡ
αװʱ򱻷ˡ
첻ҪٷеһͱˣֻپͿˡ
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һѵУԭľαװ˼240mmڡûþͱɹˣΪ⼸ʱαװڣڹܵĳȲһһֱ˵ڶr峿ɵ˲öȫϸڡ
ҲʱrٴζĹ͹ʱr͹ֻǰһrĲӣǼ֧Ѿλõrȴû¶档
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Ȼô룬ҲԼǣǾǡһǰһУڸԼأ
ô˵ֻǰڸԼҲҪȫ׼Ͼεս۾ԲһСսۡ䣡
240mmڵrȺ峿6ӵʱؿʼйҩ
Ź˰СʱȵԤ׼õĵҩйĲ˺Ⱥڻ£һŵĲŹ͹
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һֱȵǳ嵽300׵ľʱ300ףʱ󲿷ֲǹļshˡ
˵Щǹshֻ300ףҲ˵300׺Щǹӵɱˡ
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ڽ300׵sh̺rٱҲ֪ڼȥˣҲһķɢԭʮܼĶΣȻŵƻĳؿ£300׵sḥȻߺɭȻǹЧsh̲һ࣬ǸʱڵĻǹѾǵûǹĸshɨĿˡ
Ϊ룬1ľ룬۾ٺõˣҲѿĿꡣ
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ֻҪܹԾǸϰУܹܶĻǹҪǣҲܽ200ڵľ롭ܹһԾ֧˵أΪʱ´ҫҲΪ٣ְ
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ȿľǻڵػǹrԮӽ1000׵ʱϵĻǹѾǹȻųrɨshȻʱǹŷսɽսѾȻǹѾʼսϳǱϾûгֹķսۡķӣӢڵ¹ߵǰһ˲6000ˣɽʱҲֻǴﵽֵһ룬ǸҪϿϮȻѾʼʶǹҪxngһǱȹȥӵӣΪʱˣȴ޷rĶν˵Ȼʶ˻ǹǻûҪһЩս˵ڳʱҪɢһ㣬ŵôܼͺǰһȻҲܹrˣϾʱӢˡ˻ǵ¹ˣƵսrȻҲ㱿Ȼû취սƳ³£οǹһֱûսֹȻҲûʲôµķӦԻǹ
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5600ˡҪǷŵ˵choĲˡԣȻ5600ˣڳЩrȴûо£ֻǾԼߵͬһЩû̫࡭Ȼߵͬ黹˶࣬սֵrɱġʲôµģ
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ˣȻڳ·ϵػǹԼµrٱʤճ嵽ϵģвˡɱ
һԾսrһ׼ʱʿеĹ£ֱ˹ȥ
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ֻǻûĿҵһrѾ

ԾսǸrҲѾ׷ͬ飬ֱӽʽǹϵĴ̵̽ĨѪʿ
ںһ̵ǸʿȻ׿һ£׸Լһ˭ºȴֻǵڵϣȻ󽥽ĸоƺ䡭ǸrЦһȴʼѰһĿꡣ
ȻѰ¸Ŀ֮ǰҪȸһĿ겹һģϾֻǴһվЩա
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18.5mmľ޴ھԷshֵСķΧڣĿ޴ءרΪսսġ
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ָͣһԵ纣Ȱ
˵ʵڵģ˵ʵµ˴ϢҲĲСս󣬳ڡ˵塱ȻĽʿϲЩrˣսǰŽǺ͹Աһ͵ҽԺȥ
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ڲɵ֪ȻЩԣǺܿ͵֪
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rİջô벢֣ΪrİǿѾɹĳԽйΪǿĹҡйأȥйĺܻԻͣrҪһңڵйȴֻһˣһ
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ڵr½װϳԿʵϣŷ޵ǿӶϹjngļʦҲԻԿϾװ˵ʮŻֵģоԵĻʱ壬һΪӻǹּΪҪ
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˶rɲһġԵrŵʱֻǸrǵĶѾȫˡȥңԶŷ޵Ӣµȹ
ǣrֻԼ΢ĲԶˣȻǵͲá

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ڽкȫ׼󣬲rܹܹĿľǽrϻǵĵ½㣬Ҳǻء
ս۽еĹ˳ĻԽĿһЩ˵rºʲôġ
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Ȼr˵ɱϮʵЩһЩҲûʲô
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һ㵽ǳ˰ڵȫԤϣΪǵԤƣΪrڵȷʵѾ˲ء
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ڴȻôһ㣬ųų滹ǹ˵ġ
ĲɵˣȻЩ죬ҲûзֻűʱСһЩ
ֻǺܿͷ֣ԼʵûҪôСġ
ΪǰߵĹĽеĺ˳Ȼڹ̵ʵ٣ڸһ󣬻Ǻ˳Ĺrڣr˰ս
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Ϊڵڶδս󣬳й⣬Ѿʲôսˡȡ֮ǹǹshȵִ
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ʵڵڶδսڼ䣬ڽдģսѾֻʣйսһѡ
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ڣսϻֹȻʿƵģҲ˵İսʢС
ʵϣҪ˵ĻҲɾ͵¾µĺպˡҪ֪¾µŷսİսµġ
ʱĹΪģװǹǹ͹µĹϵսжռխʹõʽǹȷռ˺ܴϷ硣
ԭ򣬳ʽǹڼװ˴̵ȷʺսڵİսһʮ»
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ڸĻϣȻľżһĶ棬ǴiʡYĶšȵʮӣǽϵȫYɲϵϵ
֮ĿǰΪֹѾûٴȥˡ
˵⻰ʱYɵһƬs
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˵ĵʲô˼Ǽֲסˣѵ֧˾ͼֵס𣡣
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ǻǺ֮ͬĻģϾǶйrĹȽϺ
ûйķչȷͻͽΪؼĹҵҲ˲Сĳɾ͡ڸ棬ĿǰΪֹѾ˿Ժrƽĵز
˵ףйϾֻһոշչĹңڵҲҪrѷsһЩ룬rĲ72000rԪйģ
ĵûͳƣȥģǲֻ5ڶ
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ÿҪ⳥ǰµҪ⳥߰ǧԪ֧Ųסˣôй˾֧ŵסˣ
1911ʱڣzhngfһծ֧Ѵﵽ5100൱8772Ԫռ֧14%Ȼˌ֮ĻYȴһs̾˿
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rˣȻӮսΪս֧ķãȴս͸ս׬ȡһ涼˳ȥ
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ʱƺˌ֮Ͱ˴ɵġߡYæԼͣȻոյĻ⡣
ΪսԵʣҪⳡսʱһʵĿʱǳˡ¹ڵĹΪɽľӹӢȹǻ֧ƱﹺҲû㹻Ļṩǡ
˵YɵϿsŨ
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ΪŷսĻúõһʣ˳㻺һzhngfĲ⡣ΪⳡսԵʣһжˡYɵĻ󣬌֮Ͱ˴ɵsҲЩѿˡ
ΪɽȻǴڸȾԤõģǵʱ˿ҲǺƲһ
YҲûм⣬̸ֻһתƵķ
ҹȻûдŷս˳糵ЩйȴȥˡйҹͬشﲩԴΪḻԵӢȹ˻֧Ʊȥʱй˺ܿͳﱸӢ˺ͷҪĸʡǵˣйĸֹڽ쵱УЩȫϵĻй˾ⳡսӮˡ
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˵ʱY볯󺰼ɤӣ
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ϵˣ˵ֻǽŷ飬ȴйǱõķչҪ֪Ϻ촬Ѿʼм촬ʼΪӢ˺ͷ23000ֵСͻˣһõͷҸݺṩϢڽϴiʡϸй˵Ĳпܻᳬ7Ԫﵽҹһµˮƽʱй˻ڵķչٶȣ910Ҳпܵġ
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˵ҲϷַȥYѾʵ
Ҷ֪ī̹Ƥɣ
˶˵ͷ̹Ƥ磬еļ;ǵȻֱϲߵ;
ƺ֪ӣYɿЦŵ
֪֪ī緢̹ƤˣڵйͳϹ⡭

һƬţʱǌ֮Ҳоһ˿ȻزYȴȻûͣڡ
УӢṩ鱨Ϲ̹Ƥı׼ʯ͹˾ÿ궼ҪϹ30%󡣶Щ1910ʱÿ5000Ԫ1914꣬ҲǽʱΪͼ۵Ѿǵ6000Ԫ֮⣬ǸϹ⵱˲ٵĶһһ¼ЩÿҲΪһԪ롭
Ҳ˵Щ룬ÿܸϹһǧԪ룬ȻϹÿ궼ҪϲǮǶĻҹһĲȿҲǲ˶ˡ
û֪ڿ鱨ʱYɺʹǺεȵľݴźYɵļ㣬ĿǰϹʽٳԪ˵ĻǳҲǲܵġЩǮŷޣӢǿ˵ǺܴһǮǶr˵ȴһ˾֡
뵽ЩǮһ˵ϣһʽʱ򡭡֮ϣµսѾȥzhngfrԪʽzhngfԭͲǺܳԣĲһĴټϺʧЩսЩսȫӵĻҲһڶrԪ˵ʱY̧ͷsЩҵˡҲȥʵûȥˡ
ȻYǰ˵ʵ⣬󷢻ĵ籨ȴֻڻز÷ߣں桪ȵִ˸ͷ˵ɡ
ȻⲢ˵֮Ͱ˴ǾͲY˵Ļʱڵr½ȻѾкr½ķ񾢣ǴʱڱϾrеıȽ侲һʱڣǷr½ںҲܵһԴ
֮ǲY˵ĻҲǲYɵĻ
ʵό֮ţȴͣ
ΪҪΪr½룬Ҫ֪ΪɽսµԵʣԭrڵλߵ½Ѿһǧˡ񣬼춼ڌ֮ĸۡǰߺĿںš
ĸۡǰˣ͸½ˡʱ˴šY˵Ķද֪֮ǴڱָʾġΪiʡĴYɱǺڸ󳼣󳼵Ĵһġ
֮˴ŵ飬ⳡѾȥ˵սô½Ϊսսrսҫȫ֮һ棬֮ҲᱥԌ֪֮ⳡսʵѾȥˣȻҪôš
˴ǱҲͬˣȻǱ߻½ô裬˵侲ʵǺˡǰ˴ɵѹһҲ،֮СϾÿľвٶӵϵģټǰһۣʧ֮һʱ˴ͬ˽ս飬ô³δؾͱȌ֮ĺˡսrḶĴۣ˴ɵǺܵġ
ΪйѹûвrΪйûһ֧ܹrƥеĺйΨһܹвģֻڶͳʵrפ
йⷽȴкϵ⣬οҪӢ˵ѹrȫԷſ˴򡣺ҲҪɽֱйĺйĺߴĺһƲһǸʱ򣬿¾йȥˡ
Ҫ󣿼ĿǰrĲ⣬ԼСС⡭ʱ㲻˵ģҲֻ㷢һjngˡ
ڻ㻻һԸȥĽ죿
Ҳ˭ʱԸȥҪ֪rеˣȥô˭źʣ
ο⣬rĸܹͳǼʦŵʦų
ڶź֮͌Ҳֻܾôţôĥš
Ϊ˭ԸеǸĳƺȻɽڶһȴ֪һ˵ףϾҲ½󽫣rĹϵ
rǱߵոշɽ߾֪ˡ
ˣŻôջ
ЩһѵͲܿʱ𡭡
ŵ籨ϣĳλѽǰϵĵNݸ߸㽫籨˺ķ飡
ھΥԸȫػأȻrԶӵڻ֧Ԯз˳ȴڵ
㰲һʦνȻԼʣµʦţ˻˻ء
ڻأµεĵʮʦʦųǸڻΧе˶ߡ
ȵصʦҲ˵أ׷Ĺ׷ʱrԶȫİѾ׼ˡ
ʱ׷ĹԶrҲһΡ
ҲĹ£һ顣˵ڵrԶӣǵЩڿɲǺöԸġ
еĽռ׽պšڣ356mmھڷͬһ㣬Ҫ֪ڹڲھĻҲֻ280mmڶѡ
356mmڵһöҪһһƬ
ڲܵΧ󣬸׷ͽֻΧͣתƣȴһ㶼ûҪȥӡ
ڵrҲֻץʱ䣬ͼӹ̹µȵȹҲûȥкԶӻȺ£ôҲֵڵǮοЩתתȥҲδܴС
ϵԶӣҪҪһ¹վ
r˶֪й˵ĿվѾײˡ
r˵ԶػǹװҺҲҪЩһսǰˮ׼ķɻˡȻ˵ǲģҹʱڵĽӻȫϨƣ⵽Ϯ峿ʱ̫ոӵĺٱǾҪ𴲣׼ʱӦԿϮܵ˵ĹٱһʱĻǺġ
ǼɱˣҪйٱ֮ǰ𴲡
ֻҪ뵽Щ½鱨ƺѾûٵĿվɻٿۼɵҲһĸ˰˾ǰǻˣ
ɱһķϿϵ鱨ʱһŰɱľͻȻɵǰŲ˵
rǱߵ𣿡
ˣrڻΧеΣߣrڻΧϹ̺µķ߹¡
˵ʱǸľҲһͷۡ
Ͼʱľ˶ԣսսһսԵģƫƫսսͬʱսŵĻ̵һȺʿ˾ٵĻ󣬲ȥֻǵͷ
ãȥɡ
ȵ뿪󣬲ɲŶһԵ
֣Ǹ׼ڻغǾһս
ǰ
Ҳ˵ͷ
ҪĻ͸ϽϴȻҪôعҪôͻط򣬲Ȼڴԭزͺðˡ
˵˾е
ͣͣ
˾ͣ˳ϾɽڽڲɵĶ
ȵͣº³ǶŲɵ
Ȼr˵ĿѾȷˣֵܾȥˡ
ãһоȫˡ
ԲɵĻֻǹ˹֡
ȵȥ󣬲ɲſ˿ϵĵͼ
r˾Ȼûߣѵ׼űºȥ˵ʲôynı
֪㲻ߣǶǱ߻ûгǌ֮ĿİɣôȵʱҲֻܼȥһʮº̸̸У
ģаҲ岻ȥ
Ϊѫͷ߽˾ڡ
ʱ˾˶ææȥģѫܴע⵽Ҳû
˲ע⣬˾ȴܲע⡣Եȵѫĵ߽󣬻ڿŵͼĲѾ̧ͷЦŵ
֣
˾һˡ
˵ѫߵ˲ɵǰȻϵһˮ͡ཹཡĺſڵ
˾аʵǳ岻ȥ
ȻѫĻеǸʲô˼ɵû
Ϊողһֱڿս֣ȻѫûйrķߣѫǸʦȷѾˡûйrأʵΪrĻҪһЩǲѫ
һͷѫǾЩѰζ
ԴѫϹǿƵ˸ͷѫڳһʱ󣬾¸Ǹʦһоͺʲô鶼ûһ
ΪԲɲŻЩ֡
˵ʵѫĽǺɻ˵ѫҵҳϡЩǽ߲ɵģȻǽĻɾ͸Ųˡ
ڵĲɣֵȴһ㶼ƺͺʲôһòɲòҪĻǶr˵ս£ѫĲӣսǿٻϱļʦҲĩ¾սࡣʵĻǲġټѫĲӺͽǸʦһפɽĲӣɽĵ൱ϤԲɻõѫĵطǶѫЩ¼ɣҲǲò֣ôr˲ôöԸİɣ
ô˵ţһѾڲɵʾһʪë˹
ѫǲֱӾȡ˹Ȼ˲ϵ
ȵĲˣѫſڵ
ȷЩСӻǲöԸҲ֪ǵôЩСӸϻġ
ô˵ʱѫȻΪԼӵϵЩۡ
˵ףȻѾˣҲһЩĴУͱУˣѫʦϾִĲӡոյսʧô࣬ʵûвѫ۵ɡ
ѫĻȴֻЦЦû˵Ļ
ѫȻ˺ܶ࣬ʵڲԼҲúѡ
ΪģڵrȻѾɸƵ˱Եƺֻһͻᱻɸºһһ⣬ǾȻrѾˣȴõһǿ֧ԮǾrԶӵĻ֧ԮrԶӵϣÿҽ涼װдĴھڣһѾﵽ356mmһͬʱҲǽ϶һﵽ305mmr˻һЩ150mmũڹ˺̶ܴȵĻ֧Ԯ
45ʽ150mmͼũڡֻҪںѹsh;װrҪڱӡ
ھȻֻ150mmڹܵĳȴﵽ50shҲﵽ൱˵20ȻҰģ̶̨ĻԴﵽ22ĵز
Ҫ֪¹ͬھ150mmũڵshҲֻ12ңҲֻL40ѡȻҪﵽsḥҲǲСģ˵̶̨ʱﵽ˽23֣Ұʱڼװڶܵﵽ26֡20ֵ¹1910210mmڵҲ߶֣1916150mmũڣshͬﵽ˽23£ҲֻʮֶѡĻڣȻ˵ҲҰս;ʱĽͨԣΨһֻܰװ̨ϣԸЩϮսˡ
ǵĳ̨ϰڷţȻǵһȴһһӶᵽĵˡ
ڡrԶػ̫ƣҲֻܽҪڱڵ150mmȫ˹ҲѾںˣǲҪЩڵ⡣
ԭrȺϹȺʱͲûһսټԶϵĽڣ߱ѾѶԸˡʱټЩ150mmͼũڣҪ֪ͨҪõİsẖȽںһҰڶԶΪҪõģѹҪŲط⣬Զĺء
ҲҪŲط⡭ǣڹڣûһڵshֻܳڡĴƹ210mm240mmũҲһ͸ˡѫĲҲùrʱ
˾˵ڸô찡Щr˾ͺһھ͹ڻϣǣʵûʲô취
ʪëݸǸѫֳ̯üĵ
ǰѫĻҲúΪѡȷǺ鷳
ȥһֱǹȺѹű˴񵽺ãȻr˵150mmũֻʮŵӣȻùȺе˺ܴѹ
Ͼڵǣͺr˵ƤӵҲûʲô
r˵ķɻĲˣ޷к죬ڱҲɵĺһͨںܻطټȻĻڱҲǲ֪ôˡ
ھڱѹţҲû취ˡ
Ͼں֪ٵĲӱػѹţԺ󻹲ûһĳ档
˾а취ˣ
ƺЩɶӣѫæչȥʵ
ҡҡͷûʲô취ֻ뿪˶ѡ
ô˵زӮǲףĻȴǲˡڵĹ˵زûӮҲӮˣɶr˵û䣬ҲˡȻֺαôżأ
ھһһˣ
Ժһrӣļʦַһַĥһ⼸ʦҲǱĳʦ˽ǳ׵Ӱ쵽ս
Щrɻ̽rһ
Ǿǵҩ١ֹԭе½ҰսȺ¹ģʮshԶ150mmũڵĵҩҲȱ
ÿ½ʱrȺһӡ
֮ϣȻȺҩҲЩţɺrһȴǺõĲ֪ôƵġ
ҲֹڵĵҩǰߵĹٱǷӳƺҲѷ࡭
෢νǾǶԲԼˡ
ڼνr˵ĵҩҲԵĽҲ˵ʿǵxngr˵ĵҩûĵĻܲƾյr˵ĵҩԼĹɣ
οr˵ĵҩûˣѵ̾Ͳˣ
㣬ۼŹĹһ͹һ죬淢ĵ籨Ҳһһ죬һ켱һ졣
ԶʮŰܣ㻹ǺܸмģǡڵʱܸڵҲ͹һɣһھôһڵôð
ı棬ҲֻԮһ㡣ǧһǸոնԱԤۣڵҩʲôġĳΌ֮˽ӴһźҲ൱ֱӵĻظ
ʮ˵xngҪ½ҫҪ
زҲǿˣûж֧ԮҪӮⳡսϣʵ̫ãˡôȥĻʣµİ½ȫĿxngҪһЩ
Ǹʱ򣬾½ҫҲˡ
ʱϽعȻģȻô½ſ϶ҪһǧɵģôȥһǧҲֻ顣Щӳعʧٵ
Ҫ֪ɽİ½ɲrԱǼʮܱȵġȻǰܱȴѪսjng񰡣ѵأҪǿڹЩѾܾûмѪνjng񡱺͡Ԥۡ
ĲӣҪһʧ˰ĻǶrҲһĴοɽrôװڡν֮Ҳƣһӵһν˵֮ˣԌ֮Ļǌ֮ȴܽɣΪĻ½ҫɨأrĹҲܣǸʱڴţȻҲսû취ȥˣҲδãһʧܽٵѾԽԽѱ½ͷϣrڵĴűҲδһ¡
ڶǱȻִϣ鷴
ֻǶǱϣȴϣϾɽÿ춼Ҫȥڵȵҩr١ȻzhngfǱߵľ֧ѾתϹ˽zhngfѾûʲôˣǲҲҪܾܲˡ
Ȼڶ㣬ɱ˻ԱȽɵġ
Ϊڲȫ֧֡rǱߣ½ͺ˲˵½Ҫ֧ԮеʱӲ˼ʮӲſʼ֧ԮŪÿζòǰʮҪ֧Ԯ
zhngfڲҲ˲ϣڣҲ˼ǧԱ϶ԣϹߺ˵˵Ҫʲôһ·̵ơ
֧ӱˣֱӳ󷽣ȻϹطٵһʦ
ѫǸʦΪһʦˣŰģѫǸʦԭפصĵطһĲӸˡ
ôһڼϹװϵƣѵҲѷsr̫ࡣ㲻Ҳǹˡ
ϾʲôʱйľӶġڵڻأãҲ˲ãʵЩ˼ĲɣȻҩҲЩ⣬Ҫ̫ˡ
ټϵıԣԭ˵ļӣҲ͵˺Ͳ䡣ҲǸոձȻսѷs֣²ӡ
߲ɶĹѹûͣһ죬ÿʱÿ̶ǺͣЪġȵЩʱrΨһܹѹƹȺ150mmͼũҲȫЪ˺ѾһʱrĹȺҲ˻һԭһֱòȥĵҩȫȥйrϡ
ֻʱ䣬rͶʧڻΧء
ʣµļȻrҲ᧿ΣزǱߵĴŵ˾Ҳϲˡ
ҲЩš
Ȼʧܣź֮͌ǶԤϣû뵽ȻôѾ᧿Σľءô˵ܸȵǳսܵȿȿȣܸǳǣ
ô˵һǱҪŲ̨ˣǾ͡ԣӦ̸С
Ȼ̸еĹ̵УѰһȽĽ֡
Ȼ֮ǰڶҪִһʱ䣬ҪִһܹеȫϾսʧˣҪƳһеģȻĻҪ֪ⳡսͬСɡ
ɽʮԶѾķ˹rԪкҲʧ֮һrԪǾԹ˵ġ
οrڻǿսоȻһδңr̵ܹġƽr༷һǮȻϹzhngfΪľܹԼĹҳΪһǿĹңԼĹңȴܸԼѾʼƲĹңڸģ
زûиڷйŭڸȫԱҪꡱڴڸĵ̨ڴŵ˵ԤϵС
̨ν˹ֻҪⳡ籩бȫĺڹǾܶɽ
ҪǰսܵĺڹԼˣⱲӾͶˡ
ҲΪʲôزǻִԭ򣬱ϾûһԸⱳϺڹǌ֮Щ½ˣꡱ˶˵ʲôϡȴǌܹ֮ܵˡbijngͳڣϹڿŸոմĽݱ
ݱϣѾٴһΧķߡʱܹغͻrԶΧѾʣ޼ˡ
ȵ⼸߶ꡱʱrҲֻʣѡһڻȫһǱ´󺣡ڳ˴ʲôģ帽ƺûܹذ˵ĴֻԣӦˣЩrrһˡǰߵĽݱȻֵأϹζҲ൱ĸˡΪڵıֽϲû˽ǳڡǡȻҲûʲôĳƺ϶Ѿǲˡ
ȻڳƺŶԣζ˵Ŀǣɽս³˽£ķѵĲԪľѿ֧гһ붼ϹԼģһzhngfġЩӰ˵ȻˣǻҲСɽrڵʰһ٣ǾϵĿ֧ȴr˵ϣҲǴʤ̵Ĵ۰ɡô˵ζ˵ûʲôǱ˸˵ˡȻϹǮʱ˵ˣǮҵģһϢġζȴаգһʱԼܰϢȥһܰ衱ҲȥͲΪ˵ҲˡϹ⻹ͳ칫￴űֽ϶ԼŵʱͻȻ˽
ͳո⽻Ĺ˲Ǳ߸ոմϢ˵rҪ̸У
Ŷ
⻰ϹԼӡ
ǵȵˣߣǵ˲ȥһʮº̸
ǵȵˣߣǵ˲ȥ
rҪ̸ϹԵú˷ܣֱͳ˳ȥ˵ʵڵģϹϢѾ˺ܾˡ
ⳡսϹĽȫɽ뵺rȻ˵Ϲⲻôô
ܹȫɽrȻõģֻҪܹˣϹڹڵԻr졣Ǹʱʲôķɿ¶ҡϹĵλϹĻͳλ߰ʮҲûġ
Ͼȫ࣬ǰڹʮr׳йʷѾܾûгֹˡ
ֻĳɾȻˣϹȴô
ǲ룬ǲܡȻɽrԶвѾɸѹ˻أ۳žͿҪƵιȥˡⲢrйͺвˣۺϹϣrʼҪйrǿĺսֱɽڣΪr˵ĿֻɽӢΪ˲rйΧԸr˻ĽҲɽ
˵սĹУrˣֻҪǵʧڳܵķΧ֮ڣӢ˻ƻЧrҲԸӢЭԼϴԸ
ϾΪЭԼһԱǿеĺңrطҪӢǰѧϰ
ҪϹĽɽвȫˣôܵôӴʧr˿ɾδػԸѭӢ˻Ľˡ
ϾɽģһʦŻһţʦŵʮˡȻʮѾֻʣˣȻrʮŸʦе
ҪвȫûҪʮŸʦһξͳĻôr˲߳ŭĿxngС0
Ȼ½ӲĻr߳ŭҲûʲôϵ˲һΰ꿹սúŷսͬˡοڵĹ絳ȵKMTĹйûͳһȫأڵĹ絳Ȼʱ仹̣ǳ⣬Ѿˡ
ټڹ絳ͷϵʵҪǿ20KMTڵrҲ20ôķֻ½ӲĻҪʤҲǲûпܵ顣
ǡr˲ôɵģ½ϺӲrҪôɵĻ硪ˣǱˣ͵ǸֻҪʵĹҿ¶Ӯ塣
rɣrôɵĻrսҲͲӮˡȻӮӢ˲Ŷԡ
ﳤ̣ܶСӶr˲ܲ
Ȼ½йĿxngСôȻʧأȴȻźǿʵrܡ˵½ʵĻôrһȾֻǸϾĿǰλľҲϸͲŽ4300ֵĺ߽ڵڶλȻսȺ߽ߣˮֻ3000ֵľ⽢ںУû۵ġ
ֻҪrԸ⣬ȻвսнһѲ󽢣ʽսѲrȫйغϡݡ㽭Ϻաɽȵء
ЩطпܻΪr˵ϮĿ꣬йʵºҪĸݴֿ¶סrˣҲδǷھߣҪһʦŸһǧ๫ĺߣҪپ
Ǹʱ򣬿Ӣ˳ҲûõģοӢ˻δػ档ϾӢ˻ں͵¹Ĺ棬rҲӢ˹ʱrˣӢ˿δĻܵġ
ˣڵơ
Ȼȷr˳ۣȴδĸҳrӲӲϾrڻ൱ۺʵġսʱõġٴ֣
άڰ칫ţϹǰЦŰֵ
ͳ
˵ŹάԱߵһ˵
ȥͳȡ֭Ҫģ
ǣ
Ǹ˵һͷ뿪˰칫ңάӭȻϹλϡ
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Ϲ⵽˲ֱλϣάࡣ
ǵģ֪ϲȹ֭˰
ǰǺǡάЦЦڲҪ˵zhngfˣ棬ǹⶼв֪йͳȾƲȲȿȣϲȹ֭
ǰϹͷⱲҲôһˡ
ҲãںһĲҶͿȶֵƣþƸˣͳ͹֭ʣ²ٵǮء
⻰ζ˵ġ
пһºϹ
ˣ֪ͨ˵rǱѾϢҪǺ̸𣿡
ûά˵ͷrʹrոȻû˵Ҫ̸ֻ˵ϣɽ̸Уֻǿ˽˼ƻҪ̸
ЩСrҪӰˡϹЦһɽȻҪӡ
˵Ϲ⿴һŵĹά
zhngfʱ⽻Ҫѡˣ½ġ
һ㣬ѾǱϵġ
ԭܼ򵥣½⽻ܷḻ1906½йפȫȨʹ1912깲͸ӦͳԬפʹ⽻ܳƶйִ⽻֮ĸ񲿡Ϊ⽻
Ȼ½黹һ֣Ǿֻ͢ڵ͢ȻڹеԱһְΪԭĳΪҪԭ⽻ְλǺʧ֮ۡǿ˵ġ
ֻ˶Ϊջ½⽻ʱ⽻ְλѡȴ˵ϡ
ΪճΪ⽻ģһ½鼰͢ȣΪ۵һˡ
ճΪ⽻ģȴһ۵ˡ
˵άۣΪʱĹάȻѾȢǵŮƱhһֱ1914Ҳֻһ⽻Ĳ°ˡҾְλΪǵĹϵʱĹάֻ20ѡ
ȻʷչĻô֮19147£άͻī繫ʹ10µʱ򣬾ͻٴΪʹ
ҲƽˣȻùάƽƵģ⣬ҲǵŮйء
ʵϣѡ˹ά⽻ҲвΪϹǿǵϡ
ȷǵӺܴ󣬲Ϲ⻹ûôǵӡϹѡάֻ20⽻ȫǿҪġֻάϾ̫һЩȻϹͦ¹ά⽻ְλzhngfԹάķȴһ㡣
ڹάڣôʱrϴǾƽϢ˲ٵķ飬ҲϹԼûѡˡ
ڹάİ칫Ϲ͹άһ̸
º󣬵õϹɵĹάrԼ˼ΣҿʼΪʾһ̸
ȻԼĹ̵rһֱǿ
̸Уͣ
rĻάҲû£ϾҲûʲôýġ
ĻҲˣֻҪ۾ܿװ׵ģοҪĻʵֻʵʵڵҪġ
ɽսȻ£άrҲʼĽӴ
ʱr˴㽫̸еصѡڶ
ȻǾԲͬģϾܵ˼ҵĵͷȥάѻʤߵ̬ȥ˵ĻrҲˢʲôСǺ̸ܵrȥĻ϶ǻԿġ
չάϺϺ
̸֪еصϺʱȻڸڲûһ˭ڹһ£Ͼڹ˭ϣ˭Ҳ桰ꡱˡˣڸ϶ǵ̨ˣɹ꣬ȵ񶼵ʱЩҪȴδز̨
ҲǴȻԭĿǰҪЩһ֮½һͰ˴ɵĺһ
ֻȻȻݣǵȵǵ֪ά̸еصϺʱȴ൱һµĵ
У
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û취ȻڴڸڲǴŻǌ֮ǶϣϺк̸ڻػrʣǹȻԼȥrxngȴȻҲԽֻصrԶӻȥйʵʵ̫ڹվΪrʧ̫ԵʣҲѾ׵Ĳзϵˡrƿ˶ĻںϺͿǾ谭ġ
ֻrǿɲǧr
ǧrһrװȻֱ˻rȥrĻr൱ʦţô죬ҲҪʱȫꡣϾڻǺھרҵĵ½ͧһʮڻפ;
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һö280mmڵڵrΧϣ260صڵıըrһ޴ޱȵĳ
ڵºrȻһƬһЩ¹ҲΪö260ڵ˼ЩԶ9ȴǲ֪
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ڵǿ9飬ߵĽȴܿиԶʱ򣬺οöڵĳм¥ôߣ뿴Ҳѡ
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زȻrôҪڽȻr˺޵
ٸЩСһڵ
ԼӵĲҰսҽԺﵽҲԱĲҾĶԵǺ
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˵ʮ㣬ڳϵ˶ٶôһԭҶ˵ڳ˻

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ڱصΧͣ󣬷˲༸ʮ׵ľߵ˽ǰ
ʦȱˣոµǶͣ𣡡
˵˻ͷϵľñժ£Ȼ˶ĳ
˵ȥʱڽԵļٺjngʿѾڽе
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ȣֱֺϼּׯˣǽĲ£1912꿪ʼѾڽʦڵʦıһְͽĽ˳һᣬʷڲλʫˣֱ³ľ19273Ͼ뱱սˮҲˡ
ΪڵĶߵЩȻæӦ
ߵǰڳΧ˰˰ֺŽڵ
ʦŻȽ˵ЩʲôѾһԵڱųȥȱ˰ɡ
ȵĻڱųûӦ
ΪֻǽʦıȷڽʦѾǶˣڱųҲҪȹܡ
ڱųܡ
ûڹһЩʦھػǿڱʲôģװ120mmھĻڡĿǰҲֻ120mmھ
˵ڹѾ150mm210mm240mm280mmڣЩڶװڱúͽڱʦġһĲʦڻûװôھĻڣҲ120mmĶѡ
ˣڱųҪȵΪȵľȻߣȻܲڱųҲֻΪܵڱˣҲŹѡ
ڱųûȣҲֽˣæձǰվ˳
˵Ҫͣô°УҲʦţûҪǲ𣿡
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ҲΪʲôܵڱΪû¸ʵ̫ˡ
ô˵䣬ԱߵǸ280mmٴһڵ
ǸڱųûԼģҲЩΣ˽ʻȻæش
ʦո˾Ǳ߸ոմµ˵ʦڱź͸ڱȫͣΪʦԲġû˵ǣϣr˶తڵȻҲʱҪϵڱӻҪ
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ʱȵĻŲɣһȲΪƭԼҲҪһ㣬Ǿǳڱ⣬ڱڵĵطƺѾͣˡ
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Ҳ벻ͨǰ˾Ѿ˵ˣrҪ̸ˡ
ȸո˵꣬ǸڱųѶڱóȫסˡ
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ûȵͷҪ̸ˡ

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ϺļٸڿάóǼֱֽпֽͷԼɥƬʱԭòļҲȫɢˡ
ֻһ˲䣬ڿ˱ֽϵƬ󣬼ٸѾں͹άĶ·硣
Ժûãٸ͹άѾʼͺ̸Ȼٸһֱǿ̸С̸УڻصrϾҲǿ˶ˡ
ǿûãٸ͹άѾʼˡ̸СҪ֪ûǿһӣɽrҪ
ں̸ʼ󣬼ٸѾʼ͹άһϵе̸С
տʼʱ򣬼ٸȻѭŵ˵˼ҪۣһҪǲrʧڶrԪ⳥˵Ļr˾;ݵӡ
ҲǼٸάᣬԲŻڳƣֻΪոյıֽԶʧܵԵʣԶôһ㡣
˵ʵڵģּʱڼٸǰ峯ʱĹ١пܳˣϾ黹ûٸɡ
Ҫ֪ͬһڡ
ڼٸǰŵǹάһȻᣬϾԲѷڼٸпҪֵˡ
Ȼᣬǹάȴ¼ٸƣϾɽ·rˣά
ֻһĹ򣬹άѾ˼ٸơ
ȻһʧˣٸҲͲȥˡ
ҸոյĽ̸УټʼҲüٸоǰƺôöԸ
ǵʽ̸пʼ˺ܿͿʼΧһϵʵʵ̸С
̸еĹУٸ˶ò⣬ʹĵطò
˵rйһЩ磬˵ȵȡrڻפ;
ڻפ;ǹʮ(1901)ǿǿzhngfǩġԼУȡйפȨrbijngʹ⣬ɽءػʵݡפоӣפ;1650ˡr磬פ࣬˾ں¡
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ιάҪһҪ󣬾r뽫ڻפ;ȫһ
ҲϹbijngҪ󣬱Ͼǿڻפ;פҪضΣbijngʹbijngɽߵ12սҪء
Ϊй׶bijngΧսҪأӦйĵر򣬵ȴפrǿӴװֻҪ뵽Լ»ôˣϹ˯ȡ
οЩפbijngΧפ£йzhngfȴûȥƲǡ
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ԳᣬϹȽǿڻפ;ȫ
ʵϳڻפ;飬⽻Ѿʼǿǽ顣
УΪ¹ڻפѾȫܹıӻѾûе¹˵ʲôˡû˵¹˵飬ôʣµȻֻЭԼˡ
ʱЭԼͬ˹ڶߺ߼ս伤ҳ̶ȼֱڶߺߵսϣÿһ춼Ҫɵ
ڿ˾ִŷսϹһֱ̾ţѹںϷʱ򷨹˿һֱôı硭
⽻ǿǵĽӴУӢȹҲнڻפ;뷨
Ͼŷޣļǿ˿ڲսǷ
ңɽս·չغǿǿйϵĹҲôһ˵˼Ȼǰһʱ͵¹Ӵ൱ܣȴһֱЭԼʱһֱʵû̫ôڻפ;ֻйЭԼĶУȻˣ罫ڻפ;ˣʵҲܸһЩ
ϾйĹɽrӢǿҲйôһפ;ܶԸbijngΧĽʮ
ֻ黹һѵ㣬ȻЭԼɿڵ˼һֱ쵽ĩӢȹȴȻûɿڡ
Ǿrûɿڡ
Ҫ֪rҲЭԼһԱͬʱҲڻפ;϶һҡʱġԼǿйǩһԼȻ¹ѾʧˣrɿڵĻôӢȹҲû취ɿڡ
ˣֻҪɽս۵Ļᣬÿr˵죬ôǿڻפ;ȫҲͲһܵˡ
ʵϣٸȻڻפ;һ£Ҳֻһ¡Ͼ²ˣ½ɽôҲû취һʱ䣬ֹЭ˼ӢǿڻʹҲûվһߺ󣬼ٸҲЭˡ
Ȼڻפ;϶ЭˣôڵȵصrȻ͸˵
rڶһʦפ˳⡭
ϧ벻󡭡
ûrȷһСĿrrʮŸʦеʱ
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ܹrפ;ϵЭȴr˳Ҫ
ڹάȻû̸¶黹˳ҪάҲûйΪڹάϹ˵ϵСr˿r棬ȫԹbijng˳ҪϾҪrԶ
仰˵rȫʧˣrҲǲ˳Ҫġ
ҲûʲôýģΪڶһʦֻһˣԱҲˡڶȴפŽʮʦһʦֳʲô
˳Ҫ
˳ҪrڶģЭ飬˳ҪҪ1922ʱ黹йġ
1922ʱйںϳԽr̫ܣ½͹ҵʵϡ
ȫûбҪ˳⣬Ϊʱr˲Ը⻹ĻйȫԼȡӢǿĸԤ⡭
ŷսӢȹѾԹ˲Ͼο1922ʱӢǿҪжĸ桭

֮صĴ⣬ǸʱӢȹûȥһСС˳۵ġȻǸʱϹҲҪһµģϾոո˰룬ǿҳ뵺ûᣬᣬȵĻɾֻʣˡ
ڴ󣬻r֮ľֻʣһǾΪս⳥⡣
ⷽǼٸǹάҧŲɿڣʼʱһҪ⳥һҲҪ⳥
һҪ⳥һֻӦ⳥һϵ֡
ЩϹ޹ˣΪϹѾȫίи˹⽻ά
Լæһ伫ΪҪ顣
Ҫ飬ǺЭԼйط֣ЭԼˡ
Ѿ1914ĩˣ۳žҪ1915ˡ
ʱ򣬾ĵڶҺ͵ҶѾˮˣĵ͵Ѿ˴̨г缶Ѳ󽢵ĵһҲѾͬʱ˴̨ʩС
ʱҲʱйŷ޵սˡ
ȻϹԸǾڵйֻһЭԼֻʵȷ棬ЭԼԮʷϹ⻹ǺĵģοɽҲҪ깤ˡ
Ŀǰй佫ɽĸȫĹ⡭Ŀǰйû
ϾĿǰΪֹҲֻĴ½ɽԼ½һСͱ
ݴ֡Ϻ촬Ĵ촬һҲĲʮֵĸ
ڲģֹ졢еȷ浽Ĳ٣ʣµأܲȫĥϲ˵ɡ
ŷ޾һܺõͻƿڣοɽս½ˣڶԲսĹбҪĲ󣬶װҲԳڵŷȥǿҵ
ֻҪ뵽ŷս˳糵йķչǰϹһ֡

֮ǰҪȼЭԼ˵
ЭԼ󣬳ܹӱڶЭԼ⣬ҲԺЭԼ̸̸ͺع˰ԼһЩȥǿǩĲƽԼ
ȻйĿǰķҲ̸̸ֻʲôĻ̫ܡйʵǿӢȹŷ޵ѪǸʱ
ܣҲͿԱΪˡ
ЭԼһٶʮ·
̸⣬Ȼһ൱С⡱ô̸ʱǱȽϺ̸ġûãάͼٸѾ෽öˡ纺ڵȵصr磬ȫ
ڻפ;ϣٸҲѾӦ´йzhngfͬԼǩڻפ;˵ʱrzhngfͬйzhngf飬ڻפ;ڹȥļνУӢȹѾҡˣֻrһҧӲǲɿڣԲŻϵڡ
ӢȹҲǿǵԼǸսĳͬǩģĪľһrûɿڵ£ȻӢȹѾͬˣȴҲֻܺrһ
ڼȻrѾΪɽrԶɿˣôڻפ;ĳҲ̫Զ顭ֻһ飬ڹάͼٸ֮һֱڽţǾս顣
ȻٸѾʼʱһҪά⳥һڶrԪrٸҲûͬά飬r⳥һڵԪٸֻԸ򣬳xngĲ
һһڣһǼ˫Ĳ̸̫£ĿxngʵСĲˡҲΪԭڹάͼٸһֱһҲΪʲôӢɳһλִйʱ򣬹άûкϹһԭ
ʱϹ⣬ڽrȫίи˹άԼһЩָϵ˸ݡ
һҪڸӲһ³缶Ѳ󽢵׽罢ʩȣһĿľڸͬӢĴ棬йЭԼһЩЭԼ
ֻҪܹЭԼйЭԼսȡСĺôȵһʱ**ʽŷ޵ʱ򣬾ͿԺӢȹ̸һ̸ȥǩһϵвƽԼǸ͹˰顭ЩԶˣҲϹŽĵطھ븣ݸ۲ԶĺϣһҿڼҶѲ󽢵Ļºݸۡ
ڿֵǰװϣΪӢʹɭ.Īؾʿƽĺ档
һƬƽĺ򡭡
ô˵ţɭ.ĪͻȻЦ
ô˵ȻûɵģΪĪǾɴģȽ֪һǣڴĺ£ĵ¹Ǳͧڻš
Щڴ׵ĵ¹ǱͧӿսѾ˲ֵ֪ЭԼ֣֪ݻ˶ٱӦӢʡĪرˣǾǰޡ
ȻͬʱӢҲ˼34000ֵĶѲΪĪػںеĹУѲǻǷ˲ٴεjngһΣĪԼƺںϼ¹ǱͧǱΪĪ֧ӣȻºֻ֤һ龪ˣǳ¼ǸĪصһynӰ
ҲΪȵʻ붫ǺʱȻĴƺŷǱû̫ĲͬĪػǰ˲١Ͼô˵¹ǱͧĻûе
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ĪѾ50ˣٵ顣
ȻЩûʲôؼǡڴ飬ĪصһynӰŷ޴½ϣҲûʲôõϢÿʧһˣһսѾ˽ֽ׶ΣҪⳡսĻû֪Ҫʱ䡭Ҫȵս죬ŷ޽ûһʤߣÿ˶ʧߡ
ʤߣֻŷĴ½ȥѰˡΪӢzhngfڲеλˣĪԭΪʤӦrҪһй
ôţĪ̾˿
rֳ˸йѵŷ޵ĻƽʱվҪ
Ī̾ʱһԻӵָӹ˹
ʲô𣿡
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ָӹҲû˵ʲôֻߵĪصߺ󿪿ʵ
ĪãйܳΪһ֧ܹǵ𣿡Ȼô˵ָӹٵжôһ㲻ΪȻ
ָӹٵӣĪ̾˿ǿڵ
ҲҪ˼ԸǲС
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ЭԼͬ˹Ȼ½غͺ϶ѾսһţڿҲˡÿڶߵսϣͬ˹ЭԼҪ
սŸոտʼȻЭԼͬ˹쵼ˣΪʧ۲ѡڻûһѪ£ȴû̫ЩģܳΪԮĶ
ЭԼ˵ĿǰЭԼҪĿ껹йֻӴֵĶѡ
ЭԼ˵ҪǲйΪ¹˵ѣйڳΪЭԼԱ󣬾ܷʲôã㣬Ӣ˴ûڴ
ҲΪʲôڵõй˹Ӣ˻Ӧôˬԭ
ΪȻйѾɽչһʵͬ˹ЭԼŷɱһӴʵ̫СһЩټЭԼȻΪսԵʺʹȴûʹ㣬ԻûйŷޡӢ˵ֻҪй˲ȥ¹ͳɣǷˣΪսʧľǷˣԷҲ˼ֻսϾſ˲100죬˵ʧǴ󣬵Ҳû󵽷˳ܲ˵ĵز뷨ڷ˵ҲǱȽϵġ
Ӣ쵼Ȼ룬ڡ족͵ļһɭ.Īļһǣȴڵģⳡսսŷ޵Ļƽʱ
ĪˣһֱѰΪЭԼеһʧĶ
ȶȻjngĺܣֻڱǱ߳䵱̣ЭԼͬ˹ͬʱ𡣱Ϊ˲˯ŵޣҲȥˡ
ڵڶ߾rrԭӦɵҲûЭԼԱڵߡйûʸӢȹķ۵ģɽս±ǰй˳λҪһЩ
ÿҶôһҵսнҶηͰ͢ﶼη
ӢΪнҳηڿھ356mm/45ھˮ32300֡е׺Žδ깤£Ӣڴ̨ϾڶҲͬˡ
һҺϽ׺ţսӢ100Ӣԭһ۵ļ۸ظҲ׬ˡ룬˼ôҲмηأȻ½ϲôһ㣬ɽսǰй½Ӣ˺ͷҲδؾͱ½ǿˡϾô¼
ȵɽս½й˳λǳֻǵλȻǺܸߡϾʱЭԼ˵ĻۣԮҲûôС
ҲΪʲôӢɭ.ĪôzhngfڲеλǵλǺܸߵļһйԭ򡭵ȻΪӢzhngfʹĪййЭԼ⣬Ҳʹġ
ʹǿйʵʵֻǿӣҪйĹҵʵȵȡһЭԼܶйôһȽȫĿ
ڳǰĪؾѾˣֻҪй˵ʵȥĪؾҪڱ潫й䡣
һйսӢ˵ѪȻһЩϣЩйܺ͹۲űһ
ôţĪ߻˴գָֻӹһﴵź硣
һЩʱĪصĽڵִ˸ݴֵרþۡ
ھΧվڼװϵĪؿŴֵĸۿͣŵļ𽢺ͼҶѲ󽢣ҲССĳһ
Щ˵ģйнľ𣿡
ĪڳԾĪһǵĽָӹҲһ
ΪھͣŵЩںԽ׶εĸ;ĻսϿɱӢЩҪǿˡ
˵һҶѲ󽢣ĪصִйҶѲ󽢣˵ʵǣһЩѾ޵ϽˣҪ˵ϵĻ硰Ѳ󽢣õĶϵͳҲʽ
۸ۿͣЩЩҲͲ˵ˣһǧֵСѡЩѲ󽢣μ࣬ҸָӹٵĿ⣬ЩѲõȫ210mmĳܽڡû뵽й˾Ȼе
پڵЩһӵĻr˵Ľ⣬޺Ҳеˡ
ֻЩȻĪǳһǳԾĻںͷǣ
һ̨ϣƺѾһЩʱrľ޴壬ĪغָӹٶԾĳ͡缶Ѳ󽢡Ȼ̨ϵѲ󽢣ĿǰΪֹҲֻǸոǣ˳㿪ʼдʩӴĽĪغָӹپܿĳһڴ̨ϵѲ󽢣һһѲ󽢡
һѲļ̨ϣһǧּ𽢺ǧּĶѲʩСЩ˲ǻƤĻһΪӢء
æµĴָ֣ӹЩŵĵ
ֹԵĪҲϸĿ˿
ûȷءΪй˵ĿǰΪֹֻܽǧּľѣû뵽ڵǾȻѾּܽĴ;ˡҪڸһЩʱrĻ¾սнҲǲܡ
˵һǧּľǧּľͬһȼĻôһּּһȼˡּĿǰսѲ󽢶ּĽֻּͬҲηŶλ
Īؿй˼ȻѾܹʩһּĴ;ôսѲ󽢺սнйҲδزܽ졣
˵йӢʦ͵¹ʦڣȷеˡȻĻйⷽĽҲܻô󡭡
ôţйĪеķҲȻࡣ
ȵĪسĿͣͷϺͷϹԱԼݴֵԱѾͷϵȴʱˡȻЩͷϻΪйӢʦ
Щĵ¹ʦϹѾһͷŪ˴֡ȻĹʦѾѧ˲ٶһЩҲѾڵĹʦĳЩҪĿϣĹʦۣҪڹʦǳռ˺ܴݶĵ¹ʦȻйЭԼѾǰ϶ˣһһᰡȵйǩЭЭԼȻٹҲҪһʱ䡣
ʱ깤Ŀ깤Ŀɡ
ʵ깤˵ġҲֻܿйЭԼЩ¹ʦǻ᲻չˡ
ҪЩڹʦİչˣϹҲܼЩĹʦˡ
ʿ
ĪشӿϹǰĪصʵ
ȻʻϹȴ൱Ŀ϶ĪػڴƯŵʱ򣬾ѾĪصƬԼĪر˵ϲȫˡ
֣ĪҲЦŵ
ͳ̫ˣĪؾͿˡ
ô˵ʱϹʽӢĪҲפʹṩ鱨ܳʱ䣬ӵһʽӢ
ô˵زҲǽͷ
ͷ΢ĺһºϹҲĪǵѾź˵סȥϢϾ˼Ҳǳ;ģܸܲ´˼ҴԴȻ̸ʲôġϢ󣬵˵ڶrʱҲͿʼˡ
ֵĹУϹĪزڻйؼЭԼڴֵ촬ڣһ߿Ź½Ĵֻʩһص
Ȼ۵ͬʱϹĪػôһԵĽָӹ٣ҲŴ̨ϵĳ缶Ѳ̸á
һѲ󽢡Ӣ˵Ļַʽ10000ҵѲһѲ󽢡
һѲ󽢣rҲв٣͸ҪӢˡ
ֻޱϾӢҲֻһrĺǿޣ缶Ѿ൱ǿˡο缶Ҳֻһʼû֪ʲôľ֡
ԣĪȻҪʵϸһЩ
ϹĪǵ⣬Ҳ֪޲ԣ޲ǲ֪飬ҲὫκǽйǶĪǽн
ԺôһȦĪҲһֱĸо
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ĴعҵعȻ󣬶Ҳȫ棬Ĵ븣Ͼ̫ԶһЩԽϽɽҵϾפһȽϺʵĿˡ
οɽҵĿǰѾһĳΡ
Ҫĸͱ⣬ɻӰ˵ĹҲѾʼʩѾ깤ͬʱΪ˵ĹҵɽҵҲܴһйķչǰ
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˵jngһ붼ɽȥСƴϾjngļֲʦͻȥֲʦվôġ
ԸĪذŵ·ʵʺϲٶʮһ¼ЭԼ
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վѾ깤һСֵɽǰĪһ̾Ϲ⡣
Ŀǰʮ֣ȵʽ깤Ļﵽһ֡ȻҪȵʽ깤ҪһʱС
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ϾʱڣǺųһǿĴӢ۹ĸҲֻв˰ֶѡڵ¹ΪսԵ½˲һǧ֣еǿķҲ½İʮ֡ȻԭҲֻİʮֵĲѡ
Ҳ˵ȵɽ깤ʱҲйҵֿԽʽչʱ򡪡ɽҵֹҲ׹˽С
˵ɽôʺϷչҵйҲֻʣ¶ˡ
ԶͺԼĴļ
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˵ѹҲܴ󣬱ϾɻǶ˵ˡ
ںϣȻͨⲻڡ˿ɱ𳵱ݵĶࡣ
Ǻȴһ͵ĵ죬ںϵģйr񣬺rһڵйʵǡ
٣ӵηͬսѲ֮ǰǲ̫еġϾںϽ͹ҵصĻҪֱrϵв
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Ҳ֮٣ϾйʵĿԣһֱʮһͺ˳ĳˮ潢ͧĻйڹrҲѷϺĻǾˡ
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ĴϹ֮أôķչĴڸ涼Ѿ˳Ľԭ᫵ɽϹⲻϧѪͶ£Ҳ˰·ͻ·
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Ĵǧ˿ڣȱʲôҲȱ˵ġ
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ǣ֦ȴڸͷѴ󣬺ܶǰϹѡˮءʱѾ˵ˣͷѴǺѽֱұģҹҲǵ70ͻ⡣
뽭ĹͽڵĹʦȻһֱڹһ⣬˵ѾôһͷϾ˲60꣬Ĺʦǹһ⾿Ҫ5껹50꣬Լò׼
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ߣԼԶİƶͺϵʯ»ȡ
ƺ޵뽭ʹұȴԵúǱˡ
Ĳ˵֦ķѴͲнڶ֮֡ȣ뽭ʹұڶֵĴپԵЩ΢ˡ
һһĸЩ̫ԾˣһʱڸԾĻ1914ĸǧٰʮ֣1915ʹﵽǧʮ֣1916ﵽǧʮ֡ȻۺĹҵʵкܴĹϵҲ˵ˣһһĸʵǺܶࡪٺˡ

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뽭ʹұټйܵ˽СȫĸѾҪʮˡ
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Īز֪ľǣ1915ʱΪսĹϵĸ½һ˵ֻ֡һһʮһ֡
һֱ1919꣬ĸֻһǻ
οйĸҲͣһңϹӣֹ֧ҵϵķչǸʱ򣬿Ҳڻ¡
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ֻ΢תһԽĪصѾһ⡣
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˵ӢѾ˵İϷڷֵĶĪؿõĶĪrˡϾڼʶɽ͸ݴֵһĻĪؿйķչǱҪԶr
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ĪȻһЩӢڱϾֻһһЩӰѡ˾ѾһЩ뷨ܹģǰЩˡ
ڰĹǰĪЩʲô뷨Ҳûõġ

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ڹۿ˱ͷɻȴĪعȻΪɽҵ̾ţھ̾ͬʱĪҲüͷ塣
ΪڱڣĪطȫǵ¹ʽģЩҲǵ¹ġ
ڷ൱ͳһȫǵʽڡ
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鲢ûпܣĪؾԼ֪zhngfںн棬ĿľǹĶͬ˹Ͷ뵽ЭԼĻʵϣ19155ΪӢӦսָķʹǣͶЭԼһͬ˹սʵȻսڼʧ30ˣȴɹס˰ٵ۹40ʦı˶ѹôûսʱԼѸˡ
йҪܵͬ˹ǱߣҪģֻҪЭԼڶǣӡȵֳطЭԼԴС
Ҫ֪ЭԼͬ˹ƣ˺⣬ֻʣԴˡ
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ȻĪĹǺܶ࣬ҲԼĹͨϾ¹ݵĵ籨׶أٺϹһ𷵻bijngĪغϹ⻹ڹ¥ǩЭ顣
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ڰrĹפrʹȥͿˣֻǰйɳʹѣܲrȥ

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Ͼͬ˹鱨ԱҲǳصģ˵ЭԼô飬Ҳڵܲ͸硣йЭԼ飬ǵ¹Ǳ֪ڻĵ¹ҲԼ֪һЩ
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ͱȽƽȵĵ¹ȣrǱ߾͡
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ӢȻйҲ뵽ЭԼϵС
й˭йǸողɽrսŪr˵ĵйӢȻôһЭԼϵС
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rǱߵȺ鼤ߣϹǹܲ˵ġ
ʱѾ12·ˣ12·ݵbijngѩΪЭԼЭɣbijngΧڻפ;ȫҲϹ˳ࡣ
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ʱϹҲû˻ǺĿҫ䣬ζҲ뵽
ѹֿǱ˭һ٣ԭǸŮӵİ
ҫĴȴЩϹǵԤϣҫֻЦŵ
ǸŮʱͻȻͳһƿˮȻҵ˲٣Ժ΢ЦĶ˵ϱƴѡ˵ǸŮתˡ
ڳţЩЩŵҫĻͷһκ
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ˮ̫ˣ㻻·ҲҲû취ֻûؼңӦܺϱ˭뵽ϱѹͲҵĽֱͣӾͶҡ
Ϲǵû֣ҫϱǶʶǹԺһ飬൱ĶׯͻۣͺСèһҫһȥԺʱʱ۾Ųˡ֮ҲϡͿĺ˻顣
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ζǸпģĸϻȻʱһԵϹȴǲмĵ
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ҫ䲻֪Ϲʲô˼ǻش
˼иɷ򡭡
ⲻ͵ˡϹһ°ơ˲һǸŮĵļңȻϴˮζ·͹ȥдһ䣺ζһϤʣµ飬Ͳco𣿣

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ҲۼΪŷս¼ҵ£ȻйΪЭԼ֯սδ¾ѡվӣⲢһǵľٴ롪ҲӦõȵŷ޵ս³һЩѡһ
Ͼй͵¹Ĺϵ൱ã¹½ǳǿڶߺսϣͬ˹ЭԼսҲֲ£һ㶼û·˼ʱѡЭԼʵڲһǵ顣
Ҫδһ죬ʤͬ˹ЭԼйԵ¹ǲýİ
һʱ֮䣬ҰִݣһЩѧУڲ¥УҲᴫִ
ִȴӰ첻Ϲġ
ǩ˼ЭԼЭ⽻ѾʼӢȹĹȥǩĲƽԼ
⽻ʨӴ󿪿ڣֱӽ硢ƽԼ͹˰ϵȫ˳ҪۣػǮ
⽻ĹƣǿܹӦģֻһЩ΢Լ档
ֻܽȥҲһˡ
Ͼǰʱzhngfÿ궼Ҫǧӣۺһ²ǾǧԪˡȻ˵¹rһ֣ÿ껹Ҫóǧ⳥Ӣǿ
ǧ򣬶СǮӢȹȻǿ۵ģǶй˵ǿÿʮķ֮һĲ롪ÿԪġ
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ӢĳηҲǧѣ㹻ðηˡ
ηҪ̸ˣÿֻðһңҲúмˡ
ͳĿڣϹһԵЦŵ
12·ݺȻbijngѾǰѩҲúͳﲻװŶԸĿյԸõůҲͬУڵҲԵúů͡
ϹĻҲŵһЦ
˵ǰ˵̾˿˵ͳÿ궼ҪǺһڶԪľأֻϧŷǱսһţǱֻæŷǱߵľ⣬ȻĻҵ⹺һη콢á
˵Ҳǣŷ޺Ǳ߶æĲɿھǮʲôҲûʹӰڴǱѾ罢ˣžԼηҲ̫Զˡ
⻹ͳԺְ֧
˵ںϳԵĿͷʵ̫ˣԺעһЩҲǲܵġ
һڶĲ룬һ붼Ϲھѣһڸһڶʣµڶֱ𻮸½ͿվڶеĴͷ½СͷǿվϾڵĿվɻò˶ǮһܷɻһҲͲˣǮĻǷʲôģѲ˶Ǯ
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˾Ѻ½Ҳֻڶôһ㡣½ĹģЩطϵƾҲֻͣʮϣȻĻһڶľѻ治á
ˣ罢Ľô¾ֳκǱ˵ʲôʱ깤𣿡
仰ȴǺ˵ģǺһŵ˵ġ
ϹĻѿڶʱ򣬾Ѿ仰ǶԼ˵ģæվ˳
¾ֳǱ߼ǰʹŻˣ˵罢ĽȺ˳ΪڴǱߵĵ¼ʦЩټϴַûӴôҵսҪ깤ĻҪȵ·ݲС
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ӢһηʱҲǺϤȴֻĸµʱͽη˳ڴǱһһѲȴҪȵ·ݣ˵Ͼ罢ڴǱߣ11·ݾѾʼǵġ
ϹҲûԹʲôϾ罢Ľ컺͵¼ʦҲһϵ¼ʦϹͳľкܴĹ
ˣ͵ǶԴֵЩĥɣȻܲŵ¹˰ѣҪ¶ŵ¹ˣҪѵ¹˸Ľˣǻʲô¶ɲˣ
˵ЩϹֿʼѯһ뽭ͺɽʩȣĴɽԼķȵȡ
Щ飬ֻȥ
˵͹ҵǳԸɷģǡ
Щʲô׵ķɻʲôġݴֺ͹ݡϺ½촬ĴǸֻǱͧ촬ϹģϹ˽˲ҵ
ΪЩڽ֮ϹԼ˽ʽֵ֧Ľ衪Ǹʱzhngfճٷϴ٣֧ѶЩ֧ˣĻǮȥֹ֧ҵչ
ȫΧ˽ļ·ѾzhngfЩæˡοzhngfϹ˼ũ˰ˡ
ʱ򣬾ͺĴʱһһҪĹҵʩϹ˽˳ʵġ
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˽˳ʲôģϹҲûʲô˵ģϾЩϹԼ˼ҲΪ˹ҡΪ˹ҽܲȫԼӰɣ
ԵЩϹ˽ʽ𽨳Ĺ󶼹Ϲ˽¡ȻϹҲûЩȥϹѾˣ˵ʱҡȻڻܺͱ˵ȻûԼ͹ˡ
Ϲ⻹ŵʱЩȴȫϹԼġ
ңЩӯȷ棬ҲϹ¡
ҲһֶΣֻҪܿ˹ҵĹҵƵĹҵľáϹλӣȻҲ̩ɽˡ

ڰ칫Ϲ̸顣
Ϊصģȴǲμŷս顭
ǾãڵĹϸŷ޲ս𣿡

ѾɽĲɣһֻbijngĽﻥһۣ΢ԥһº󿪿ڵ
ͳȻɽrսȷʤˣɽʮʦҲõʵսĥֻˡҶԣڵĹѵϺrƣܹ֮ʤҪΪװƣҳ䲻شrԶӺջڻصĴ󲿷ʣҪǣڱսܹ͵ʣrȴˣҪȥŷ޵Ļ
һԵĽӿڵ
ڱսǵȷƣװ棬ػ涼ҪǿrҲʹڽսʱܹѹr򡣿սĶǵ¾ĻػҾƲᵴȻ޴棬ҿ·뱻ѹƵ״̬ϾҾϺŷһཻǲһЩοŷսĻǹǺý͡
ûɭǹ˵ĿǰҾװ߻ǹ12.7mmھЭԼͬ˹װĶ11.43mmھǹ񵯷shԼȻڵװĿǰǹ⣬ŷ޷ҲֻװһȻڣʣµ񵯷shȶûװҾóȻŷ޵ĻںҲкܴ⣬ϾЭԼսϽרŵĵҩأҲҪһʱġ
ûҾɥʧװϵƣҪں͵¾սлϷĻ²һ׵顣ϾĿǰҾսʦӵ¹¹½ˮƽˡ
֮䣬ɺͽѾһж˸װס
ʵܼ򵥣ڵĹڱrսڻƣװƣкƣбơ
ʱ˺ͣ߹ȫռˣôrսʱȻˡ
ǵŷ޵Ļȵ¹˵ڿ϶ȹǸʱҪڻ֧Ԯdlxng϶Ҫɥʧġ
Σսʱ򣬺ܶʱǿǹ񵯷shȻڵxngǹװһϵණŷǱ߿û˵ôһЩװĵҩ¾Ҫйˡ
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Ǻŷ޵ļľ룬ֹ
˵һʿ˺ӣŷĽͨ󺽺ʱһ鷳ҪƹǲСǾ뽫һľ˵ŷȥҲǧյ飬ο·ϻд¹Ǳͧ
ŷޱֱΪṩҩĻ
Ҳ˼ԸԸôݾֵ鱨귨ĸпܻή͵һٶֵˮƽ
һٶ֣ʱйԼܴﵽһٶ֡
һٶֵĸṩԼ¶Щѣڳһṩ֪սεĹأ
ο**ʷһġսȥˣ˼ҿҲҪɻɡ
ô˵Ļǲȥŷˣ
˲ɺͽĽϹüͷʵ
Ҫ֪ŷ޲սϹеһΪֻеŷ޲սһһսܼӢּۻۣǽظꡱ
ֻԭأɵŷǱ߾ʤĻ
˵ڼйʵԻͻͽδؾͻӢˣǸʱӢҲδػưոݡټһԻһrҪһӢrͬʲôҲһ鷳¡
ϾսۺrҲвСսġ
ĲᣬսнʮңһʽսѲ
Ӣ˺rǱΪjinĻҲǲöԸġ
Ͼ½꺣һջ
ϣŷսǰͲ̫ܸrοҲһֻװı֣ҲǺĵʱٱֻҪȥʣµȫϵԶϵͳͿԡ
ڿֿʱѾ˽ڻϵͳɺٱʣǺ챾ˮƽȻǷǳҪġⷽ棬ǡǡйrĵط
Ȼrϲϣ͸ͬŷսȻһӢˡ
ϹĻ󣬲ɺͽٴζһۡ
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ȻһĻͬ˹档
ϾԹʵ˽ģЩ͹ǧ˿ƹϵĵ¹ˡڵ¹˿ֻҪԸϮĺ󷽣ӢڶǣϴǴ½ֳأǾԻЭԼ鷳йЭԼԱ⣿ȻתͶЭԼйЭԼתͶͬ˹Ҳûʲôɣοȥй͵¹Ĺϵһáһʱ䣬Ӣʹ͵¹ʹƵϹͳɳ˲ٵˣܵȥƣܵ¹Ӱ½ܵӢӰĺ½˵棬Ըݴֺѧõڶڵһɼѡ1876йɳĵһӢѧԶӢĸκѧԺѧϰϹߣӢҲ˲ǰˡ
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ڽʵսѵУܿʦ˴εxnjingѾݾһʦ֧Ԯ£ץеˡ
ʣµЩȻӵӣûбܿ¾ģҲʵʵĶڼﲻ¡
Ȼ޶ԣϾ˵ЩҷӶǶֵ֧ģЩҷӶԣ˾͵ǵĸɵ
ֻϧڶڰͶսߺͶսϵľ൱ˣʱҲ뼤ŭѾһʵйˣֻǳǴҲˣЩŸɵֹҷӴʧ
Ǻ£Ըȥľվ˳xnjingzhngfнԸͶܵ˶ڣxnjingǱϾxnjingĺܣĻܿҲҡ
xnjingΪܿµ˵ˣҲð
ֻǰ鰲˵صҷӺܿҲ⵽һЩ鷳飬Ʃ˵Щץҷӡjng׳ķ²ôǿǳܿµԴҪ֪jng׳ڵxnjingҲûٹ߿ʲôģҪʵڲһ׵顣
ҲʱϹղҪĹ˵鴫ܿµĶС

ܿЩ²ǡǡһЩļһ
ȻкܶĽⷨȻܿЩ²ܷϡ֡Ǻܿģķ²ͱ͵ղӵУͬĻиһʦЩ²ղӺΪѣȷҪһЩĹˣϾЩ鷳·ζ·ΣҪȥģǰҲһЩϧҷӡ
ղӱϾֻһʦȻΪ⣬zhngf䵽˺ȥ-_-!ղվ²˺֡ղ²ˣȴϹ²ˡǺܿģȺjng׳ġġˡǣͱƵ·ǰء
ڽУȺˣȥǧǧҲƽ·Ρ
ֲϧʽ£ղӵĹƣ·ͨҲòˡȻȵ·ͨʱ򣬹ķ²Ҳʣ˶ˣȴϹҪǵ顣
ϹܿµֻһǾ·ĹУܵĽxnjingڵҷץȻ͵ղȥ
ºܿϹҲһ˿ִţĿǰΪֹӪΪڳƽ״̬һֱάˮƽϣҪһٸƾҪһǧˡϹЦеѪζŵˣǰŵΪxnjing飬Ҳ֪ġ
ֻǳڲ뼤ŭйԳ˶һЩʹǴ⣬Ӣȹûʲô̬ʵӢzhngfĵķǣŷս᲻ͨ·xnjingϾļÿ˶֮ȣǹڵһЩֽĸһЩzhngfҲ̱һЩһЩֽȻϹΪ֡Ϊ÷²·ڹϽЩ²áģϹ⡭ķİЩķߵУжǽʲôĻľͲˡºٴȰ˵һᣬȴ˿ûϹ⶯ҡ
мڴˣҲֻи˷شʹݡ
䵽û˿ĵģȻŷǱߵսֺܽţйɱսͬǶʱܴɵ顣˻صʹݺֻǽϹսԸ˰֮ͺ޹ˡ
ڽϹԸذ󣬰ͰĹҲһͷۡ
Ƕԣ**þȥߵսķǵĿǵУ˰ͰĹǸ˵񣬾Ϲת⡭ֻϧǵŬʧˡ
֮Եģڵ֪ϹҪͶɵԸ󣬶Ҳһ󼤶
˵ʵڵģڵһ㲻ãսʧܣڶڲҲ鷳ԶԣʱܹڰͶսֵһЩѹöܹһЩսȥǾٺòˡ
ο·ܹ޳ɣҺ·ͨĻôȵŷս󣬶ǶxnjingʴжҲҪĶࡪȻͻ
ǣڰͰĹŬתϹʱ򣬶˳ˡڶսһеͬ˹ѹĶӢǱȻӣ˵ȵӢҲͲټˣϾҲ뼤ŭ˶Ҫѡ
Ҳʱ򣬰ͰĹǿʼõĵط롣
Ʃ˵··ܹͨĻôǺϴǴ½ʾͿͨ·ϿķҲ͵Чˡ
ĿǰйĹҵʵҲ·ܹͨĻйʶԶ˵ҲǺЧ֧ԮοйĿǰıͶսʮʮʦǺܴ⣬ȫȡڸ߼ıöܹıȥߡ
ﰲοԼһ󣬰ͰĹҲࡣ
һɵߵϹǰҪת˼ʱϹȴЦŵ
ȲҪûҪıء
һ㶣ǵͷ뽲
ȡϹ΢΢һЦҪˡ
Ȼпصٶʮ³
žž
ƽԭ֮ϣǹ
ǹв£ʮӰǱӴš
죬ܣץȥĻ·һ
еһӰڻͷһ׷󣬶Եͬǵ
ʱһǹ죬еһӰȴͻȻҽԵ˵ϡ

űȵڵϲͣҽеͬ飬ʣµֻǿһۣͷҲصļǰȥ
ǶףȻѾˣôҲ͵ûˡ
οʱ򣬾ԼҲδܹȣ
ôͻᱻЩһأ
ôڸкݺݵһʮӰǰš
ֻܳ˲༸׵ľȴǰŵģﵽ78֮һ
źԼǰһͷǸs԰׵૵
ôᣬôᣬ׷ô
ͷ˻ﲻŵʱߵЩѾһĹڵϣǰЩ˵·˸ɵĻܱھͱЩҪõĶɣ
ûʮ˾ǳҹsӡ͹Ӫӳķ²
˵ΪЩ²ŬղָӵʩͷһֱûпЩ͹zyuطǺһ͹ûʲô
Ϊ͹ӪĶǸΣյ·Σټÿ16Сʱĳʱ䣬ԼxnjingĶӻʹá͹ӪһֱǾӸ߲£ЩŵˣҲΪʹ಻
ȻЩϹⶼ֪ģϹȴôں
ΪϹ⿴Ȼ͹ӪЩ²ðңǿ϶ԴڿϵˣȻѵ·ѵסǣ
ȻղӦøЩ͹Ӫ˸һʩÿϹⶼǿӵһߣö֮ղҲͷˡ
ϾΪ˱Ӱʩʱ䣬Щ·Ҫȥġ
µЩʩԱͨĹ˶˼ҳֻЩ²ҷӶˡ
ЩϧǣȻϹƵЩԴڿϡЩҷӲûǷʱôӲ
Щڷʱɱӵĺ𾢵ҷӣ޷ܡ͹ӪĻټҲڵѪǺȻģֵ¼ҲŽֹˡ
Ͼ͹Ӫʵ̫ߣղӼµĹʦȻĴЩץҸ๤ĹȴǺxng
ȥ
ԲһЦһЩ·ΣߵʱһˤʮˡȻǲƴҲԣһٶ֦ǹţ㲻ϸԣ
Ȼ๤ǾӵˣǸ׷ȴʩӵĻӡ
ֻǽ첻֪Ϊʲô׷ľȻǴŴsĹЩֻǸץķ²͵͹Ӫġ
ˡǰһŵĹͷܵǸ˱۾Ȼץȥ϶ܵͷǰŵЩʳߵĹȥܱھҪõĶ࣬Һо仰ɽڣûգֻҪܻȥδûлӳȥ
ֻͷ۾׼Ͷʱȴһܵǹ˨
ţһܼǹ
ʮƽԭϵʮѾ˵ϡЩǹǲǰ˴ֹ̣װ
ֻʮǹsh£Щ޷ļһȻѾĲˣȻųͻȻɥʬĿܣƺЩСĹ֡
Щʹɱֲ֣Ϊ͹ӪĶӻһʱʵ̫ˡ
ˣȻղӵ˲ԸǸ๤ľнʾϹ󣬻ǾɱһӰ١ķ²ȫɱȻһ´󺽺ʱŷ޹ңЩ߹ڡ͹ӪĴϣһֱΪֹ
ͬʱΪ˷ֹʩӵĻ²֣๤ľн컹һЩȥκҷӽϱ˻飬ǶЩҷӡ
ʵ֤һεж׿гЧģڿЩſܷɵĽپʬ壬͹Ӫķ²ļʴˡֱɱķǶ˲١
ЩȴǼ๤ҪܵģҪܵĽֻǼල·Ľȣڡ͹Ӫ᲻ȱˣ
xnjingҷӣǸľͻᱻץࡣ
ҾЩҷץˣǻxzngɹ
طҲصĵȻһʱӢͶ֧Ѿ࣬Ⲣûˣԡ͹ӪĻԴǺܳģҪⷽ⡣

xnjingǱ߷飬ԶbijngϹ⵱Ȼ֪֪ϹҲ⡪ܶ´ģҪͼˡ
οϹҲûϹսˣĴʶ˵ϣҲŮϣΨҷϡ
ԣϹĵģֻǲμŷսս滮⡣
ˣԼҪϹͽĶ䡭
ϹҪҲ˳˼С
ˣأ
ĽйܹʮʮȫȡڰͶսߵãôʵǺܸߡ
˵ں˺Ϳضĺڽ֮أΪطµĺsƽ𣬲ٹԸΪ˴ͷѪ
ǣʱ˺Ϳأǰ߲һ㣬ȴûʲôԴĻĵءںߣǵλòʣµԴذʲôȫûеСطѡ
ҪΪǯƺˣӢѹͲｫظ
Ȼ
˵Ļʲô⣬ǿء
ڻ˵Ӣ˾㻮ȥҲۡʵս˵ľӢֻºһʱӢѹûйĹ顰ƶ񤡱ĵͼ
ǿصĻ
ȻСļԺԲƣʱĿԴҲûУӢվǿصıԼıңЩүǿδػͬ⡭
ϾӢ۹ΪϰѾ˼꣬⼸үƢҲǻ˲١
й˹ΪսûʲôΪӢ˹õֶΣǽҲȥĻȻСļԺԲƣЩүҲΪؾġ
ο
ú֣
˺ͿʱǳĻĵأ֪һ飬Ȼ֪ΪʲôϹ⻹Ҫط
Ϲ̬ŵľǣ㲻طҲ
Ȼ뵽⣬ȻȻҲ˳
⣬ϹĻشʵҲ򵥡
ҪõĵطǸ𣿣
ûϹҪõĵطǣЩ˻Ը
Ҫ֪սսǰѾӢȹϷֺ˵ġЩԴḻعĵطȻĿǰͬ˹ȴѾӢȹҺġ
ϹҪ˺Ϳûʲô⣬ΪطӢ˵Χ㻮Ҳ޷Ӣ˳ԵûʲôϹҪطĻǿɾҪ»սˡ
ϹĻشҲֻõ
ȻͻشʹݽͳҪ󴫴׶ء˵˶١ͳһһҪ˵һ£˵ⲻܴ󣬿ǿصĻ»Щ鷳
⵽ûϵط֣Ǿģ෴Ӧһ¡ճڣЩ۹ߵxngϹ⻹æһ䡣ȻڷӦʱϣʹ΢ίһЩ
sӲ䣬ϹĻͻȻһ˿Ц
⡭ðɡ
˵λվ
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ߣͣ
Ȼйס꣬ҲǸйͨȻ޷ĸֵ⡪Ͼϣĸ־û⡣
仰Ҳֻܵͷ
ټˡ
˵뿪Ϲİ칫ң˴ʹݽԼϹʱĽ̸㱨׶ط档
ڻ㱨ȥѾ˫֮׼Ͼ׶ǱߵĹжxngǺģοҪĻһӢĹҡ
ܹǸɣʵܷ
ȻѾ׼ʵȴǣ
佫ϹҪʹ׶غ׶طȷһյĽȴǴӦϹ
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Ϊսϣ°͹Ѿʹ˫ʧأӢڴϿĵ½սȴѾӽʧˡ
زѾûʲôϵˣڿأ
Ȼڲȷ˳ַзԵΪǿҵľǵʱĺ𼪶ΪĿǰйʵٶȷɿ죬ǹҵֵÿ10%ϵٶšȻĿǰйʹӢ۹ȻʲôвٶȼȥĻӢͲòйвˡ
ڶǷ棬ӢrйԹѣ۵ֳأȫǯйá
ж棬пֵĻǾ͸ˡȻط൱ƶ񤡣
ֻϧʱΪϿսѾӽʧܣ𼪶ĵλҲ᧿ΣʱΪ󳼵𼪶˵ķѾʮֵĵͣټЭԼڶߡߺͰͶսϵսֶܼѣȷҪһµ룬Ĳս
󣬰滹ͬϹҪ
˵ףǵҲֻһûټֵĻĵأڿأп֣ȷǯ˷棬ɵ¿ΪǯˣսܹʤĻÿǯҲûбҪˡӢͶѾսҪҲ뵽ⳡսʬ
οôʲôûеĻĵأʮҲǺֵõ顣˵׶ط淢ĵ籨ʱϻһŵӡʲôʱЩžȻôЧˣ
ҲºӢ˻ڣųԼǰ䣬ϹҲǼΪ˷ܵġ
Ͼ˺ͿضǺĺڽ֮أطδйҲͲҪڵʯˡ
Ȼս滮ˣôսǰһЩҲӦýֻⷽսͼˣϾսǰ޷ǾǺǮйء
ⷽ棬ԭйӢȹǩĲƽԼٴ࣬ͬʱӢͷԸйṩÿ겻һǧӢսϢġ
ⷽӢģϾҲйĲ⡣
Ȼֻ1915꣬ǶѾʼһЩңȻѾңӢϣйҲһΪսĹϵڲ⡣
֮⣬Ҳͬ·xnjing죬һֱ޽ĵ·ͨΪֹʵϣȻڶߺͰͶս߶ܳԽ·϶ȴܻ
ȻܹͨԴԴĹϵУҲڻͨxnjingܸӷ⡪ȻȻxnjingš
Ҫ˵ǣ޽·ķѾȫӢеϹˡϾڴϿѾ·ܹͨĻӢ˵ҲһϢ
ʵϣ·ҪxngЭԼڲѾһ൱Ҫĳ̶ȣҪ̶йĲսӢôʹӦ˺Ϳص⣬͵·ҲЩϵ

ڶϢһϹ⿴һף￪ʼ˼ҪҪһЩŮ鵽Լİ칫ȻչˡԼʳӡ⡭
ǰʱ伸ŮԱƶֹ檺ȷһһƵ⣬ѾԼ;󲿷ֵԱˣΪͳҶҼŮҲûʲôϵİɣ
ôţϹӴ
ϹĶҲŮˣŮҲû˵ʲôֻϹ⻻·չϹǰѾ֪ϹһЩϰߣбȽҪһϰ߾ϹںܶʱϲǲϲԹ롭
㣬Ůӿĵġ
Ϲ⣬ŮºֻĶͷ뿪˷䡣
Ϲⲻڷ˯һᣬһʲôġʵǽҪæ飬ϹҲֻ뿪Ĵ̣һߵԼİ칫ȥ
ͳڣϹ߽칫ҵʱҫ䡢ζͽѾڰ칫Ⱥʱˡ
εҪ鷳ˣ
ھһϵеĺѺϹԵĽ
Ȼʵս鷽棬ȻҪǿһЩɵȴ罯ټϴΪɽս²ɺcoһŪԭķνƺҪӣŵϹæŵbijngΧһԺȥ
ȥ񣬾ֻܰиˡ
Ͼ෽涼ѷsɣֻʵսЩȱݡڸ߼սȻҪȥȴֻʦʺɽָӡ
ϹĻ󣬽Ҳ˷ܵĵͷ
ͳ棬һʹ
һº׼ֲʦڽĴǳ˴ִﺣǴ·ǰ߼
bijngϹˣΪµ޷ǰУҲֻbijngһó̵ٶʮ
ںǰ߼Ļ𳵺󣬽һڳԣĬĬĿųٵ˵ľ;sܹԶָ񣬽ȻڱϺƽrûʲô˽ȴΪ˷ܡΪ˴£ƽrʮƵĽӽ÷ǰ˺üơĿǰڹҪֳϵһϹĴĵϵĴϵһԭвɵıϵһɵطϵ
Ϊȫ֮һjngĴϵĴϵʵǿξǱвɵıϵȻһϵľ٣ΪʹӲĹϵʵҲǿ
ֻɵطϵΪ֯Ϊɢټϲӵʽϵͣʵϵһ
вȻǵҲǵĴʼ˺ֱ쵼ߣΪڱʱ뱱УټϹⱾ˵Ĵ֧֣˲ɲŵԳΪܲıְλ
ȻΪɲĴϵڹڣԲɳܲıְλǺġϾܲıְλһְλڹֻһͷε£ܲıܲı͹˾Ҳûʲô
ְλĸϵġ
ֻɽս۵ʱ򣬲ʾrԶڹڻ൱ɴ˲ܲıְλʯ˼Ҳû취οɻϹ֧֡
ָԺĹĸˣzhngfɲ֣Ȩܲıȫ¹쵼أ֯쵼ȫľ½ָ֯ȫľжͬ˾ǶԸû취ȴԸҲû취
ڹУȻλȨأҲ½ıнҫͲ֮¡
ʵȨĻ½ıָһٶĹ½zhngfڲҲǾԵʵȨ
ȻϹ⹥bijngĳ֪ھģȻ˵ϺͲɲ£ǳҫپ⣬ȴһʵڵսûСҲˣڹڲȻϹıӻǽȴһֱѹأڲɻɽս۵ʤˡ
ҲˣܹԶԶ߼Խ˵ʵ̫ҪˡͬҲΪսҪxngԽŻءϾҪǴ˴ԶʧܣԶɱѣԼľҲͬһ겻񡭡ɺ߼Խǡ
ȻǳĻ;ûͣɵȵǵִ߼ʱȴѾ·ˡ

»𳵺Ѿڻ̫ͣʱĽĺһ
ͽһĻһЩеľٽ죬ô˵ôʱһֱСĻڣȷһ顣
û뵽ﻹͦİ
ǰ
˻𳵺󣬼컥̸ཻš
߼7µʱƽ¶ȴ25ҡ
25棬ȷһȽ¶ȣҲ˵˶ʱƬ򽫻䵽ʲô̶ȡ
ãڳǰϹ⡢Ѿǵ¶⣬йԶʦȫĲӣΪӦںڷҲȫ׼
綬ʱҪͱȻڻֻ죬ҲѾͨȫ˵ˡͬʱԶԭľѥҲ˼ǿ͵ĳͲѥӦսսʱսڵchoʪԶսʿս
Ϲ⻹Զ׼һȻ֪սʱЧΣŶܸһսڵĻ
ֻԶ͹ͨĺߣ·һȻxnjingѾڲϧ·ȴ֪ҪòͨҪҪòܺͬxnjingչ·ͨǽ˰ɣ
ڽͼĽ»ûãһĿ࣬ŴӵĶѾ
ҪѯʣһԵһѾæܡ
ｫλҾڸ߼սָӹȵ潫
ŶǰӶ˾ȵ棬æǰȵ֡ԭȵ潫Ǿˡ
ҶԹ**ҲѾˡ
ȵ̬ȵǺܲ;ЩˣҪôúĿ⣬ҪôӵĿ⣬оĿ⡪ⲿ˵õĶ˹۹ȻҪйİûбֵ顣
ȵ棬ո˵ԽѾҲǼٻ
˵߼սҲҪĿǰǲڶսڰͶսȻҪͨϿӢȹʾ˽ˣڵĶ˵ҲֻǴҪսߡ
ǰõĵ¾chnļУ¾һ·ͻǰðµ¾Ʊͻƶ45ķߡĲͻ濪ʼ
ǲ֮ǰMӶάĽʵ¾µĵʮͻ벨ɳǰɳս߳ױˡʱ򣬶ڶսѾ᧿ΣѾûȥܸ߼Ķ
ڸ߼ӺͶ**Ӷ࣬ǰֻжʮ򣬶ֻʮѡڶȫڶս߼Ҳֻܰʮˡ
ĻŪٶsܷס
ҲΪˣȻνֻʦڸ߼ѾǲСһɱˡ
1915Ķսϣʧ200ˣ100򱻷°¾ʧ100ˡҪҪȰϢһ£
ȻڶҲ㲻úܺãŽһ۳Ͷٵӣȵ滹ǿʵ
ȵô˵ȴ˰ֵ
ȵ潫Ƚһΰɡ
ôŻһ·ȷǺܲԶ߼Խ˵¹ش˽Ҳ˲Ϣ֮ǰҲͨϵĵ籨ȡһЩϢЩѾʱˣԽҲҪõһЩµϢ
ŽӣȵҲͷ
Ǻá
˵߼žڣٵĽ춼ЩЩйľӣ¶սΣʲôԮ߼пܻӸ߼ߣȵҲòӽЩԶľˡ
οɽܹrȵ1902ʱųóְμӹԶrս˺rķ
ȻܹrôȵȻҲͶԽһ˿ССڴҲΪʲôԽ̬˺õԭǻĶˣôԶ˵xngԽ̬ȾͻһˡN.ȵ棬Ͻնսװʱڰ֮һĪ˹ơ1902ųóμӹrս1907ξܼࡢɽ͸߼ıְһսθ߼žı19151θ߼ž˾ͬϽȻȵýϢһ˵Ϊļ֣ȵ滹ǽһд˼žָӲڣȻ򽯰һн˵ڸ߼սߵ
1915Ҳ1·ݵʱ侳տĬʲսۡʱոռͬ˹ƻտĬʲԶʵʩսۣº߼žտĬʲ֧ӣG.E.ָӣԽ߽磬ǲӣĽƻ
ʱĶսսΪӣڿս֮ǰڶ˺ͿСʹ95000˵ıʧ15000ˡ13rͼΧķֹ3ˣڳ;ˣֻдԼ18000ЧսԱִﰣ³ķ
ⳡսУˣԼ2.6˵ĴۼԼ9ˣ3˶Ϊƽһֱս侳ڣһֱŷսĩڣΪʮ¸û¸߼ΪֹҪ˵ǣҲһսȵ򣬳Ϊ߼žָӹ١
4·ݵʱӻ˰ɱ䣬˾ٵ˱420rƷǣһֱص519r
һǰµ˾ķʾǵķǸܶ1Ȼƽȵǲ22000ˣҪǸˣʹķشʧȴ
ȻΪȵĴȴڸݶ鱨˾ķģ׼¶طǡ
ҲΪʲôȵôӭΪûнĻڼطһʱ䣬ȵҪˡ
侳ڵһУǣΪʷϣȻ¹ǣºȴˡΪȵϸ˵Ҳ˸߼սĿǰ
ܵ˵ҲȻ䷽ıҪڶһЩΪʷ̫ԶҲˡ
ΪտĬʲս۵ʤĿǰսһֱάڣ˵ҲҪսӵڡ
ֻΪڶսĻ൱ãԸ߼սߵ֧Ҳ½࣬ȵڶԽһ൱ĻӭϾδ˽ˣȵ˵Ҳһ
οйЭԼԼйǲʮľӵ߼սߣȫȡڸ߼սߵá
ˣȵΨһľֻһǾ֧йԶΣܲܳе߼սߵΡˣȻѾ˵ˣôλҪôҪȥϢһ£һϵйλϢĲ˵
Ҳá컥࿴һۺ󣬶ȵͷһо͵˵ɡ
סͰźˣʵڽһеǰȵѾڸ߼žפظ޽һԼªһЩйԶӪء
Ŀǰִ߼йԶͺйԶפ
ǹ۲Ľô
ȵһ뿪ȵΪ׼õסϢ;ƣͺȵո߽Ķʵ
òĿǰйԶʲʿӪܺãҲܽʵװ涼ʮjng±jngЩʦҪjng࣬
ʲô
Щ**ʹõȻܲʹõȴ廨ţƩ˵ǹõǵ¹ģǹõȴģ߻ǹȻ12.7mmĿھõ߻ǹȫͬáЩйʹõĻҲһsĵ¹ڣҪЩй˹õҩļƻвͨˡ
ȵȻҲûƻжô˵̾˿
ĿǰڶսʧȻĹҵʵҲΪʧټ϶ľĹϵ͵ҩ滹кܴ⡣
ˣȵҲͽйԶͷϡ
ֻϧԶװʲôʽĶУе¹ģģӢģȴΨûжġҲϹýǵԭ֮һΪԶʹõҩͶǲͬõģϹȫҪĸ߼ҩ⡭ã˵ĿЩй˵ʻ㲻ϣЩйܹս϶һЩá
˵ȵ濴¡
Ҹոմ׶ǱߵõһЩ鱨ɳʱƺҪһЩӵսȥ

ٻ࿴˿Ȼͬĵ
˾ٸ£ѵǱߵսô𣿣
ûòĻαйԶոյִ߼ɳʾҪǵĲӵȥ
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Ϊ߼ž˾٣ȵϲҲкܶϵġһʱ䣬ȵһЩϵѾڶս˶˵󹫲ɳʵϲɳѾڶսս¸һ󣬾ͽ󹫷䵽߼սָӸ߼սս¡
ڶ߶˾󹫱ְ󣬽ɳζ˾MпҮΪı
ʱ䣬ȵϲĹϵ֪Ӧ8·ҵ顭鷢չزϲ˲֪ȵ棬ȵҲߵս¾õʲôزȵţһйԶڸ߼ȡ˸߼žãɳԥĽ߼žȥֻй˸߼ս¡
úõϢһĽȵ˵ĳ
˵˵ڶ죬ϢĲ࣬ҲjngĽ߳ʱȻȵȽƺЩ䣬ȴûô⡣
ںȵ˻ȵȻҪýڶϢһ£ϾԶ𳵴ǣɽһɵ飬ӦҪȵ滹ǴԶһоٽ˷ǰߡ
ڷǣѾڷΧս£ҶڼţУõ˵İȻǰ˶˵ɱ˵ķ߿͵ӡ
ЩԽ˵ȴһ¡
ϾûʲôҪԼսϣսԭסԼøУȴԼĵʮֵӸõĵٶʮһ
ִﷲһ󣬽ﲢûмæԶͶսԶʱӦǵͻ
ϾǺʵڵԶУѾкܶľٺʿΪˮĹϵŻ»Ǹе岻ʡԴȵҲ൱⣬ϾҲǾ˳
οڶǵĴȻ˵ϺãҲ˵ѣйԶ֧ûмеȲĵزҸĪ˹Ʒ洫Ϣһµʱ常󹫣ҲҮάϽͻᱻְΪ߼˾ԭǶ˾ڱһ˾ȷǽְˣ˵ɮ˹ְ͢Ҫԭ򡣣
ˣйԶʹãǵ˵ȽϺá
ﱾˣʱ佫Զúãͬʱ϶ԶǰǰߣʵؿһϾȥ**ٴûвŷ޹ҼսսʵİĺܣʵĿһսпܻ˴
ֻȵ˷սϹսһ󣬽ȴͻȻ֡
ԭŷ޵սҲûʲô
ǰɱͷ
Ļ϶ԶҲ˵ͷ
֮ǰΪŷ޵Ŀ־壬ȻҲܹr˵ԶǲСŷ޾ӡǶս鱨˵ĻսǧŻڵĺÿ˵
Щ鱨òûеŷս˺ǻһͬʱҲǻԼܲӦŷս
һ
ȷǲˡ
˵սϣ˺˶Ҳܼҡ˺Ͷڸ߼ȫҲʮˣɽսʱr˫Ҳжʮ
ɽսΪڱĹϵɽ˽ǧŻڣȻж75mmھɽںҰڣĻȴ߼սȫڶҪࡣ
ǺȻģ߼սϵһУ϶ԶҲûʲôˡοۺµĻҲܺrȣr˶ˣ˵ˡ
϶ԶˣҪĶ࣬ϾεĻ˵̫Ҫˡ
Ȼֵĺܽ϶Զ˶ЩΪȻ
Ӿ꣬϶ԶѾнΣڹڵʱǸľλÿ˶ֻһʦǣֻΪ潫׼ˡ
ȻߺսΣȻﲢûô£ȻҲࡣ
ȻΪĹϵȻڱϻǷһЩ
һȻ䵽ȵ˵УȵԵЩȴû˵ʲôֻŵս˵ȴûȻ޷Ͷߡսȣ۳ĻɽսȴҪĴ

ȻһжǴʧսǰ׼ʱȴδΪɡϾ̲ǹҼңҪ˵ġ
ˣŸոϴȥϵƣѾʼԶĹٱһЩָxngѵǾܿӦǵĻϾΪˮԭʹսޣ˵ȥʵ˰Цˡ
潯Զŷ޵ĶһЩΪjng׳СӣȻϼҶֻһµʱ䣬ЩСӾѾٴαһЩŶЩ͸Ķһţܵ˷ǸҤȥ
ԴˣҲûа취
Ͼľֹֻjinyn°ӣȴûнҲһֹˡ
οٶϣһЩjng׳СӣǡƻͣûͬǡƻĸŮǰҲǽסġ
սʹ˵jng񼫶ѹ֣Ҫûй;·ŪʲôҽҲѧµʿذգȻЩնЩˣôۣǵȵսӻعʱҪϰ߻군ˣڹڵ۷Ҳкܴѹġ
󣬽Ҳֻܷzyuһֻ۱һֻˡ
ǲŷ˹̣ǴɱʱʿѲǴׯǸŮǺ˹ӽ顢˹̵ĻͿⱻˡȻ˻ǸṲ̊Ǩ֮·ǧǸŮ;򼢶ȱˮʹȾɥ
ھһµͻָxngѵԶĹٱѾָԭеʵʱѾְΪ߼˾ҮάҲڵִǡ
ҮάѾȫ˵Ķһ࣬ǿսڵĻսʧܵĸҡ
ڵִǺ󹫲ûкҵĸ棬ȵսָӣԼƻƶ
ȻΪ߼˾ҲйԶפѲһ¡˵йԶ͸߼ƽģĹϽڲ߻һҪԶϣ˽һԶʵȵ˵
Ľ⣬ʦԶװϻ϶jngԺͶjngĲʦػ棬ȻԶûдڱûڱʦڱڿھҲֻ120mmļũڣڱŵ216Ÿھڸ߼սϣҲǺǿĻˡ
Զй˱Ժܴڴء
뿪ԶפصʱԼôš
ֻôͬʱҲͬӵźܴǡ
ǴӶսģ˺˽ⶫսϵơڶս϶Ͳе°ӵָӣҩ͹ȱһ˶ʧܡǵ¾жսԻͣĲıͨһµŬʵʩ̴ٶܼڻ׼Ϊڼ̵ʱڣͨҹܽӻԤأʹ¾жɺȻxngʹöʧܡ
ǰٵ**ӵսжӵģټϰٵ**ӽϵ͵ְҵˮ׼Լָ߲ӼĦа¾Ե¾ԴΪڶս϶ʧ
Ȼڶս϶ʧˣһ򱻷϶ԣ°ֻʧ˲һ
Ȼһֱѡŷѹ·sڸŷ޴½ǶԶԣ˵ʧȻǲɳܵģϾⲻֻԱϵʧҲװϵʧУԶΪҪģڴϿӢԶѪѾͬ˹رյ¸Ϊ
ʱΪضսˣɳʣҲֶ߼žһֱ߲ûпܡ
ȻҲûʲôϾͶսȸ߼սֻǴҪǣЭԼйԼйԶɵ߼ľʮпܻﵽʮ
Ǹʱڸ߼սӦ˭˭ģ
Ҫ֪ĿǰȻ˺ԶĵλƽȵģʵΪԼϵԭռλǶϾٵһⷽҪЩġԶ˶Ǹ߳߼Ļô˫ĵλпܻת
ҲϲйҰģԶ˵xnjingɹźͶǶҪġڣ˻Ҫ൱ΪҲеһӡ
ףȵŷսʱ򣬾Ƕ½ĿתԶʱ
ֻǸոԶפһȴ֣Զɳʦװϻ϶ڶ**ӡ֯ϣҪѾȫĶ**֮ϡ
οով˶սϵĲҰܣڶľӶǸոճͶԱģƽԭߵˮƽٴ½ࡣ
˵ԭڶߵĶǶjngʷҪھڴεսĸ߼žĻôڸ߼žƽˮƽҪڶߵĲӡ
£գԡ
**ӵƽˮƽԶʦһĻôҪսʴй᲻ָţҪһй᲻ǵ⡣
Ժ󿴿ʵս£**ӵˮƽΰɡ**ӵʵˮƽԼһҪݵ籨ɳʱ¡
ôţӷ˸߼˾
ʵ⵽ˣΪйһɱսΪܹԶĵһڴ죬Ϲ͹ֲʦɵԶ
϶Զˣһ֮ݣһʦԶ߼ġйڣıƵԶļֲʦһҲֻʮȥʦֻʣʮֲʦ
ֲʦкܶ࣬һʮ֮࣬ȫӹоʮŸʦټʮһʦʮһڱʦڱʦһٶʮһȻʦڱʦǲҪּҵġ

ﲢ֪Щʲô˵ʲôĿǰֻһ£Ǿսǰ׼
ΪڸոԶפصʱѾͽ1·ݵʱ򣬶Եӷһܹ
֮ǰмҪģΪݶ鱨ʾѾٴμ׼رռķǡ֮ǰ׼ǵģϾûбҪñıȥƴڼʶԶʵδزסǡȻˣڷܹǰҪס˵ⳡսУԶҲΪսս
ΪԶڸ߼ĵһ̣Ҳò
Ϊ뿪Զפغ󣬽˶ټսϸڡ
˼죬˸ϵ߼˾սʱֱԼ뷨
ĿǰҾִѾˣӲ֪ܲ㡭˵ڷķУڳĶһۡŷ˶޾ӵĳӣ˵ҾҲսʱӺпܻҾķѰͻƿڡҲ˵˺ܻܿὫҾķΪ󡭡
˷뷭ĻڳĶٶЩΡ
˵ҲûڶԻ˵ӣȻйԶѵˮƽװǿģȴȻŽһС
ڽȻ˵ö춼ЩΣͣһºֻǼ
Ȼˣô˽鵱Ҿǰܴʱɹǰ
Ļû˵꣬һ˷ķѾվ
ˡֱԣô֤ĲһסǸķأ
Ҳڳ칲ͬҪ֪һԶһֱһʵսûвμӹսĶԶսȻԶٱѵװǶǿġ
ɵĻشҲܼ򵥡
ҪҾжˡ
һڳĶ춼ĬȻǶ**ӣ˫ϾѣܲԵ޹ʵľ˫֮Ħ
Ҫ֪ڶĴɲôãҲֻйôһҿԶԶ֧Ԯˡ
˾һƬţ˰󣬻ȵ˾
Ͱս˼ȥɡ
ȵľֻΪԸ۾һСȻԶڵִ˸߼󣬻ûвκһսԶפؿһУԸԶһֵ֧εĲӡ
ȻȵѾˣôڳĶҲֻܵͷϡϾ߼ȵĵλߵģҪ֪ɳ壬ͬʱҲǸ߼˾

ȻսƻѾƶˣһҲ뿪˸߼˾
ʵεսƻܼ򵥣˶**ӵӣԶķǰһ˵ĳԾɶõĻ˵ֻһ֮ս
ս󣬽Ҳʦ˷һߵĶսʣµһʦΪԤ˺󷽡
ͬʱԶķҲﲼһʦΪԶʧܵļôʦͻȥסλڶķߡһֶǿҪȵľ
Զֲε̫࣬Ҳ൱ǲҲûа취Ͼڸ߼ĶԶ屶ϣٵһǺռƵλģοԶĿǰΪֹҲûóһŷս
ΪˣԶϵ¶Ǳһ׼öɴ۾
Զڷ׼ͬʱҲͨ;ִ֪ѾһµйԶҲͶ뵽սСԶ˶Ըһߡ
õ鱨˾ķȻǼΪ˷ܡ
ΪѾҵһõͻƿڡ
Ȼŷġŷ޲򡱣ŷ˵ĽķȴԶΪӡͬʱҲΪ˶Զһ
ʱ򣬴սһʮ»ǹVSս
ڵ֪߼ȻյִǵйԶʹú󣬵ӽ춼Ϊһᡣ
Ȼ˹ŷޣҲһŷ޲ĳƺţȴֹ˽йԶһ۵Ķ֡ٵ佫죬˾ٰķڣԶķͻƿڡ
ȻҲÿٶôģЩٻɵĲйԶսǶô᲻ĳynı
Ҫ֪ڹȥһʱĽУȵǱֳ˼ߵľ©һЩٿǲӦóֵġ
˲ٻɣ᲻һ壿˵Щ**ʵǶ˼ٰģ
ôһ뷨󣬰ķҲһ
Ͼǰ˼άΪտĬʲ֮սʧܣָȨؾʿ̹УҲΪŵԵ˾
ڣٷһտĬʲ֮սʧܣҲҪԼǰλؾʿ̹ܳͷˣ뵽ķýࡣ
ڵõ˾ǵ󣬰ķɳ˲ٵ飬һֱȷ϶ĵȷйԶΪֹ
ºĽľӵȷйԶðķһͬʱҲࡣϾȻ˹Ҳһŷ޲򡱵ĳƺţⲢǾͿй
Ϊŷ޹ңȻ˹ǿСһȴûΪŷ޹ҵİΪӵָӹ٣ȻһСĻ˹ôӣȻðķѡ
յĽ߳ŭİķԾǵȰ裬ִҪ**ӵͻƿڡ
Ȼʱ򰢲ķҲԼɵġ
Ƕ˵ynıΣȻĲǶ**ӣֻҪǸڶ**ٶǰͻƷ߲Ϳˣѵ¸ҵսʿͻƲһ˾ɵķ𣿡
ⷬ˾ڲ佫֧֣ǿʲôynıֻҪڶ˵֧Ԯϵǰ**Ӹķ߾Ϳˡ
ǷܹĿ꣬Ȼʮ㡣
ͬǶӣЩȰҲտڲˡ
ΪʵϣЩȰҲ**ӣֵôҲֻΪԶԻж**Ӷѣ仰˵ǷҲֻǶ**ӡ
Ȼ񰢲ķô˵ˣȻҲֻˡ
տĬʲ֮սʧܺ󣬵ʱ˾˼ά˾ʿ̹ȡ֮ľǰķˡڶҲ˵ʤȵȡΪʧܺûгʤ׷ΪԭŻᱻϾxngȵȡ

ڲʦĹӪѾʦڵĲһùµȹ߿ʼ߹º󣬽ҲʼͲһЩ⡣
˾ڷۣﲻ֪ҲûȤ֪ΪսйԶ񣬽ֻڷڽзסӵĽ
ںķȴǸ߼Ҫǵġ
ǹȻ㶼õôˣ
УѾҪ˵ĹŻæµŵĹͨʿԵʵ
ʱǵй߼죬˽ԼϽ⣬ҲֻʣЩнٽˡǵ飬ﶼҪЩˣοǵʦǵϲӡ
˲ɵæش
˾ģһжѾźˡ
ô˵ʱ˵϶ٴЩ԰s
˵ĻҲܻܲʤ϶ǲСģǷĻ
ķսۻûзǰҪ˵ĸӻǹӦãôҾйͺӿվһĲʦмװ˴Ļǹ
ùڵļֲֺʦÿ඼䱸һͦɭǹȫʦһ䱸432ͦɭǹڸΪҪػǹÿŶ䱸һػǹһ6ͦټʦֱػǹӪȫʦһ48ͦػǹ
Ҳ˵һʦڣһ480ͦػǹ
Ҫ֪ķսۺǿʼӻǹӦãҵŷսʱӢ͵¹Ҳֻװ400ͦ(ǹ336ͦ)324ͦ(ǹ216ͦ)ѡ
Ƿǰװ684ͦ(ǹ576ͦ)װ1000ͦ(ǹ775ͦ)ò˵Ĺҵȷţ
Ȼŷսʱǿװ˶Ļǹķս۱ϾûпʼȻǿѾӻǹǿĻǹװ̫ˡĽҲֻе¹ҪһЩϾʷӻǹľǵ¹ϻҪڹ
ҸոҲ˵ˣÿʦװ480ͦǹģֻǹڵĲʦ
Ͼڽɽսۺڹڵ൱ĺƽȫҪϵ⡣ǶйԶΪԶĽʿ˳ڸ߼ս£Ȼڻڵ϶Խһ·̫˺ڻ⣩Ϲȴڻǹ϶˲ٵԽ
ԶҸϸ߼սʦڻǹ涼ǵõǿġȻǹĿǰѾ˵ģõǿֻػǹѡ
ԭڹһһػǹ4ػǹʦػǹӪһ48ͦػǹ
ԶϻԶŷǰϹȴػǹĿһ¡
ԭһһػǹһһػǹӪĸŵĸػǹӪӹ96ͦػǹټʦһػǹӪȫʦ120ͦػǹ
ټԭװ432ͦǹǿĲʦһװ552ͦػǹˮ׼ǵŷսʱҲͷȻҲֻͬǡ
ʵϹҲȫļֲʦĻǹһ¡ÿڵǹһͦΪͦͬʱÿһػǹӪ£ʦػǹӪΪػǹš
һһֲʦĻǹװﵽ1010ͦľ֮ŷսʱĻǹװҪ10ͦ
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Ϊȱʧ󹫴ߵһֶڶʱڿֻڸ߼ʱȡƣһֱȵйԮ½ִ˵Ҳ֪·޵ôˡ
Ļ󹫵˫֣˼ȴƮһطǸ
ʱ򽯰ﻹ֪󹫺ȵеᱻضߣȫϹⱾĻ߻
ʵ鲻ֹǽﲻɺҲͬĽˣһҫ䣬һǸǸɮľֳôĿģΪýܹո߼ָȨϧȻƻɹˣϹȴý֪
Ϊ֪ƻǾԻᷴԵģҿ»Ⱥ𷴶ԡ
Ͼݼƻ߼ӦϿķŻѰҽϿĻᡣϹĿȴǣҲǺˡϹ⿴һǣȻ󳹵ռҪġʲôϿȻڴϿս۽˵ıǸԣ࣬ϹҲ½һֱԶڸ߼ıʮ󣬽ǾûģĻ鷳
ҪǰѴϿͨˣӢܹԶѪöܹڹӲд꣬ԼǵҰô죿
ˣϹŻ׼ýָǵλýǣӢںӼսʱ
ֻЩϹȴܶԽ˵ܶˣڵκ˵ΪϹ޷ǣ˼꣬ڿȻɳʶͻ÷ֱϹ޷еԭ
ȻܲᣬȻҪĻǶǴߵļᣬսﻹǽһ˻𳵡
ߴ𳵵ųĻ𳵽ȥʱҪȲȡ𡭡
ЩԤϣȻ˵ȷ齨ĵڶŴӴ˸߼ȴǳϵĳһº󣬽Ѿʽ˸߼˾˵ĵڶȻûеִǡ
УһѩǰܵĿķȻǲͣĴߴ٣ϧĵڶžϲУҲǳ׵׿ӵڴս۵ĳڣӢ˲Ƿ˾װĴ󣬱¶Լ½ͼܹǰһ£ڵ¹˵ָ½׼ĻӢѾսĿ˰ɡ
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ŵ籨ݣپЩ׵ĵ
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ȷԭƽĸ߼Ȼƽ˾Щ¶˺Ӣ˶ͬɡĻϹȴֻƲƲ
˵ͼұǰֻΪѾ׼˶ѡҲֻΪ˵ս̫ԲŻһ·ǵġ
УڷǵıҲһ
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˵籨Ÿոմȥ˾ڶ˵ЧʿЦõĽѾյϹ⴫ĵ籨ڲ籨ʱ˵ʵڵģﻹڲ²⾿ʲô顣
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ŵ籨⴫ԼＸΪԼˡ
ԴĽתǣϸ˿籨󣬽תͷõ籨ľٵǴͳĵ籨
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ȷɣҲһ顭⡭ⲻϹָ𡭡
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ˡߣȥ籨ңҪԸͳһݵ籨
ϵĵ籨ŵһߺ󣬽кԼĸ٣Ȼ󼸸һŵ籨ҵķȥ
˵籨Һ󣬽ڵ籨󣬽ｫԼ˵һ£÷Ա籨˹ڡ
ֻֻǵ˰Сʱʱ䣬ѾϹ⴫ĵ籨
ڵ籨ϹⲻһͼҪxngҲ˵Ǳִе֮⣬ϹҲһΪʲôҪǽ
ȻϹⲢûڵ籨߽˵ȫʯ顣ͬҲûи߽ò˼ͻ׼ʧȥأԼǵֻǸ߽ĿǰӢѾռ˲˹ܹǵҴͨĻôֻҪܹڰ͸ӢϣܸһµĺڲߡֻҪܹͨôһߣԶĶԸ߼ҲǺġôһɡֱ֮Աǡ
ûӢǵĽչȷѾ˰ʿڳŰ͸ǰСǣȻ˹۹ôһ͸·ǣ͸·ΪŷսĹϵѹû꣬û·Ļѵ׼һ׸˹ӽ䣿
ҲǾ⣬ٴθϹⷢ˷ݵ籨
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ڵ籨ϹⲢûĽֻͣǸ߽һǱִеҪ֪ڹȥͲɵУȻϹƺЩƽӹȴĽȥģҲ֪ܸĵϰߣôȻȰ˵ϹûãͽĿתڹڣܹ˵ϻˡ
˵ɡҫ䡢ζˡʵҫûʲôϣΪ˽⣬ҫһϹƴӵˡ
ºҲȷ񽯰ҫҲȷʵûв뵽Ȱ˵Сʹûҫ䣬˲ɺǣҲѾ㹻ӴˡֻӴݣ߽Ϲİ칫ҺȴȻûκá
ʵϣϹȻһĻڳ˵ΪϹǱðġô˵ȻϹѾҪº󲻹ܽôԸҲֻϹ־ȥ졭黹ǱһϣģǾӢˡͻȻĿתƵȥӢ˱ȻԸɣ
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֮ǣΪ˵ǴҪıҲ٣йܹᣬӢǵĻôʵ乤ҲҪһЩ
ҪǣӴйԶҲҪڿһ·άϵˣΪ˹ѾӢ˵֮СôģҲô׶شԼ뷨ġ
ºӢڽһϵеԼִҲͬ뷨
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йôĿģӢ˿޷һõԼսѣӢ˿ûʲôôҲûиŵŷս
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ڵһʱĻԮһʦҲͿ쵽ˡҲǳᣬ︴ϰһ¹ǵ鱨Ͼһʱսˡǡ
ǣʵǺˣʷҲͲýˣϾҲû˻˵ʷȤ
ܵǣŷս˵
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籨ֵ˸ոպ˵籨Ѿ޷ⷢˣƺǵ籨ֵĵ߸Ѿ˸ƻˡ
ʲô
⻰гӪsȫˡ
ʵϣгӪҲûסûͨ籨ԮϾھɳԮĵطһңԶİ³ķ300๫Զ;лҪһܴ½
һǰ͸ˣ͸Զ480ľ롣οڰ͸﷽ӣΧڿصӢˡ
ǰһ300๫Զһ480ԶָһǲʵġϾ߻᲻Ԯ롪ȵߵԮ˵ʱ򣬻ƻ˶Ѿˡ
гþȥ籨ֻ뾡һԼְΧ֪йѾ¹ˡ
ʣµ飬ȻֻпͶˡ
ϾǹгҲеλҵˣΪôһС¶ѳ
ֻû뵽籨ֵĵ߸˾Ȼ˸ƻˣһӾһְȻҲǾˡ
ͺ˵Ӧýߵ籨̭ߵģǾǲں˰ɡ
ڵ֪籨Ѿ̱гͣԭرԹš
ԣİ˹䲢ûܸchoΪԼڸصĵ籨ߵ籨Ҳѹ֣ϾĲǺѵģҲ˵ûߵ籨ˣֻߵ籨ޣһ㶼Ǹ񷲳׸ģڹСȻûʸߵ籨ˡ
⵱Ȼ㲻⣬Ͼ籨ߵĻߵĶһãٶҲûʲô𣬿ɵؼʱ̡
гڸô죿
ԽԽţפӪs԰׵Ŀӡ
гھɥһҲҧҧ
ɸ˳ȥЩ˻й˵ֻҪԸⱣ֤ǵҲƲԸ⿪Ͷ
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гȥ󣬺ܿмŰ˳ȥȻ̸еʹˡ
̸еʿҲһЩ飬ԵģΪ˶úȻڹǣССĹҲǾزסġ

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ǰֹˣڴӷ֪˵ĻԪ˵ͷ
УȥǵгֻҪԸ⿪ͶԸⱣ֤ȫ
Ҫľ֤ڵõ˱֤ǸʹߺܿһϲsĻص˹
ڵ֪йѾ˱֤гҲһȻ˳ȥӭй˺Ͷ˽
󣬺ܿģԪž˵ӭ½˹
ЩŴsŸͷڵйˣԵúǴֿĸľǶ͸Ŵη۹⿴ǡ
η壬Դδ֪ľ񵽲ôнжֻҪжԹľʲôõӰ졣
Ϊľ񼸺˺ͿˣȻڰ˹۹⻼dlԽԽ£˺ͿûбҪΪͻѳġ
ڽԪһӭкгܿԼļ׼ϯ׼ӴЩй˺Ͷˡ
飬ԪжȻ߲ܣϾһ·ӷ£ҲȷȾķ糾
οչгӦûǰһЩŮˣԪЩõľǶԣʵûбˡϾÿһ˶ܺҾһοҲûֹֻǽֹ޶soŰնѡ
ȻȻ룬ԪҲûзjng裬ϾҲ˼ҵĵ̣һˣʲôȻԷ϶ˣҲסԼᱻ˸ȥ
ھԪܿͰ˼ٸִڡȻִھ١ĽʺޡĿУԪһӦ硭
ԪҲг˸š
زԪҲʲôϾ籨ֵĵ߸Ѿ˿ˣΧҲɵ˸Χ˳ȥѶҲǲܵġ
ˣڽͺĲӵִǰԪֻҪúõһ¾ͺˡϾʱĦնʱ򣬾Ҳǲ̫ܵˡ
Ϊ˱סԼxngͬʱҲԪ˽£гǵȷŵĺܺáҲȷԪһһֱĸоֻԪһ׼һʱʱ򣬵֪ԪһѾ¹ĽȴѾͨߵ籨Ԫ´һ
Ħն;һп谭ˡ
Ħն˵ǽսҪһΪĦնڵ׸˹ӣֻҪĦնҲ͵µҪ
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ƿߵŮˣԪЩɥʮĦն
ĦնʷϴӷʡָһʡݵĹʡͬĦնǵĵУ΢ʡ׸°ͣλǵһа͸Ա362׸˹
ͬʱĦնҲҲСϸǺͲ˹Ҫء
ϵ֣չʾĦն͹Ĳͬ
ȻģĦնҲͲֻм˵ؾѾ̭ߵ籨˵˵Ĳôԣǵĵеĵ籨˻Ǹһ̨ߵ籨Ͱ͸ԼҪͨáô͹ϵͨ𣡡
Ħնг칫һʮָ̬˿Եһˡ
˸̬˵ĻһֻǴӿڴͳһ־Ȼͷش
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ü̬˴λվȻתȦʵ
˵᲻ǹʲô⣿
ﲻŹء
˸̬˵Ļ󣬵籨ֵľֳ²۵
žһǰԹͻȻжˡڵѶʱǼ飬ҲΪʲôжϺĦնегὫ籨ֳйԭ
˵͹жˣ籨ֳȴûеġ
޷ǾĦն֮ĵ߸˱˿ˣʵƽڡŷս̡ĵ˱ʺǣ͸Ǿˡ
ȻΪѾȫϵʺǣȴЩˣҪ֪ĦնҲǵһ֣ĦնھΪٵˣЩ֮ܵ佫߸˿ϣʵһƽ顭Щ˰
ڵ籨ֳ˼ʱǸܸ̬гͻȻ̾
籨ֳģҲ֪ʵ϶˵Ҳ˽⣬ϾôҲĦնгϽڻô䵽ˡҲżֻǵʵ
ָĻҪʱ䡭

籨ֳϸϸһ£Ȼ󻺻Ļش
ǰЩrѾȥˣźܿͻлš
籨ֳɲҴƱ˵ʱʱ޺ãΪʵ̫˽ԼµЩˣĲᣬһѾҪˡ
û·ߵȷò˶ʱ䣬ΪֻҪ·ȥǸ߸˵˾Ϳˣ޸ĻЩһɲһ򵥵顭ĦնгҲ籨ֳѴҲûΪֻǰ˰־ʾȥˡҲ籨ֳºɴģ籨ֳɳȥ޵ĹԱѾҵ˱˿ĵ߸ˣȻҲҵ˻õ߸˵µԪסһȺs࣬ͷðˡ
ǰƺİ֮ĺ޵ĹԱȫĵ
ʱѹûҪܡΪҲǵܲܵĹǿµĸͷܵùѵǻܵĹӵɣ
ʱΧǵһӪҲڿδǡ
Ӫ˵ô죿
һǰһۺĵ
ҪҪ
˵ŻȻһƣеĺ岻֪
˵Щй˵Щʲô˵ǹͨõƣץסļԱҲ۾
ֻϧȻйҲкܶŷģǺԣǵǰûС
ǸӪҲûͬ飬ֻ
ǽ⼸Ѻȥɣʦǲõϡ
ȻûбɣҲûֻ
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˵ţʮȻ÷Ǽĵ籨Ա˵䣬Ȼͽ˽ȫѺˡ
ȵ籨ֵԱѺߺǸżӪ
Ѿ˳·ˣﱻռҲ˶ˣҪҪݵ籨ʦӿһٶ?!
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ʱһݵ籨ѾԪǰ
һԪݵ籨Ҳûж˵Щʲôֻһֵ
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ȵ˶߳ȥԪżһ˳ȥ
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һȥԪһ˼ŶЩˡ
ĿǰɵľЩҹҹˣΪʱ˶˵дĺ죬ֻЩֵҹĹ¿ģǵġʵԪҲƽʱһЩо˵ʱĵһЩŮʲôģһֻ۱һֻ۵ġΪһ֧ӵľǺѵģο߼ĶһЩjng׳СӣսǱסǺѵġ
ȵǱﲻסˣֱӻǾͲˣԽŻrһЩjԺһĵطϾԸ飬ܺùӵ**ذսߡ
飬ﱾǲôͬġ
ҲΪʲôڻ֪Ԫһн˵ĽӴ󣬻רŷݵ籨ѵǵԭ򡭡ѵһԪƺ뽫ϡ
Ԫĸûе͵۸ͨ˵ķϣѯһǼ˺˽ǿѺȵҪصʱڽǷˡ
ʦǵĻĦն²̫װɡ
ȵǼ˿ѺȥһٴյԪĽǰ
˵βн£չôҲǲʺϹǵġ˵ǰҲ¹ֻΪǸСǣһûҲûפСǡ
ҹҲǴģ˼óġ
ǰĦնɲǹСǿԱȵģĲᣬǵݣҪȹĵǿϲٱ
ǣȻװҲ㲻вٵǹȻں37Լ񵯷shһȴΪȱġԪ˰֣ʾⲿ·ġһûԴ乥һǵĵز˵˾Ѿһʦǵֻɨϰѡ
ٵͷٽԡ
һrڵ籨ֳ֣ôɳȥ޵˻ûлʱһ籨ֵԱѾײײ˽
ôʲôôţ籨ֳѵѵ籨ֳȴֽʵʲôˣ
»ųӣ籨ֳЩ浽׷ʲôˡ
ֻǵ籨ֳƺǱŻˣԲֳܾôʶǽͰ͵ģ˶ûܽ˵ס
ڵ籨ֳѾʼЩͷʱȴٴεܽһˡ˵ĿڳݣȻҪһǿˡ
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Ϊ¶ӵԵʣڸ߼ȨѾйƿص飬˲ûдϲʿ˵й˶Ǳ˻ܣȻҲһӵ飬˾󲿷ֵ˻֪顣
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ôģǰʱ䲻Ϣ˵ά֯𣡡籨ֳЩŵʵ
ǸڳĲȴֻǿЦŵ
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Ȳ˵ֳ꣬Ѿڵһվ˦ºȥ
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ڳڣڵ֪˹ǵϢ󣬳ڵĲҲֻϾǴӹϳľˣټ侳ڲϷңҲ˶˺޺øУ˿ҪùˣֻǾġ
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ԶźµȻô޼ɵڳھսվڳǽԶ۲ĸ̬гԵúա
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˸̬гĻʣµļ˶ǻ࿴˿ȴȫûг
ڹǳҲ˵ֻҪǻڳڣôǽܱ֤ǵİȫڵؾսĻȷʮͺԲѾôˣڿҰУûй¡ûսûлǹҲֻǱɱһȻĺȷĿˣڵҲֻӶǸ̬гһҲڵȷǲ˵ƽϢ˺ֱŸոոϹĵ籨ֳ
Ϯĵ籨Ѿȥ𣡡
ȥˡ籨ֳæشߵ籨ĵ߸ƺѾ˸ˣѾͨߵ籨͸͸ǱߣҲѾյǷȥĵ籨ˡ
ܺá̬гĵ˵ͷЩĶѾû뵽ǳڲߵ籨Ҳߵ籨ǾжǺϵҲǲܵġ
гˣûԪȷһЩ˳ȥϵ߸ʲôֻ˳ĶѣǵĿƻ;һЩȽͨҪ㣬ð͸ɳԮҪô͸ϵѡ
жĦնϵЩԪûеĬĬĿţҲĬĬš
ǷϮԪûеĹʵ˳ĻԪܸˡΪĦնжˣԪ֪һˣôǧװõؾҰսʱԪֻҪɳ֮һʰǡֻϧƺѾⲻˣȻĻԪںĲִǰĦնҲý˿Լ
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ԶĦնԪ˸
rڹйһԶʦڵִĦնΧһִͬģڱʦɳһڱãһӪʱڵ֪ԶĦնʱ͸ؾҲɳ˱ϣֻϧ;һнͨʩѾԪƻˣĦնƺֻڵʮ¹ռĦն
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ĦնȻǵĵУ200Żڵĺ£ֹӵżʷĹϳǽжѾһ𺣡Ħնؾͳڵľȴֻڳţݰĸо
ӺͺӣԶһ䷿ڻ±ķ飬һ૵ĵ
֪ڰյĴʵҲûȤ֪ΪǵĦնʣµ黹Ҫȥǡ
οڹսڹڵĻǻȤһƽ⣬ڹĻԽȽ˵ֵֻҪ֯ɱôƽҲͲҪȥˣϾǲǺʮֻһĺƽ֯ǶԴݻٵ˲ҪġʦôȥҲûʲô˼ҪҪڱ˰ѹڵȥ
ڳ춼ԶۿڻЧʱһӵĽյԪǰ
ڵ
ԪȻ֪˵ڵʲôҡͷ
Уڵ̫٣ĦնĽʯЧǱôãǵȵҪʱðɡ
Ԫ˵ʽڵǱոƳshȼյԣshȼյǾԲ纽͵󣬱Ͼͺءһ500һ280mmھҲ260ôҲǲһġ
shĻҲкܶŵģ˵ͶshϣshЧʾҪȷɻͶĿ죬һܼٷɻȼϵĺͷĿܣô࣬Ҳȼյ
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ټ޵ŷ޵ʵ̫һڱʦӹڹҲûڵԪҲʡһЩ
ϾĦնһҲûӣʣµȫͨİգΪôоʹȼյοƽ̫ˣҪȼյĻʵ̫ˣҲױ۹
Ҫ֪ȼյͳڵȫ°ԪǸڱԪܾҲûô⣬ֻǼѾȼĦն
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һͣ£ս˹ļžУһֱȵӹ׼ʱӲųѾû˳ǽĦնȥɱ
ѾϺ˴̵ëɪǹŵĲϡɢ߳Ħնȥ
ĦնڣȺҴļؾҲʼʹίԱᲽǹëɪG98ǹлһȻһͦ߻ǹͻȻ³࣬÷һЩʧ
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ʡˣؾsҲͬÿϾĦնƵȷá
Ȼ˵µ⣬ЩҵĹԱҲǽsѿҪԭ֮һŮһĺܣʵ޷ܡ
£ǴĲȵ籨ȥɣ籨ȥߴһ£ð͸ԮЩִָӲӾֿ
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ԣԣȥ籨ȥԮ
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˵ԼҲ֪ȴֻ̾˿
Ҳ֪Ҳֻȥһֱȵ͸ǱɳԮˡ
ô˵ŵʱѾҪĦնĳǽˡ֪Ħն⵽жϮʱڿظָΧӢɭǿʦĵ¹ϽK¸Ҳһ
Ȼ˵ĵ̣˵ʵǵģĿǰǵĺĲǵһа͸ڿصK¸Ƚϡ
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ֻǲ֪ǣδĶʮ󣬵¹ٴһһĶѣҺܿʷĶ֮һǸѾǡ
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˵ʵڵģϺκ嫻ǲףΪʲôúõһҾȴҪᣲ̨ΧҪ̨֪Ȼǰʽģ뽫̨ΧĶ¶һҲǷǺܴġҡǿֶѴ̨ճȥһսнϾʽĴ̨ΪսнġϹ⵽ǲ֪Ϻκ嫵²ۣʵ֪Ҳô⣬ΪѾȫᣲĶסˡˡ
૵Ϲһһ߽˴̨С
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ȻĻͻһһ׷20ꡭҵΪֹҲֻǸո׷һѡԺĸzhngfڲ֪˻ǲٵģƩ˵ҫ䡢ζͲɵˡҲ֣ϾôһҲˣԼǾסġ
Ժĸһҫ֧⣬zhngfϲ㣬Ҳֻһ֧Ϲ⣬ֻ֧ǾԵġ
ʵϣһۺͺڲĲٽ춼Ѿʶ˷ɻشãһЩѾ뵽ɻװϾǽΣ
Ͼֻ롭ʱĺԣɻϾֻһһ۵ĺҲ֤Ը߻ľɻʲǺܸߣxngҲܿǡ
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ʱϹ⣬Ҳֻٽݾϣȫںĸˡ۽ΪһһѲ󽢣ľʮҲ͹أؼĻǡҪռķչϾĸҪĻǸհ
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ڵ¹δһ2000űϣϱһŻҪЩ˵װϲרҵҲǺܵơֻõ¹û뵽ǣҹʱЩй˵ȻǷϮΪʱҹˣй˵ɱӪŪӪдңһЩ˵ӪըӪ
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ʱԶӪʹһֳֵըӪ־ʣĹɵ¹ġ˵һ·˼ûcoĹȻҲûΪ˸е߳ܣϾ˻ˣϧһֵٻƵһЩô˵ǵĦնˣһҪЩйһѵ
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˵ӡʦսʵЩɶԼսҲɶǣοڿسҲнӢ˺ӡˣҪǲСĽǷһпɶǰˡ
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71rӢ4žɭָӣ̩25ͲķʵʩҪͻӢ3ž7ڻ6ž(ɷԼսָ)ҮԱķګʵʩͻrӢͻƵ¾һأӢΪ¾衣Ӣܼͻ¾߻ǹǿɱˣʧ6ˡ
ķսڼ䣬Ӣ˼ΪҵĽǵ¾ȴԻǹڹɺսǿķʹӢSԲ˳ռ¾ء¹ƽÿһͦMG08ǹĻܶȣ40ϵ14Ӣʦɨshһ֮ھʹ6ӢʿǹɱѪһﵽ˶㡣ӢʿҪǹڵ¾صĴޣ޷Ը¾ʱǿ󲿷ֵʿڵսǰ֮ǰ¡
ķսУ¹ػǹ˷ͷѪȷߣķսײеɱ֡Ӣػǹǹ£ߡ
˵һδսǻǹĿһսôķһս򳹵׵ػǹΪһսսе½ս֮Ӣٻ˵ûʵйΪйѾװ˴ĻǹȻڣԶҲڷССĳʹһΣΪ߼սսʵ̫ƫƧټϹⱾҲ̫Թйװǹ飬йԼҲֻе¹˺Ķע⵽ˡ
ûķսۻܷսۣԶװǹ飬ֻܿܵȵʮĺרȥоˣΪ¹ķսõ̫highĹϵŪľ¼ҰԶװǹҲ˳
˵֪Զ߼Ķʮʦڱʦÿʦװ552ͦػǹķӴͷ߻ǹҲﵽ120ͦ󣬼еǿˡ
552ͦǹ൱ʲôҪ֪ķӴͷĵ¹Ҳֻװ324ͦػǹѡ
522ͦĻûڵ֧Ԯ˾ʮҲ޷ԶطֺҲΪϵ˻Ѿǵ뷨Ͼڴ̺ҹǾ̫ɵˣҶȵĶʧҲ˽͵ɡ
㿴йװͦǹҪܹĹȥǲŹء
ȻⲢ˵˾ûнˡʵ˻뱨ѩ޵ģֻû֧Ԯ£ȥһǻǹأʵһɱΪʲôģҪ֪ߺܶʱӢڻѹƵ¹µ¹ԼĻڶãô֧Ԯ䣿
Ҫ˵ˣҩҲҪ֪һʱ¹Ǳټĸ⣬¹ҲЩסˣ¶ĵҩ֧ԮЩסˡʵֹ˼ɵrҲɵš
Ҫ֪ȻԶһڹڵЩͨҲװ480ͦػǹԶȻ˼ʮͦr˶ȻǸҪ
ˣȻռ̫ƽrһֱСҲвپٲһЩηϾķһս磬r˺ԼҪǻɵʱӢ⵽ʲôʧҪ֪r˿ûӢ˺ͷһڻѹƹȺοĻǹȵ¹˲٣
󣬲˵rܹܲƹķߣĴۿ¶rܹܵģοһ˳ʱξͿˡ
ηĽʹrʼзװǹ
зʵ̫ˣrҪװĻеĹ濪˹ػǹֻֻǹʵû͹װ12.7mm߿⣬ܺ8mm100ɭһ£Ҳ½εһ顭r˵ηͬ˺Ӣ˶ԶװĻǹĽӢˣڶԵ¹˵Ķ˲ͬӢԵҪûжڵˣܹװ㹻ߣӢˣǹ˹ǹ¿һսĽҲͬɡ
ˣ½УI.N.˹ɵзԴ˺Ȥ˹ֻȻشʱ1913꿪Լı˾һһսıʱ˾ԱǷ׷ӢȥǵƷͲ豸ӢĲ˾Ĺ￪ʼ˹ǹҪ˵ǣ˹ǹһsĻǹҲĺջǹϾսϣڵŷޱʵϡٵĿ㵥ڲ˹+28ŻھֱܺײͿԿĳˣڿصɭʦ㹻ĻǹܳŵëµǰγɹΧǰǲȻʱӢŻǹ飬Ӣ˾ĵȥ
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飬ҲЩˡƩ˵йھڵĶոշһĿǰȻֻǸոտѾﵽ֣ʱﵽһǧҲǺ⣬һЩ̽רҵĵо鱻Ϊ족Բѷī̹Ƥ
ĳ֣ҲһС飬ʯͿ̽ڴϴֿɳ˵һ;ͬʱͼ۶½˲٣綼Ŵйζʲô
Ҫ֪ȻͼµˣǺ6ǰȣڵͼȻҪ߲١ÿһǧԭ͵ĻôÿܹzhngfӢ룬ɹģٴһЩĻÿһǧӢҲǲܵ顭ĳ֣ʹйѵƶ͹ñӣҲʹйīʯ͹ӦȻҪĳһʽrսʱrҪжʯ͹ӦйжϵĻ˵ŷսǰһֻҪôһȾͿվĻôŷսʯͺ͸ѾΪһҲòˣȱʧһĻôҾǻεġ
ҲΪԭԵr֪йһ̹ƤƵĴʱҶĽʺޡ
ͬģrҲٴζԶ
ֻϧʱĶפ18ڱʦžʮ˵ıЩԶҲܳɹսʱ϶ѾչعҵڶԱʮҲû⡣ټbijng27ʦʮˣrѹڶһ˿Ϊ˾͵Ѱ·
ֵֻǣڴ￪ɳͷһ죬ϹѾ˷ֱӽʯչС̬Ⱦͺ͵꣬еȽҵȫzhngfϽʱһǿӲȻЩӢûʲôϵԭӢ˿rǿйǸƶ͹ӢйϾйĽͧڼ̳ľɽ⣬ȫǲõֻΪ
һʱ䣬һǧּ𽢡ǧּĶѲ⡣ּһѲ󽢡ּսѲּսнҲʼֱӺԻۡ
ټйװķɻǱͧ׿ͧ䴬ֻȣйʯ͵ܴйһƶ͹ĻȻʲôãϾйʯԴ
ɼȻйԼѾʯͣǡ
̸йʱڳӢ˼ص̾˿
йչѸͣ½ѾΪ˸ӵǿӣվҲΪ弰Ժսеͻ֣ΪǿվһֱǶ̰ĺҲ˲ٵĽͧЩѾˮڽ졢װʽͧȻûоʵսǵǴֽϿѾ˿ѷֺټڵйzhngfԾº͹ҵӳ̶ͬȥzhngfȫһŲϷչйڿȻŷս̶Լǲܲ̾ȻֻҲˣȻйڹҵķչٶͬѸ͡չֹҵʵĸϣѾ˷ٵ۹r¹Ӣ֮¡ϲȫr1913ĸ100֣ٵĵǲ٣300ˡҽйٶȣÿ궼ﵽһϣǽӢһЩרҵԤпܴﵽ֡ôȥĻйӢҲĹһ˳ԽԼһܵ飬˹ȥԼݺݵ۸ĻǾ͸ˡο㻹Ҫʱ˱ǿ˺ᷴ۸ԼµӢ˾ôԼŷս̶鲻򣬣йԼѣټҲõйȻĻӢ뷨跨ȥѹйˡ

ٴ̾˿Ǿð̾Ĵ̫ˣһٻǾӦһʿǱվ˳˵ЩȽ顣
Ʃ˵һĴ£ķսУӢͶսеʽTANK
1914걬ŷսУս˫˲ҵǵսսΪ޴սΪ˴ս֣սһʹ࿪µĽxng
˹ĶУĳ£19152£Ӣʱĺ˹٣𼪶֪˭ˣ½սίԱᡣ19157£ίع˾ĴһԽҰʻս½սӢձѷξȥƻ19158ƳΪ١˸Ľ12ɵĻرΪСٵİƣƣǡС񡱣ϵһ̹ˡ
˵ʵڵģСȻϵһ̹ˣʵս01916Ӣ˵һʵս̹ˣҲǺˢ͡
ʱΪ˱ܣӢʽ˵Ϊǰˮġˮ䡱tankһƱ񣬡̹ˡʵ롣
19168£ʱӢһ49ˢ̹ˣ⻹𼪶֧˽ŲúרġʱķսڼҽУӢǰ˾ڸڵ֪һ󣬲˵ķԣǲμսΪӢʧѾ˲ܵĵز
Ȼ49̹˸ͬǣ״βս18̹ȴʹ1916915rĹԶսʷᡣ1916915r峿ʮsĸսϣŢĵӼƽذʻѹ赲˿Խǵ¾Ĺѹ֧顣ûǹͻshõ¾ʬҰ¾ʿͻĸǰ׷ǹ֧ɢӡ
һ죬Ӣ21ʦı̹˵֧Ԯ£10Ϸɢ5Сʱǰƽ5սҪķѼǧڵ˲ȡáһ̹δһǹ͹ռһׯһȡһǵ²300¾ʿ
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˵ˣӢ˵Ȼֵýһ졣
Ӣ˵ĽһϾͿԿóŷսǰϦʱһٱĸۿգǱʱڰյڶۡ
ΪۿڵҪxngڵ¹ֱʱĵһʱ䣬¹˾ոۡ
˱ȽͬʱҲõ¹˺ֵǣǹյʱۿھȻġЭԼڳ˵ʱѹûִĸۿڽйκƻ
ʱ˺Ӣ˻һõոۣǻһܡԶսԿǾδһո˵أۿϾΪЭԼʹá
ֻ˭Ҳû뵽ŷսȻôʱ䣬Ҳû뵽ոڵ¹ᷢôá
򵥵㽲λںնĸۿȣֻո۳ӢĶ۱ȴӺնľ480๫ͬʱ¹U-24СͽǱͧҲΪո۵Ĺϵԭ޵ĺҲԷ޵ֱвӢ˵̴ȫ
ͬʱӢ˵ͳƣƽÿʻӢܱߺ̴һϮĬݵ¹˵ͳƣפڷ˹ڵUǱͧŷս**440ֵ2554ЭԼֻռUǱͧŷս33%֮࡭ǣӢ˺ˡȻһж̹ûʲôϵйϵǣոڵ¹зӾ޴úӢҲƻۿڡӢϲȴв˱šȻΪáĹ۵Ծܾʵ޴Ӣ˲ͬʱӢ½Զ˾ڸ918rϵϮƻӢٽɡ̹ˡӼĵ½ս
ʱָ̹xngһսԣŽֻȥ3ʱѡɴ˿ɼӢ˶̹˵ĳֵȷжཾˡ
ʵӢҲȷʸ񽾰ΪǴһְȻΪ½ġ½ս֮ıTANK
ͬҪסĻУӢ¹޴Ʃ˵յĴ󡪡ѵǾûۿǲʱûû
ԡTANKӢ˵ȷǽģȻս±ӵǻ˸߲ҵŹڡTANKһУ915rʱЩTANKĵ¹ʿƨӡ
ҲЩӢۡTANKʱԶǵԶ˾ڣһѵнٽʦҲ򽯰ﱧԹš
ԹĿ꣬ȻǸӵ
˵һѾɹԶԼڹҲԺͲɲУǳӺԶһĺ䶯ҲΪʲôôĽҽԭ
ЩӣҲͷ۵̫Ѩ
Ȼ֪ΪʲôЩ»ԼΪҲΪԭš鷢ںëԼ˲ú󣬵ʱոҪȫ׼û뵽ʱbijngͻȻһݵ籨Ӣϵʱӵ
ﾪ쳣ѯԭʱbijngĻشֻһTANK
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̹˺һͬҪĵҩҪϲܿЩǡǡǶûеġ仰˵̹˲ҪϣȫҪй˹ȥټ̹˱30ֵȫذӴص15ʽ̹ˣû˵߼ȥҲһ򵥵顣
ҲΪʲôϹϣܹ17ͬӢԭΪǸʱ򣬵һװʦļ̹Ҳ˳ִͬʱڽзˡֻϹĺãǽȻǺ顣
ȻⲢ˵ﲻ̹˵ҪxngʵϽﻹǺ֪ģоķ̹˵ıֺ󣬽͸̹˵Ҫxngжˡ
ҲΪȷеоŻ̹˲ӴɡΪӢ˺;ṩһЩ鱨ȻӢ˵̹˵ȷķս˺ܴãգͶսʮ̹ˣƺֻʣʮͶ뵽սУʣµЩȫΪ϶ſˡǽﲻԼҵļʱʱҪȹõģһںҲͬˡڽ֪װײӴڵĽУװײӶЩɡйһЩͧѾ̫ƽȥˡ
һЩ˽װײӴڵľԱõսϺǼ̹мʮͶȥѾǺܲˡȻοķսۣ⼸ʮ̹˾ܻúܴĳЧΪЩ̹ˣҪӼµʱ䣿
ȻЩԱһ̹˲ӵΪ˵Щ̹˾ҪȼµʱʵЩ㡣ΪԼʵѾ°͸ˣͲҪʲô̹˲ӡչҽҲȷ̹˲Щ档ΪԵִ߼󣬽Ѿһʱûлعˡڵ̹зǴӺǰͿʼģֻһЩͺţӢġС񡱲࣬˶ԹװײӵļˮƽкܴĴɡҲ֪ǸװײӾܷӶЧô̾һڿ˿ЩĽ죬ҲֻܿЦŵ
ˣˣɢ˰ɣǴͳµѵǻҷɣ
ǵȻҷǲڹĶ㷴˽ĻԶĽ²۵
˽ĻҲֻס졣zhngfڲÿ˶֪ϹƽʱǺܺ˵ģЩ黳ɵζ϶˵飬Ǿҧ˭ȰûáҲΪʲôǻܵΪϹǰ˭ϻģϣɽȰϹ⣬˭֪ѹûϵ
Դ˽Ҳֻܿ̾ѣҲû취˵ΪװײӵȻڱ״̬СԶڲû֪װײӵݣֻЩ̫ˣҸûһеУԽҲֻǱտڲԡıɣȻʧޱȣˡ
Ҫ֪ռƻµĲӿָӵġzhngfڲϢ²ӵĺпѾʧϽѣϻ̫һԱ󽫡
仰˵Ҫˣָ²ӣһʹ˳㿴̸ܲž˾ɾҪˡ
뵽ͷɥ
ˣϵõȻǰοϵõģȻﲻͣЦҲοһ¡
ΧŵʱԶbijngķҲΧ
ͬǣǱΧŰοȴǱΧףءΪڷ׼߼ȥָһž飬Ѿھ紫ˣ˭֪˾һӣôû⣬ʱȥ䣬žȥ̹ġ뵽ȥһֱϹĽӵĳ٣һʱͥУһɨܵr͵װײָӹʱ伣ſȸӡڱΧмϲͬʱΧЩ˵ȻЦŽܵģȴԼܵrȥ伣ԼܹѺʱһЩϻƼ˵пԼ˵ӡ̬ʵҲô𡭡
ܷѴ˿̵жٸܣȻ緢Ϊzhngfڲֻ˴ȥ߼ֹΪָӽµһžҪǣָ̹˲ӽҵΪ̹˲ӵָӹ٣Ҳ֧ӵʵǴͳ̸ģҵĲɡ
һʱ伣ֻɹĬĬѵ˳̬仰ΪƷһ̵ҫô˵һҪ˹Ŀ࿴
ڷĵװĵͬʱbijngľûվڣվԱҲڽһʦӾֵ֡Ļ£һӴ15ʽ̹ϻ𳵡ֻװЩ̹˵ʱ򣬹ǶٶЩĿĸо
ڵйպʱͬ۾ȥģ־ܵĻվԱǶԺܶź˽⡣Уǰøոķսдͷ̹ˣȻǺ
ֹƬǶڱֽϿܶš
ҲΪˣڿϻ𳵵ĻʱŻôĿɿڴЩ̹𣡣
ǰӢǰʱսùģôҲа
ûҿӢеĻҪȽ
վ̨ϲ𾪺ЩֹڹǣjngĹ;顢ֳԱҲˡľУЩװײӵĳԱȴһĽǶúʣôЩ15ʽ̹˵ʱ򣬾ֻһ仰ݡ**ը˵ʮװײӵվ
䡭䡭䡭
ڰ͸ĳ⣬ԶȺҵĺŰ͸ء
ʱ19171£Ѿȫ׼󣬽ͳĸʦһڱʦ»ͬӢһ빥ȡǵһа͸
µĹУĸʦһڱʦһ·ȡ˰غȳУڰ͸ϲȻܵӢ͹£˸޷ڰ͸ﱱ㹻ıз
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ԶµĹ̵жԶԣĦն͸355ƺ㲻ʲôսǰΪעĺ⣬ҲΪе׸˹ӵԭú޹ϵΨһǣӦβܹư͸
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ȻһŵıɳսһŵıѾ˲١ȻºҲͶԱ˲ˣʹǵıάʮϣսȴ½˲١
ԸûжٵӢ˻࣬ϾӢ˵ıҲҲûȥ֮ӡˣЩӡѹ޷Թյĵκв
й˺ӢˣϱмйʵڲǹܹӦ˵ˡʵϲҪ˵ˣǰε¹ϽK.¸ҪӦĹҲѡ
ʣµĵ¹ˣȻ¸Ҳڰ͸˲һʦĵ¹ӣҲвٵĵ¹ıڣȻҲ޷Ӧľ档
ǺȻģվ뵽˶ά.ģϾά߻ʮıĸأά.Ļܵıŷսڼ䣬˾Աٶ˴εı
νĶж뵽󣬹վѾ˷ݵ籨άֻǲ֪ʲôԭ򣬶άȴһֱûлطݵ籨Ҳһֱڵ籨ԵĹսǲѡ
֣ԣӦðΪʲôά»ûн籨ػõߵ籨ʲôⰡ
ڹȻڴɥġ̱ʱԵĵ籨ˡڹ˰󣬹Ҳڴµнӹ˵籨

ݵ籨ùԽüͷľԽڿʱ򣬹յüͷչˡ
ʱ͹һһֱһԵԱҲʶȤĴչʵ
£άµ˼ǣ
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ԱһüΪӹյĻЩɶǺϢȻǺϢǹΪʲôҪһкµӣ
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ڹҲûӣûĬþͽ͵
Ȼάûɾ͸ȴһƻǾǳйɱ͸ͬʱ³ķ
ô˵ԱһǸ£й˲кܶĻǹ
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ΪлǹǲҪʱ򷢶
˵Ź˲ŵǽڣĿȻôһ䡣
Ƕǹֹǵĵ¹ҪһЩҲΪԭǲҪ³ķ˵Źռǵĵ¹ΪйĶʮһֱǼһĻôӵдǹ£Ǹûй˵ռֻǱ򡣿йֱˣΪǹǵơʱǿֱӽǵҪҳɹĶȡ³ķȳеĻ֪й˷ֱĻֻܵȵһˣһο¾Ͳ֪£ңйľԽԽֱ࣬Ҳʲôᡭ
ô˵ڳԱЩĬˡ
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仰˵ܹù15ʽ̹ˣǿٷܶʮꡣ
ֻڻӪ꣬ҲֻעйrͬȻйҲӪ˲ٵʱ䣬Ϊǵֳ̫࣬޷ȫעļйµͷǿѹҲ·ҲֻܿzhngfԱֶȥѰ١
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ԭֻΪ¹йĸʵ̫ˣʱǺԼӦĸ·ʵϣ¹Ҳȷ߶ˡϹ⡭
ȻΪйЭԼҳսĹϵ¹йϾһйϵ󲿷Ϊйzhngfĵ¹Ҳйzhngf¹ʹݸֱӹرա
Ϊ¹йùϵԵ¹й֮仹ǧ˿Ƶϵġ
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һ¹ǸйṩϽзƣͨЩԼз̹ˣǺɵˡ
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Ȼ˵VK1303ʱ򣬿϶ܶ˶
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16ʽ̹ˣ̹˳Ϲ˼·Ƶġ
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16ʽҲԴ¹˶̹˵ʮĺڱ
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ȻϹôҲֻΪЩϾ˵ĸ͹ҵǲӦǣһġ
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ټrǺܸԣĲ齨һ֧й̹ʦһĲӣǶrĲԾԲһɵ顣
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ΨһǣڹС󣬾ӦôŪһĲõʽڣξãڹǵʱߵǸУųԸڵİճŵṩʳĻ²ҪһǹһɵĶпˡ
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ڴԼͶ벻أʵڹ󣬲ʲάɴԣʲά˵ڲ˷ԡջһΪ绤Լܹ˳ͨ
ڴʱ·ֻйԼеϲ⡣
˵һҪԭǣЭǩ󣬵¹ڶߵѹڶߵĲҲܵߡˣսڵ¹ͷϵľҲ֣ŷսʤǺ̸ƺҲ½˵¹˵ͷϡֻǿŵ·ϵϲ⣬¶ֵ˵ȴ˿ɬĽ¶ֵ˲ԸǩЭԼֻϧǩЭԼȴ˵˼¶ֱ˸Υ
ո¶ҲֻһɬĶԵ˵
ȥĪ˹Ʒݵ籨ɣ˵ЭѾǩˣֻȴϵͬ־ͨˡ
ˣȥ졭
籨Ī˹ʱʱĪ˹Ѿҹˡ
Ī˹ƣѾΪ׶ɳλŵʱĪ˹ƵһңֻʱѾȥ£Ī˹Ƶƽ˲١
Ī˹ƵĺĵشҲǿķֹĹǽ⣬򱳳ŶĪɸʲǹĴѲšͬ־¶ͬ־ոշĵ籨˵ԼѾǩˣֻȴͬԼͻʽЧ
ķֹڵ칫ңһƺһݵ籨˽ֻڶô˵ʱӵsƺѿ
Ҳѹ֣ȻһʮּᶨĲʲά˷ӣһӻȥôغ˿ڣĸԴҵȣǲʲάҲ޷͵ġ
Ȼڰ칫ϴļǿsҲΪʲôôѿ
Ҳûж˵ʲôֻǴӹ籨ų̾һ
ΪͣսԼĴʵ̫ˡ
Ϊ˶ĴֵõģΪֻк͵¹ͣս˳Ĵŷս̶֪ò˼µ¹ͻͶû˳ŷս˵ʱĻ治֪﾿ô롭ô˵ҲˣϾ̸Ѿʽʼ
ڿ˿籨ͽ籨ŵһߡ
ڶ˵ҪľͣսԼڽĴ˵ǣϾԼһ˾ǩģο渶Ĵʵ̫ˡҪúõ׼һ˵ˣȻĻ
ô˵ʱ뵽Щʲά˷ӣҲ뵽ЩȽǿӲĲʲά˷ӡڽĴҪ˵ǣɲһ׵Ĺ
ĵĲΪڶսûȥֿ¹һȥ7µʱ򣬵ʱʱzhngfԵ¾²ҰܵʱѾ֤ʵˣʱ¹ڶ߻дľӣҲڲϵţȻôһ鷳մỹǻͨԼġ
ĵģԼʽЧӢЭԼһô룿
Ҫ֪ӢʱңΪģ𼪶˵ҪѲʲά˶ɱҡС
ӢٻһģӢʲôҪԴŷս˳Ļ¡Ӣߺ͵¹սӦòjngӳɡ
뵽ľŷս1914꿪սⳡսѾ˽ʱ䣬ȻĿǰЭԼͬ˹Ѿӽ;ƿݵĵزⳡսάôһʱƺҲǲܵ顣
ֻҪһֻ꣬Ҫһʱ䣬ֻҪٸһʱ䣬ܽڶҾʰɾʹܹԱʵһټӢȹΪŷս˴Ĺδػԭڽһδսôܱƽ¡
ֻǡ֪йʱô
Ҳǵ飬Ϊйڸ߼פʮǵҲнʮľפ֮ûκζһΪٻЭԼӪΪйеǹ壬Ҳң˶ͬҵû̫ĶС
Ҫ˳ŷսЭԼĻǣйԶڴģɢʲά˷ӣ˵й˶ûжУҲδؾкøУıЭԼǿйҲһֱһˡΨһĵģˡ
ôŵʱǰãй֧Ԯǹ֧飬˵ʵڵģһֱ㲻Щй˾ʲô˼˵ʵֹڹzhngfڲҲв˲ڵĹzhngfʮ˶ëɪǹһЩϾɵĲװƺҲûʲô˵ģzhngfڲҲûʲôԸΥϹ˼
йΪģͶʹҵĹϵڹҵʵѾ׵ĳԽ˶rȹӢ൱ڵ¹
ڸ棬Ҳﵽ˾Ű֣Ӣ൱1918Ӣ1916ӢȣʮӦǴﵽƿϣҲѾﵽʮԪ
񣬳˺ʵȻѷrȴѾȫλĳԽr׳Ϊκһ޷ӵȫλǿ
ҲΪʲôʮëɪǹ˵;ͣû۵Ĺϵ
ʮ˶־ɻһǽɻģͳȥҲûۡ
οĿǰڵľҲеܳڶľȫֻŷޣЩֻ˹Ҳ֪δ
ҡ½ողĸһб꣬׼Ϊ½װһȫµģϹΪԶǹ8mmھʽǹΪϹӰ죬ǹڿʽ϶ٺʷϵM1ЩơĸڶԴ˽УƺѾЩͷ˵Եʣ½ҲЩǹûʲô̫Ȥˡ
zhngfǹûȤȴǶԶ͵¹̸ûȤʵϴӶ͵¹zhngf̸пʼһr־Ѿⳡ̸нȫλ׷١
һֱ33rzhngfǩЭԼһrѾ鱨˹ڡ
ȻûãӢȹҲ֪顣
ӢȻǲȻŭϾѾȫˡ˵36rʱ򣬻ûzhngfĴʽԼӢĸѾȺĦ˹˵½λڿ뵺ٰ֧Ŀ壬ŵλþŲĶߣĶЭԼʼֵʱϹҲûš
ʵϣгĸĦ˹˵½һ죬׼ʱĹѾʼڸ߼ǡɹš˰
߼ǣصԶͬʱʼڵصzhngfЩǲʲάzhngfģǰʱzhngfĲɹţ׼ʱݾ߾дģĽڽѲȫ˳ڵҷȫץ񲢴ԽɹҲǳװˡ
Ȼн𣬲ĹģǺܴ󣬱Ͼ˵ʵҲǺܶ࣬ûй
˰뼰ȵءͻģĽͻУϵĹ˰ǧ׵ո˰롣
ոʱȴûո˰ʱļ򵥡죬죬죬죬죡
쾩ڣһ½ڲͣĺ򣬶ĺ£ǧ½ĹٱŶӵһ˱˵ЩҪʲôȥ
ŸۿϵӣһѰЩֵĵ
ߣͬҲЩֵĻش
Ҫȥ̰
̣̲ǶڼǧôҲҪˣ
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ҲѹЩҪ̣ΪڹĶʵ̫ˡ
¹ͣ˱ʮңװص½ٱ²ˡһԣողʽ۵սнսѲҲʮһȡѲڸۿѲš
ƣҪ˵ⲻΪ˴̣ҲŰˣй˵ƣΪʲô
˴ĶȻ˵ĻɣֻŸۿϵĴ󶯾˶ڲ²ţȴȫ֪ȻҲ뵽᲻ȥģƩ˵rˡйҪȥĻҪӽˡ
ڴʵǰ԰¹˵
Ļ֮Ͱ˴ȴȫЦһ
ӽ
ôӽ͵¹̸бһΪص飬ѹͲ֪飬֪Ҳ͵ȫȻû׼
ȻǼӽôӽ?
Ҫ֪ɲǹгʲô鶼Ҫ׼ģڲ棬ڵrzhngfĲᣬǲЩҲzhngfĲ൱ѣѵԺΪӵҡšսнʽ𹩸Щˡ
ʱǼӽôӽ
֮Ͱ˴Ϊѵӣ԰¹ҲЦһ
ʵҲ֪½ͺûа취ոյĻҲֻ˵˵ѡ
rΪrʷ԰¹Ǻġڵr˺ٻЩ⣬ѾȫйȻŷս˳糵ֺΪŷ޶Ըʵʹйعҵ涼չЩȴԴѷrܱȵġrzhngfѾʼЩԱˡ
Ҫٴѹй˵Ǻйһϣһ
ȻȻŷս԰¹ҲԿóŷ޶йjng裬ϾڸǱйr̫ˡ
԰¹Ǹϣŷϡ֮ǰ𡭡
ź½Ĳ²⣬԰¹ҡҡͷ
Ҫ٣ܰѿҳȥʮ¾
賿׶أѾһƬڰУ׶ذնѾ˯ߵʱ̣λ׶صİȴȻƻͨ
ȻĵطҲԳƺΪ֡Ϊ׶Ȼֻһֵȴúּ֡͡丽⽻ӢzhngfҪţ˵ӢĺҲû⡣
ΪӢ۹Ҫ鲼ȫֳأһֱܷææ賿ʱ֣ڰȴǺټġ
Դŷսƻͨȴг֣һ㡣
ڰڵ칫ڣӢҲڰ칫ǰĻ㱨
ʱӢ࣬ѾǹȥǸйЩӵĺղأ˹˹ˣȡ֮µģͺϣΡ˵ʵڵģղأ˹˹ȷһλ࣬һλƽʱڵĺࡣսʱڣղأ˹˹ȴδ쵼Ӣͬͬ˹սְλ
սУԽҲġµ˹˹Ķɵ£ڷķս۵ͷСʱɥˣ
ЩʵҪҪǺղأ˹˹ԽԽصս
1916ʱڸԱ˹ڰ˹˹Ľ£һݱ¼Ϊ޳¹˽й̸ж⡣ڻģȴȲеȺϵУսﵽ˶㡣
Ȼºղأ˹˹˲ֹͬ۵㣬ʣղأ˹˹˶ⳡսȷ൱ۡ
Ժ19161117rݱ¼ڸдġþй¶磬ָս²ϡӢ࣬ҲǺղأ˹˹ļͺϣηͨ뺣ҪôһսָίԱᣬԼθίԱϯҪôʹְ
ҵģҵĻ̸˹˹191612´ְ֮á
ͺղأ˹˹ȣļͺϣȻʺսʱ쵼ߵλá
ʵϣڻûе֮ǰͺϣѾӢľˡ
Ӣ½󳼻ФղأԪ˧ѳְͺϣα˻ФղأɵְλʤѤĻ䣬ǻĹûйʻ޷ʢͬյǵսҪһ⡣յʱФսĹ۵㡣Ф1914һսع½󳼣ⲮΪԪ˧
ڸҪս쵼УֻʶսǳڵģΪҪ꣩ڵʱӢĺͳѸٵһ־ԸΪְҵ˽ѵʹ֮ΪոµӢ½ҲǶ㣬ӢŷսϷôá191664rФԺѯԵԱս׼ʱ¶սǰ**֧ǹĶѾ50֧ɼФȷԶ
ڳѲǰ׼öֺ˵ʱ򣬻ФѲȴ⵽˵¹ǱͧϮФҲ˶սʱڶЩְİ˹˹ͬͺϣʱ൱ʵԭΪɽս۵鰢˹˹һЩ޹ؽҪĵطǻΪһйȵͺϣκȴδˡ
ȻͺϣοӮŷսʤҪģʣʲô鶼׵Ҫλϡ
ҲΪͺϣʵľٶԶռ˰͸ȻڰӢȻЩ飬ͺϣջͬ⣬սûн֮ǰͽͬһͬƽйϾʱӢжͳвѾӢҲûҪ˷ǵ
οʱ൱ӢԸͬһ㣬ӢҲȷûбҪ
ԺڵԶ˾Ľڰ³ķŽʮҷнʮˣȡ˸߼սʷģһʤ
ԭԿսӢ˫Ȼ̸Уȴһֱ뽩ֵĺغ͹˰⣬ͺϣεʾ£⽻ԱҲʼһϵеò
Ȼڸ߼չʾһʵ൱ʵͺϣϿɵͬʱҲڽйΪһɿõϾԵʱӢսѾ˽ֺκһɿõֵ£ġ
ںغ͹˰ϵòֻһʼˡ
йϹ˵ȥһЩ࣬һ൱ʵļһҲȷһ£ϾûǸԵúİ˹˹ϹҲһ泩顣
ʷϵ¹ʵʩǱͧսӢ൱鷳ʵϣͺ.ν˵һԼԪ˧ְ񣬳ɹʹһκ󳼴άͬûƶȣȡ˺ܴĳɹ
ɴ˿ɼͺϣεȷҪȰ˹˹ʺϵսʱࡣ
ֻڡȻ򼯽ôĲӡ
ҹͺϣο˿Ӣפ鱨Ŵ鱨ü
йҪʲô
ȻͺϣεƺͺϣεĻһԵ黹Ǵյǰ
йӦ뱱ǰɡ
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ϵ鱨ͺϣ̾һȻͺϣǸʵ࣬ͺϣοĿǰһУӦŷսΪءǣй˵չʵ̫ˣ쵽Щˡ
ȻĿǰйں̶ܴȻӢڹȴһֱȲۺϹԣйѾϱƽӢ
ЩҲûʲôϾڹϺӢ൱ĹҲ٣¹⣬һ൱ǿڡ
ֻǡޣӢʵ̫ˣӡȣӡȿɾйƤӵ¡Ӣ˿йĴڱǶӡȵһв
ڹȥһЩٹȥйңrֻйС׸
ڡȻӢڣΪٵ˶ΪйģΪĿǰҪĻŷսӢٵҲֻܷ㣬ȫĵͶ뵽ⳡս
ϾⳡսˣӢɾʲôûˡ
οΪ˻ⳡսʤӢѾŽ˹ȥĵ˶Žһйʲôأ
οйͶ֮以ӣֻҪӢһ΢ЩֽţҾֻǡȻû뵽ȴǶͻȻȡ֮ģӢΪӵĲʲάˡ
ͬʱǸѾʼӢɵйȴڸ߼Ǻɡ˰ȵȫ䶯õӴڸ߼ıҲ£ҿƺڶ˵ϺݺݵҧһҲЩѾйеأܹΪйԴܹйİͼŶ١һӢ˻׵ģǾƴôʱ䣬սģ¾սǰԭκһƵйˡ֪Ͳ˽йˡ
뵽ˣͺϣοЦһ
Ȼֻһ鼦ߣͺϣξãĿǰ̬ƣЭԼѹͲҪڸйκεı꣬ΪйԼѾȡˡ
ȻҲֻеһЦ
ϾйսǰѾŵ˵ģйǡ߼ɵȵ棬ȴ˼ԼõġȻЩ涼йѶ˵õһһġ
ô˵ڸ˴Ĵۺ󣬻ûʲô棬ͿһǺܿСƣ˱Լ棬϶ǻðͺϣڵӢ˶ˬġ
ά˵rܸй֮ǰº𣿡
ڿЦúͺϣ˶һԵĴά˵
ʱĴάΪӮͺϣεΣѾʽĳΪӢĵһ󳼡
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²̫ܡ˶ٺάټŵ̮ʵ̫ͻȻˣͻȻľǲʲάȨ𣬻еľЩʲά˾Ȼ͵¹ǩͣսЭ飬rǲǰ׼ġ
һ㣬ʹôά˵ͺϣҲףڿйѾ߼ǺɵԼΧšôһҪĸۿй˵ͺϣεҲȷ൱Ĳˬ
ѵûʲô취ֹܹ𡭡
ʵϣͺϣĲֹֹй˶ºĸǣܹսй˽ڶϹȫ³
Ҫ֪ԭйѾӢjngĶˣйڽϵЩ⡱ôսӢǾû취ǯйġ
οڶ˳ŷս󣬵¹ѾڶߵĴ󲿷ֱߣĶȨȴһʲάȨǶԸ¹ǶԸӢҪйҲͺϣΪյġ
㲻Ҫһ˵ͬʱߣǲʵҲǲ߼ġ
ӢڲҲ飬ԣӢ˸˴йȴֻ˵õ˴Ļرһ㣬ӢҲǺܲġ
ǺйȣӢȻӳӶĲʲάһЩ㣬Ҳͺϣθе൱Ϊѡ
˶٣άټr޷ֹйںжrȴй֮ǰһط
ʲôط
άߵͺϣεǰȻϸתһͺϣϵһǣתԶǵrϷλá
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ʵϣȻطȷЩƫƧЩһϰնҲѺ͡㵺ǡϺһĵطȡ
ȻԿҳطһİնٻ˽ġ
Ƕ˽⣬ҳǵ˴ߵģͬ˰һȻҪ˵ǣʱĿҳȴȫڶŷսʱҲˡȷе˵ӦǱҳڶϿҳrЩrսɵġ
ֻԵǣȻrսֻ˰ҳʵҲǺܴĿϾҳʵûʲôԴοսҲδ
ҳûʲôԴĵطԶrû̫ȤӢֳرȫĹҸ߶㲻ϡٻܷأοĵλҲ൱ġ䡱
Ȼôһ߶㲻ϵĵطй˶ԣȴǳʷеһ֡
ԵԶӱϡͬʱеһСֽӣҲſҳȥġǵʹr˻ûзӦǰ±ҳ
ҲǶ˶˵˵rսжʧˣǻܲοǶͷûأ
rȻսӮʤǾʵԺԻǶĶ֡ټϿҳҲȷһƶ񤵽ô˵ĵطοǰ
ˣrϿҳפǺܶ࣬¶ֻһðrҪͳһҳҲһ򵥵飬οڱҳһֵĶפ
ȻЩפδ֪ģǺԣѾΪȥŵܻrкsġ
ôܶrЩʲô֧Ԯ
Ȼʲô۵飬ͺϣλ˵
һԵĴά򿪿ڵ
ܼ򵥣ˡ
ӢޣǶǵѾܱˣԣܶrн֧Ԯֻˡ
ͬͻȻðйȻȥĹϵһܲҲѾʼjngʮı
ŷսӦ˵µĹzhngf󣬹zhngfͬĹϵ˵ͻͽȻĵ¹֡׼ѡĳ̶ȣҲƵ൱Ѻˡ
һԭΪr൱xngĹңʹҲҪѰһǣĹҡڶԭǣȻйһһʵĹңĺʵ̫Сˣ޷в˰ԹzhngfйҲδչ¶ʲôر𡿵ҰģйŻഥ졣
ŷսе⼸꣬Ϊйһֱδ¶̫ҰģμŷսֻҪ˺Ϳô졾ߡĵط൱൱ûҰģټŷսr̫ƽռԭڵ¹ĵ죬Ĺϵνǰδеĺá
Ͼйr൱jng衣
ңһ֧Ӣ͵¹ѷκһҵĺʱ
ֻȻ֮ѺùϵйʼģʴԭڶʱѾʼ󲽺ˡ
ǰ˵һйĹϵôãȫΪйһһʵȴ޷вҲδ¶ʲôҰĵĹϵ
Ȼйն͵¹ǩЭչжȻʧ
Ҫ֪˿̵йΪȥһЩ׼Ѿ׵ռ˸߼ǣɺ˰ȵټǰӢ˸ոƽй˺ͿأҪ֪⼸ӵĻϿɾѷй١ԣѾӦ˹ȥйy󡿵ˣйͻȻչֳĶصyˡ
ڱyͬʱҲйչֳĳjng衣
˵ףйѺùϵϾֻΪrĴڡڵй⣬ǹҵʵǸ涼ѾԶԶĳrΪйûʲôҰЩҲˣڡйչֳԼҰĵһ̣ҲˣйrͬһңôйвҲҪrĶ࡭ϾȻһҵΪĹңھºͿƼʵϣȴӢµȹôǿȻĻҲᱻrһСвˡ˵ס˵ףϾһӺصĹңһֱսȻݲ˺ͰһѧйȻһ˹ңȴһ˹ңĵλȻҪȺ˸һЩȴûи߳ܶ࡭ˣӢ˵Ȼܵġ
ֻȻڹҵʵϣҪļǿټйҪǿһЩھʵȴǳͷβġοޣɱ⣬Ҳûʲô̫ӷɱԮrˣ翼һӢ˴ӡԮrˡҶڵĲʲάȨȻһΪҪ顣
Ȼ޷rʲô̫֧ԮȴδС
ϾҲաģܷйɳΪһвοôйǱҪrǿĶ࣬вȻҲҪĶ࣬ټй̲ЩԴѰоȵЭԼĸ׵ڶڵĲʲά˷Ӻ󣬾ͶrδĶоú͹ҵ֧ԮʹܹйнϴǯƣϾԾú͹ҵϼΪǿ֧ԮʺǵġʣµģӢ˺ͷϡȻȻں͵¹սѾʼ齨׼ڶڵĲʲάˣЩȴûӵӢrȹڡơйıȻr˵ȻҪȡơĸãֻϧӢȹԣrͬҲһ֡࣬ǿɲǵĴ¡
ڷȻ޵ģ˵޵Ӣô󣬵ҲһԽϾй±ߡȻԽϷ˲ôţȻҲϣôʧȥһֳأŷսʱڷ˶ʧʱǺȻģҲôһıС
ʱԶbijngϹȻûʲôjngһΪıȻѿ״̬֮Ҳֻǽ˳ĽӴҲҪģϹѾȫ߶е˺ͿҳϣԷӢ˺ϵͺϵ
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վڴߣովһѲϹⳤ̾һ
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ֻ˵Ļʵ̫ˣȻ18ʽǹ׼ͷ18.5mmǹҲʺԶshڼ40mm񵯷shѹ£ִϵ˺ܿͳĹ¡
ܿ18ʽǹ¾£ĪɸʵĶҪô˸ߵϣҪô˻˵ڶߡ˾òʱ䣬Ǿºˡ
ǰ߹ٱ˿˺ΧĸߵأոǸں˵ʦ˵
Ȼûлش𣬵ϵЦݻ͸¶˿̵顣
ļԶսݡ
ȻĵΣؾ߻ǹԹһ谭ֻҪԶĹٱϸߵأԶٱѹxngĻǰǺµĶҲò
ֻʱ䣬ԶѾ˺Χȫأʣºһڶ˵С
⣬ڵʣµʱºҪй׵ĶغҪĸۿڡȻȵջ˳ۿھδʲôˡ
ں˳жһǰҳԶҲ˳ɢڱĶ
˵Ϲ⵽Ҫúõллһ¡ΪȻrں˺ؽŵƷ򣬵ڿҳϲrȴԱĶ˷˽
ֻΪrڿҳû̫ıȻĶѣʿҲôǽϵr˻ˡ
ҲΪԶȡһЩʱ䣬ǰҳԶr¿ҳǰȻ˱ĶؾȻ˳ĽҳС
Զ˳¿ҳ飬ϲrܲˬڵõһֵ֧ԮһӵrűԶ˽
ֻȻϿҳԶһţr˵һһǧˣװ˴ԶԶƾųǿĻͲr˶ٵѵʺȻľͻr˵Ľ
ڻͬʱԶ˳˷;׷ɱڿҳrȫºȥҪûͻȻðļҾĻ
r˵ĺҲûðΪԺûڻ½ӵļѲ󽢾ͳڸЩʱ30ڵʽѲ󽢣Ǽֻ20ڣȻʽѲҲֻǿűȴŶ
ʱϿҳԶڵõһűĲҲʼڿҳķµļԭr˵ĵط˴Ĺ¡ڿҳʺϵ½ĵص㣬ԶҲ˼ʱ̨ҴӺǱҪʮ210mmũں150mmũڹǱߵľѶЩھѹҲòЩũڡ
ЩھļũڣڸԶֽӶŵrҲԽĲ
Ҫ֪ڽʷϾۿڰڻ˵ӿżʣԶĲᣬǰĴϿսۣӢʧأսн˼ҡ
ڱʱոۣӢΪ˽ۿڵļֵҲϮţյĽȴǱҾʱڿҳrӣѲɵģҼǶѲ󽢣ҲѲ󽢣ּһѲ󽢲ûУֻһңһһҡ
ЩѲ󽢣ηʱ֮ǰģȻηЩѲ󽢵Ĺ󣬵ֻôʱֵĶЩϽ϶ûˡ
ЩѾͷϽ޷ڿҳķֽӶԿϾֽӵѲ󽢶װʽĻڡʽװ׺ʽֻ
޷ͷֽӶԿͬʱ͸ҰԶ鷳ˣϾԶڼ½㲼õļũڿɲǳصġ
˵210mm150mmļũڣ϶ûսнսѲ300mmϿھĽȣҲЩСѲܳܵ˵ġ
210mmھļũڣҪǱֿھĽڴˣЩѲ˵׾ͻᱻһ꡿ּһѲҲѽϾЩһѲ󽢵ڿھҲֻ200mmҶѡģЩôû취
ڿҳĺ򣬿ʮŵԶֽӣrӵָӹȭͷһ²ձں޺޵
ָӹٶݺݵͬʱڶ԰¹Ҳſҳ顣
ʵǸָӹٻԩ԰ˣΪ԰¹ǲǲԿҳ֧Ԯ߸ɴйģһݺݵĽѵ
ǶһЩ˵ϣᣬйںԶӳ׻壬ȻϮйϺݺ͹ݵĴ촬ͬʱսнսѲԼʤһȡѲȫ١
Ҫ֪r˶ԣЩ촬ʩʽжһ㡣˴ɣεʱҪ촬սнʲôȫ١
ϹƶˣÿٿսнսѲָ꣬ڲԣ¸˺ֺֻ֧ûǮ
źṩ鱨ͿĴiʡ󳼶һۺ԰¹Цſ˰˴һۡ
ûڶrҪĲ벻򣬶ûǮ
Ҫ֪ɽսǿ˸׳죬ʧսнսѲԼʤһȡѲ󽢺С𽢵ȡȻʷrҲŷսĻᣬķһʲƣʹɸծתծǺʷͬйȴr෢ƻᣬڵrȻž޴Ĳ⡣
ծʲôģҲȻǸɼ롣
ˡ
̾˿˴Ҳ԰¹Ѵֻϣõһ˵Ҳи
ɲǺøģΪҪеεģ˽˰죬ڴǰ԰¹ȴȻʲôҲûᡣ
ôһֱŵʱ񲿵ĴȴͻȻ˽
ϢϢӢ˺Ըṩ֧֣
ʲô
Ϣ԰¹ȫվȻϲsĻһۡ
𣿵ʮձԶ
ӢȻrṩ֧֣Ѿǯйĳ󡣺οṩrĽֲ֧ϵ֧֣ҪԼǺֶΪ
ȻҲһЩҪСĵĵطƩ˵rйЭԼЭԼ䷢˳ͻսôڹʼܻܿĳֲõӰ졣
Щǹȥʽˣ˵16꣬17ʱӢĳֹǡ18꣬ʤѾȷ˵18꣬˾㴫ЭԼڧϢô
ʵӢĿǰߵ̶ŷսʧҲȷ̫һЩȻӢҲûпܡ
ڿҳĳͻǸӢһᡣ
ǳǮȻr˳Ըй
ʵǻǱȽڶģϾйһ˿ڶࡢҶӢжֻϧڵĶѾնҵȴӢʲάˡԣҲֻrˡʱڴʵǰڸոԱ϶ĵ˵ͷ԰¹϶һƬϲs
Ŀǰrصǲ⣬Ķʲô⡣
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ʧġšսѲǿӢҲΪ֮ĿĽռսѲ󽢵ĶŽ
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һۣʱrȷʧ֮һ14굽18֮䣬rȴٴη4սнԼռսѲʣң4rѾ»ָԭеʵ
Ϊ·۵4սнǺηǵİηĺڼɱȣrʵ14ʱҪ˲١
ҲΪʲôӢrԭ򣬱ϾڵrǺǿģĽԽrΪӢºĵڶݴκǿ
ֱݵĻڵrҲȷǶйռѹxngơϾ16սн6սѲ3սн3սѲ
ǰ5Ҳ2࣬ȣҪӢµĲ
ȻӢѾԸṩ֧֣ôϵ͵ûˡ
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ǰڸԱǳĬһ£Ժ󺣾󳼰˴վ˳
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rһ˵Ż˼纣սʤʹrһֱѹйͷϣƾԲֹ˴ɵϣڲ£йԶӣҽйĴ촬ȫپǰ˴ɵĿġ
ֻǰ˴ɱϾֻǺ󳼣ڿһۺ԰¹㽫۾ת˴iYɺ½󳼌֮
ǌ֮ɽ½ĺܲҡ
˵εսҪǺϳͻյĿҲֻǳ״ݻй½ôȥĻע⵽԰¹󣬌֮εƫͷȥ
Ȼ֮ҲԸйr½ȷй½ûʲôɱxng˵ھϻ൱ĻôװͺϵĲʵǡڻ棬߸֮
˵ɽսǰܴ֮ʿjng񡿲սʤ֮󣬌֮½ȴô˵תȥоЩǿ½ʵƩ˵̹ˡ֮Ǹ԰¹ҲЩʧҲû½Щࡿʲô̫˺ܿͽͷתȥ˴iYɡ͹ȥĹ̫ɲͬ԰¹ġzyuߡԴiʡҲǲ̬ȵҪԶڴź͹̫ɡ
ע⵽԰¹ߺYԵĳĬһ£㿪ڵ
Ӣܹ֤Щ֧ԮϢĻôҸֳ֧Yɵ԰¹˵ͷ
ȷȻΪɽսʧܺйĹϵrûʷΪŷսӸծתծǾ˦ȫծҲֻʣһβԸľ롣
ҪΪӢһ̣ʹrױɸծҴӴ˾öҪܵӢƿأǾʵЩ̫òʧˡ
˼Ƭ̺԰¹󳼼ٸ
پͰӢˣӢṩĲ֧ģôԸǳǯйʮǰǯƶһ㣬ǻrսʱҪսĻҹĻᣬôˡҵȲܷˡ
԰¹Ļٸͷﳤ̾һ
rսȻrǿλãrĴҲ൱ĶడΪǳսrڼսлȡȫҲʹr׵ĳΪһծҵľöҪܵӢȹĿơҲѧϰ˽ѵ˵Ӣ֧ȻãrսʱһĻҲֻһ䡾ˡ㡿ˡڼٸת뿪׼ȥӢ̸ʱ԰¹ҲһԵİ˴ɺ֮͌ڵ
а˴鷳׼һ£ȵӢӦǵ󣬾̱ϳ
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˴ɺ֮͌԰¹Ļȫվش
Ō֮ƺЩ̬ӣ԰¹ȴĵ̾˿
ʱһļء
뵽ʱ԰¹ͻȻӿһһȌ֮٣ȴҪٵˡһ
ڳǰͺӢ̸ȷģΪʱӢȷţٴνrƿĻᡣ
Ҫ֪ŷսʱrһ׳ɳԼƿأӢҲ൱ǵġֻΪʱ͵¹߼սԲŽŵһߡ
ӢͬǣҪӢӽһЩ
ϾӢôŷأ˵ӵֳغ棬ǱΪӴηȴκˡ
ͬȻĹҵʵھ磬ӢǿһҲǿھʵϣȷǲ̫Զˡ
ҲˣrһŻеǿΣС
˺ӢһὫr޹Һúһģ˭rȴ͸ǵynırսʱһǾͲˡ
˵һӵĻڶʱӢ൱ΡӢǴӦrϾrֻС⣬ֵӢŵйڳŷ޷չйʵϣڵйĳ̶ֳѾǺŷǵһˣΪʵѾйռˣʷ֮һĹ˹̹һŷǵĹҡȻģΪάʷӦԶռǵͬʱҲԶʷԭڹ˹̹һŷռˡ
ʵϲֹһŷΪ˷ֹδѾйĸ߼δвڻ˶άľӺ󣬰³ķһҲйУɴˣǴ˸߼˵ͨλڸ߼ĽӾϣԹ˹̹߾һֱںȫС
֮ںﺣ֮䣬߼ֱؼӸյƬأѾйˡ
ȻĿǰûоʵ̽⣬ӵͼϿĻôһشźͺҲɡ⣬ҲӢ˵ԭ֮һϾŷйٶʵ̫ˣʱӢȴƫƫΪŷսĹϵ޷һԸйӢЭǩ֣ٸһЦЭǩú󣬼ٸٶ֪ͨ˻ڴǰ԰¹ˡ
Ͼй𲢲ֻвӢrҲͬвС
ҪˡΪֹrȻڶһʦŵפ̨ҲͬȻrͳ֮¡ǩЭ԰¹Ҳû˷ʱ䣬ֱӾͽ׼ʱɽӺһʦŵıͬһ֧صⲿϿҳ
ڶͳʣ԰¹ҲrפСģΪڶŽʮפı߷Լӡ
r½սϱͲйҪйͻȻڶͳʿսĻôصrܻܿ⵽xng
Ȼˣ԰¹ҲൣģΪⳡս˵ĻںϡֻҪܹϵ֧Զӣʧȥ˺йֻܽĺ߳rʱr˶ͳʣйҲֻܹԹԵͻҲΪȷսʤrԶ6սн3սѲɵġ
ȿȣʲôr16սн6սѲôֻ6սн3սѲ
ȷrȷʵ16սн6սѲҲ˵ˣֻݶѡ
Ӧô˵ءr16սнʵʵڵģеĴ󲿷ֱ̭Ҳʵʵڵġ
Ʃ˵rĸʿսн1897۵սнȷսнˮȴֻһ֡ηֺΪxng̫ĹϵʿѾΪѵˣڵһսʱΪ̫飬ûнսһսʱڶΪѵһֱǳ䵱͵Ľs
з󵺼սн1897꿪ǰηŽšrսбըĺŽҺš屻ըʣִǣˮֻһ֣2305mmھĽڣټϼΪװסսȥ12380mmڵġ¡սнսֱһַʣµҼ᪺ššģšǰšܷźʯҲˡеʯڻ屻ըˣʣµ5սнrսrģxngܺͷ󵺼Ҳûʲô
ʣµȡĦҲһһ
ǰߵˮһǧ֣Ƕ˼ʮֺ󣩣䱸Ҳֻ305mm45ڡߵˮǶЩҲֻͷ䱸2˫װķ˹ʽ305L/45ڣҪ˵͡¼ˣǡȲοĦսнʱѾȫվըˣ
βսĽкڼңɣҺƼңټϽռսѲʣҡ
ȫ6սн3սѲ
Ȼ˵㣬һ˺ڼҡ׼ηѾróˡΪ˴չݣ˴ѻںԵеġƼĶŽrš˹
Ҫ֪ʷϡrš1918430rҲһºŷ۵ġ˿԰¹Ͱ˴Ҳ˲ôˣοôʱ䣬һҲûʲô⡭ȡʲôģڡ¼սнĻᶼûС
οǵ305mmL/45Ҳδܻ¼װףҪ֪¼װ׿ǰյ¹ġͷǼƵģڻװȡͷǼҪĸΪ͡
rȡʲôĳΨһÿ¾ֻǸ¼ˢõġ
·ģȻйװġ¼սнȷǵ۹ʿȴҪйࡣټϵƣ˴κضΪ۹Ӯȡʤģ
Ȼԡ¼380mmĺܣ԰¹ǰ˴ɻظı֤
˵Ҳʵν꺣йװϵȷˣѵʱҲȷǲҪǮƵģʱϾ̫ˣھѵҲr࡭йûװ硾֮ӡһĽڻϵͳĻȻr˵жΪأӢrӴʱϹѾ֪ı
ȻĲֻǡ֡Ҳе¹˵ĹͣΪе¹˵鱨ϹȷӢrѾӴ׼r˵ԼѰء
鱨Ϲһ˵Ѱ죬һȴ¶Цݡ
ЦһϹתͷһԵۡ
˵r˻᲻ᣬЩͭϮǵ촬
ͭ˺һŷӦϹ˵ԭЩйҪӽʽǰηӦòᣬϾȵص촬ڵؿվıΧڣ˵ЩʽսнпܣЩʽսн
ЩĿɲֹǺվҲСʽķͺը˫г̺ը͵׺ըۺȻǸĸõģrҲ޻ءô˵ϹЩʧܿjng񡣡ô˵ܽr˳׸ϳͬʱ˳ûҲһ¡
˳Ҫȵ22ûģȻ4ʱ䲻Ǻܳǰ4ĻҲȷһ¡
ҡrһʦŵıڶפȻжʮţʮһıԱҲrֳʲôǿŵͼиrr죬Ϲﲻˬǣ
һΣ㡭ȻƲárǴսδr˾ֻˡ˵Ϲվһڽɽȵפ뱸ս״̬к½ŷ޽ҵҲʱǻһˣ
ǣ
ڶrǸûᣬϹγҲһûʮ
˰շͬϲˣ̲ݷ棬16ͬ30%ңԤƻռ17ȫ10%ҡ
ڻζһϹ㱨ȥ׼ȷ֡û취ʱû磬Ҳûмеݶǿ̴ģйôĸӣ˵һȽ׼ȷѾ൱ˡ
ζĻ㱨ϹҲ൱ĸп
˵Ϲ̲ݺ;jngûʲôȤʮһrһֱӰŹ֭ϵУôҲ벻ڲһǰ̲ҵȻȻΪйĲҵô֧Ԯ͹סйȻǸΰĴڰ
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Ͼںȫڿҳĺ򣬶rԶҲѾ˵ʵڵģϹҲЩûס
ϾںĸװУûдﵽԵĳ̶ȣҾǽ뺣״̬ˣػķԱҲҪкܳʱѵúĸս
йΪƣͬʱҲrΪµĹվȻʽġķͺը͡˫г̺ըԼ˫׺ըѾۣµġսҲˣڿҳûйĻվķɻȻҲû취ӶԽȥ溣ս
ȻϺƣҲװڡϴ֮ӡǡ֮ӡһĽڻϵͳrӵƵ£ϹٻЩûס
ϹҲһЩڣڿҳսʧҲûϵϹ⻹ϣӮע⵽ϹҲվ
ϾҲǺĸΪԶӱ£شϹκ⡣
ֻ׼شϹʱ򣬻ͻȻһ绰
ʲô£
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ֻڽ˵绰Ϲȴøˡ
Ϊ绰Ǳ˵ҪԼ
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ŷսʼ󣬽һһϵĹԱ󣬷ŸнߣڵĹzhngf൱࣬ϹɲŻʲôش̰۰ᷢϹ⻹˵ȽϴҪôҲǲһĲǣ
˵ҲЩƣʲô顣
ûһĹѾ˽ڳ˵ĺ档
ͳһЩ顭ֺһֽȴر𽹼ңȴرҵıϹڹڱһxngð
ð
ڳ˵ԴЩתˣһðʲôżġ
Ϲ⣬ֺĻԴˡһʲôС
˵ϹѾȫⳡð˵ĻôֺĻϹǳ׵ĻΪǣһȻʷĴȾ
1918~1919䣬ȫԼ10˸Ⱦ2ǧ54ǧ(ʱ˿Լ17)ȫƽԼΪ2.5%5%һе0.1%Ƚ൱ֵΪдΪʱԼ8˸Ⱦ˴˲ҲȾ˴˲ԱΪxngðƴΪxngð
пԼ򵥷Ϊһ1918chnֻͨxngðڶ1918＾ߵһ1919궬1920chnʽڵһ͵ڶ֮䡣һм¼з191834rһλ˹ݵľӪ(CampFunston,Kansas)ʱ֢״ֻͷʹաʹʳyѡȻڵʱ˵ָⲨԴйϲ1917й֧Ԯŷս͹֤ݡ4ڵһսķҲУ3й56ӢҲ̷飬ء
19188¸뿪ǹʨɽӢϷУڸôִӢ֮ǰ75%ĴԱȾ7%ĴԱҴֻҲƵ
һ˵ڶԴͷǵʱİʲ͵(19188³˹ʲ(Meshed)㷢˸ʵУ˵ɰʲ͵ս޷ȷ)
827rдڲʿٵͷ˼䴫Ĳ˹(Brest)Ҳڼͬһʱ䱬.9¿ʼŷ޺ձ鴫ڴءڶк͹ȥxngðͬ20~35׳Ⱥرߣ֢״˸աͷʹ֮⣬sͿѪȡ֢ԷࡣǰӰԺ˶ȶرճﳬһꡣͬ10ʷڰһ£20ȥ1918ƽ˱ƽ12ꡣ
ڴԼ1919궬ʼط֣1920chnصʧ
ȫ򣬴Ӱ˹ӵİ˹Ħ䵽̫ƽzhngyngĦǵһ⣻మ˹ĦһһĦʸߴ25%ѷӿڵǵʱΨһûиȾۼء
жȥ2ǧ54ǧ(һ˵7ǧһ)ȵһս࣬Ϊһսԭ֮һΪѾûжıս
ɴ˿ɼежô£ȲĶʮͳڣмֱġ˵ϹԺҾþֻѧʣҩĿ飬ӡȵġˮ⣬ŶԵϵѧʶһǸȾУҲ99%ļʻȬƵĹб˸ɱˡ
ֻҪһйӵΣϹֲĸо
ڹzhngfִȻzhngfϵͶһֱ٣ǿ϶ȲϺййһЩƫԶＸһõԴûС
ںһ**ֵô󣬺οڵйǡùΪʲôƫƫʱ
ֻҪ뵽ɵΣϹһͷۡ
Уصĵǧһǧޡӡģһǧʮ൱ʮ4000ֻǴԵͳƣrǶʮ򣬻̨ȵٶˣйƺУҲû취Ͼʱй㲻һ壬ûȷеͳơȻеϢϹͷ۵൱ǶϹҲǲò
ԱѾź˵Ļ飬ȫжϣڵһдСͣҲȫͣͿҳս⣬ʣµԴҽ档
ֻʱȫİվͷйһƬsĺ
ʱҽԺͬʱԭ׼ŷ޵ķߵװҲַҽԱСͬʱڸصפҲȫս״̬һеķ׼ЩŷߵľҽԱһ֢״Ĳ˺Χİո뿪ˡ
ΪʱлûֳԼԼеĹ˶Χһиסˣ׵׷ʲô顣
ǹһЩԱȻҲ֪е飬Ϊбûֳɱ˲ٵԱվϹľٴ롣
Ҳѹ֣ϾʱŷսʱڣЭԼĶ֧ƱҲȻйšʱԱǵ֧ǵĹΪæµʱʱǹĹ˸룬ÿһҪһʲôȻ̵ġ
Ҫ֪ôǻӰ칤Чʵģڼ򵥵㽲ǻӰ׬ǮġοֻĸðѣõôС𣿺οûˣ
˾˵Աǣÿ춼ڹﳳ֡
ڳzhngfʱϹѾڸ潫ЩԱ׵ı˻ƿʲôģ˵ҲҪġ
ʹˣϹ⻹൱ѹϾڹzhngfڲҲΪٵΪܵšЩ˿ɺ͹ĻƿһǺϹⱾҲкܶйϵϹͲǿӲ̬ˡ
ôϹrߣĿǰԻס棬Ϊѹ̫˰ɣڵϹȻЩСЩˣһеԤûнǡ
ù
Ϲ⻹Լİ칫ﰧ̾ʱ6սн3սнԼʮһȡѲ󽢺֧𽢱ɵԶѾ˿ҳͬʱǻŵ佢ӣҲѾһʦŵıȻrеĿҳϲ
ΪĿǰΪֹйrûսǴֵԵʣڷr佢ӺǿҳϵԶǺϵԶӶûжrĵ½š
ΪӦ⻹һʦıҳһһӪҳΪϵԶṩ˼Ļ֧֡
ĿǰΪֹԶڿҳϵıѾӽˣrҲһʦ˵ı
ںҲڶԺrҹ͹һڵʱºһܶԿҳṩ֧֡
ĿǰΪֹĽչ൱˳ںҲֻʣһߣҲǱȽϷġ
£ǻҪڼȴȥ𡭡
Զӵ콢ƺŵĽϣ˸ոһ𽢴鱨һsĶԶӵԶӵ˾ɽԴ̫ɵ
йѾԿҳ˾ӣôȥĻһ֧˺Ǿȡ˿ҳʤҲ޲
µĻɽԴ̫ɿԶĺҲǳһ̾
Ҫȶ
ϾֻԶӵ˾٣ʲôҪȴѾȲҪݻԶйӡ
ɽԴ̫ɶԼӹٱʺʿǺĵģʿϣɽս۵ĲҰܺϽӵĹٱǺڴһѩǰܣȻɽԴ̫ɱ˶ԡ¼սн380mmL/50൱ļɵڶ˿սĹͷĹҲ
һΪɽս۽rĹϵѾָйӵ3սн3սѲҲǳصģӮĻȻãҪءսѹһУϾӢǧӢѾ֧ʱ뷴ҲǲܵˡοһrˣѾ޷ڳԽйʮһαйѹˡûãһѾɽԴ̫ɵǰڿɽԴ̫ԭŵüͷչˣһɽԴ̫ҲתԼĲ´
ж
ǣ
ڽ½Ͽҳͣ˺ܳʱrԶжһֱעģйԶӵļҲæ鱨С
ʮӺһֱ˯ŵйԶҲж
̼纣սr֮һսչⳡսǶйǶrһѩ֮սлͯЬк˶ʮ¿ҳս
䡭
һʮ׸ߵˮͻȻڡƺšսнߣĽڵһЩٸsףеһķ˾
ڵɽԴ̫ɵԵú򶨣ڲǵǰˣЩĺ൱ĽֻǴɽԴ̫Զ˫֣΢΢۽ȴԿóڵﲢôƽ֣й˵ôô׼ġ
ҲѹɽԴ̫ɻէ࣬ԺսйĽjng׼ȼr£ڿǵйģʼҲֻ겻ʱ¾һܵ顣
Ͼɲ½½Ļʱ佨һ֧ǿǺһָ߼֡ҪűйȻֳĵطɽԴ̫ɶΪԼںһ֧rµĺ򽻵ֹɽԴ̫ھ̾Ҳˡ
ɽԴ̫ɲͬǣ˾̾ȴǰװھϵģΪºĽϵͳȻ˺á
ΪȻǸʲôȷЩڵõ˲ϵĴֺ֧󣬺ȷ˳Ľװ档
ںٱĸϣйӢrĴͳǿȴȻ൱һεľ롣
˵¹ӢrսУھڵʷֱ3.33%2.17%Ļôȥйȿȣܵ1%
䣡
콢ºšʮ380mmL/50ڵshĻ䡣
ô˵ⳡսСºͽڻϵͳȷǷ˺ܴãüθйһΣҲʹйϺrȲһЩȴȻܺrάһֵ״̬
ֻҪⳡսӮĻ֮ٴοйˡ
ע⵽һҡ缶һѲ󽢵280mmڣrһҶѲ󽢣ճɹ뺣׺ﶼһƬ˷ܵĽкú󣬾ѾҲ
ҪӮһҪӮ
ںϴֵ£½Ҳûţ˵ʵΪ½ȶ֣ԺϲŻᶯ֡
ֻͺһֱǽֵģ˭Ҳ޷κ˭ľȣ½ϵսʱԹ˵پѿһЩ˽⵽ҳºԶں׼һνȡһºĴʧְΪսĳڣr˾Ȼʹ̹ˡڿҳԶѹû뵽ró̹ڴֲ±rߣΪ̹˽йѵڹߺr̹ҲѾĲ˵Ļĺ˵
ȹ˺󣬿ȻrߣָſҳһʦԶrսҲһһס
ɽrֹԭϴһʼ˵ûr֮¾Ȼˡrģ
ֻǲ߳ŭ̻ҪģΪȻʧߵĹϵҲҪ֯һԶ
һֱֲͬĵʦʦųʯԪȻϵߣȴһֱŵġ
sƤʺѪ
Ƕ֧Ͼݾ6ʦţܱ͵ڶʦţ̨类Ϊr½ǿս֧áǰ1873ǫܱ֧̃սʱ¡ʢĦӰΧܱڣӲԼǿ־סchoˮĽ1988½ĸ̨ĳΪʦţ̨ܱҲͱ˵6ʦš
Ϊrսǿʦ֮һΪսشxngrzhngfŻὫʦҳһΪʦ䱸ʮոմӢԵġˢ̹͡ˣrƵʮʽ̹ˡ
Щ̹˵ս͹װġ15ʽ̹ˡ͡16ʽ̹ˡȻһ㣬rƵġʽ̹ˣӢġˢ̹͡˻Ҫһ㡣
̹˱Ͼ̹ˣxngôҲһ㲽ܿģûϵrȻὫ̹ҲͶս£Ҫ˵Ѿʼװ15ʽ̹ˣѾװ˼16ʽ̹ҲûһҲѹʧְϾǾûеõrϸ鱨Ļܻ⡣
ʯԪɱˣȻѾԶߣǡԭʯԪɵĿģڵһνʱ͸ģ̹սͻȻxngԶϻؿҳġ
ڵĳɹȻҲ㲻ʯԪɿȴѾʧһ㡣
ǡ֧װĻǹ𡭡
ŲͬrװĹ濪˹ǹ12.7mmھ߻ǹʯԪɰէǰãʯԪµ̹˲Ӹոձ˵Ӣġˢ̹͡˺еġʽ̹˵Ĳװ׺Ĳװױ**ӵĻǹshˣһЩ̹˵ĶǶ**ӵĻǹˣʱʯԪɻ̫š
Ϊ̹֮Ӣġˢ͡ҲᣬrġʽƵʱ򣬾Ѿǿ˲װ׵Ҫxngʵ鵱rװĹ濪˹ǹ߻ǹҲȷ̹ûʲô취.50ӢĿھѹ֡
뵽**ӺͼװĻǹھͬʯԪ̹Ϊʲôᱻˡ
ʯԪɰпʱһҲһͦ18ʽǹ˹
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rڻĺ鱨ϾǾҷʼװǹ֪ˡֻΪǹе٣ҹı̶ܳҲܸߣټr˷ӵǹеǺܿء
ʯԪĽ죬Ҳǵһο18ʽǹʵ𡭡
ʯԪҲǴӾľˣֻ԰ŪһºʯԪɾѾ׸ôcoˡȻҲ18ʽǹ֮ǿ˼йء
ȷǹ㹻ӵʯԪɴżߵһյأȻ׼һĿ۶˰
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һϻӵ󣬿ǰѾΪõĿʯԪһȡ

ȻŸտʼʹʯԪȴѾҪ壬ȻҲʯԪɲһ׳ɾйء
˵ʯԪɣrڲҲ൱ġ
Ӧ˵rڲӦ˵ںҲ൱ġ
ΪʮǰṩһrԪģʯԪɡ1904rҵrzhngfԸʽԮ쵼˶һʼԱɾܾܣʯԡΪˣĸϵɹˣƷųŵİίĻǮѣһϵе߸
1904ɳά˹򣿷룿Τıɱ1905122r˵ñġrҰһr֮4600ԸĹ˱ˡ6սšġ䣬ҵİӰЩǺ1917ϰĶ1905
֮⣬鱨ͨ߷**١ɿ޵ĺСdl˶dl䣬谭䡢͵۶֯Ӣzhngfкŷ۶rѺãפӢ̫ɰæȣѶȾ
ʯڶ֧ԮӡڳΪܱ˾ֳͳεľ顣ϱѧ¹ܹŷϴr߼Ӧڿɡ˵rϲʱʮȺʾ飬ʯ½ѹʯָʾøѹˮǹɢ
ҲΪˣǻЩջ˵r׳ɾ٣¾ͻ֡˷ӵмһˣȻǿrʿ
ҲΪʯԪɲһ׳ɾ٣ŸףǹrǺѻϿɵġ
ȻⲢֻΪЩջ˵ļһŵʿҲrĹҵ̫ԭȻŷսrĹҵҲ˳ĽǴʱrҵҲǰʮѣټϲǺܺõĲȻjng£Ҳ̫18ʽǹʯԪɳ̾˿ʱ䣬й˴ı仯
ڿҳ򸽽rĺսrճʧһֵһȡѲ󽢺һЩ⣬ʣΪηսѲȴֻزȵ˶ѡ
r˫ϣзȻΪ380mmL/50ڵ£ôҲӦûһrҲзηսѲʵ̫һЩô˵ڿҳȻǸʤ״̬ҿҪֳʤҲһ򵥵顣
ڿҳϣվ˸źҲʼ
ȿľԶװȺʯԪȺͬʱҲȫû˵ġˢ̹͡˺͡ʽʱĵﱤʹáû취ȻЩ̹˽ֻǷ⣬û취޸ˣڿҳϿûʯԪʹãټϼڱϹҲܼʯԪҲֻЩ۸񰺹̹ˡֻʧȥ̹˺rڻϱϾѷԶԶװһĳǹ£rڣѾʧȥأȻҲ˵϶صģӦ˵ʯԪĲŶԡ
ڷͷߺʯԪɽȫ˵Ϊ̵ĵһϣԼķߣû̹˿ʹõҲһͷ
ϵ㹻ڣɽԴ̫ҲܶʱھʤӣټϺսѾеʱҳϵrȻϵЩr˾͸ˣһںҲܽԮ˵ҳҲǲˣֻںrûбܵôҪǱǿɾͱˡbijngͳϹҲһֱȡŹڿҳս۵Ļ㱨
ϣrֲµʱ򣬼еľԱھϲźĳs֣ҲϹⱾˡ
½Ȼr˵ﶪߺʱ򣬳־ֵ鱨⣬½ĽҲǴСûá
ʱ䣬Ѿȡ˶ߣ⵽½sÿ˲١
ͳݾָոմ鱨rzhngfǷҪɳʣĽϮҹ̴ĿǰӢȹ̬ȶܿɣƺЩrĻǲɲ
ڻϣΪζ˵Ҳs
ҲѹôǣϾйҪķչʱڣǶںͽڣǷչҪʱrȡսôйķչǻɺܴ谭
ζĻҲһƬs
ȻⲢ˵ڹھûкˣϾ˽ǼʲôģҪ棬ڹȻ൱ĺڡ
𽢡һȡѲʲôĴССҲмʮҵӡ
ôûr˱ȣοrҲŲٵսнװѲڡȻЩڡ¼սн͡սнǰֻΪ˿ҳսrûǳս
ǾˣҲܹӵһ
йѾԶҳ£ȻڸиۿڵĹվԱ֤к͸ۿڵİȫrҪϮ̴Ļվķɻû취ɵٹȥԼ̴
οҲûжλϵͳʲôģս뾶ܴﵽٹԶҲҲܵϮ̴ǡζĻ󣬻ҲһƬ۷׷סȻϹȴһ˿ĪġЦݣ
Ϯ̴𡭡ϹЦЦƽս
νƽսָϮ˵ʲôģrҪôĻҲһ鷳£ϾͨʿɶǺˣ½ϵĻ̫鷳ˣȻôҲôͺˡ
ţ
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Ҳô
ǵȻҲ룬ǣʵ
ҲֻôˣϹһĪЦ
ǱͧʮǱͧ
ǱͧûǱͧĴʱڿʼϹһֱӶǱͧķչϾŷսͶսʱǱͧĻԻͣǺսȻǱ֧ͧرֵ¡
ʲô˵ǱͧǴðģ
һµǰһ»һᵽĴ촬ĴzhngfʱھѾ˵촬
ͬʱӦҲᵽڴӵ¹촬豸ͬʱҲڹڵ¹UǱͧͼֽȡ
ʵĴ촬֮Ҫ񣬳άԵ¹ʮǳˮڽѵԼĽʦ⣬Ϊ˽Ǳͧ
ϾˮchngqngһκѾֻܺһǧµĴֻˡ
ڶθԬɹӺͽֻչͬʱϹҲδӹǱͧķչbijng󣬳Ĵ촬⣬Ϲ⻹人Ҳ˰һ촬Ĵ촬һҲרŽǱͧõġͺͺһȻĴ人촬븹أٻЩ鷳ôҲкܶĺôȣ촬غļ촬һܵϮʵr˸ͻĻôЩһǰηҲܵһ촬ȻĽЩǰηһҵıȥ
r˽˻ʹúĸĵزô¾һˡ
ڶսʱӢ촬ˣû찲ȵʱ򡭶촬λĴ人ĻôҪϮŵ촬Ͳһ׵ˡҲɻûôḷ́Ҫ֪;вٵķʩͿվأõоĿбӻŵĴ人һʱյ⡣
ھ˶ķչԼϹĴֺ֧촬ѾӵһĹģ
ͬʱڵ¹UǱͧĻϣ촬ĹʦҲȫԼʽǱͧЩһǱͧ󣬲Żõĳɹ
Ŀǰ촬ǱͧҪͣһˮˮ320֣ˮˮ380ֵġˮ򾡿ǱͧһΪˮˮ900֣ˮˮ1200ֵġˮԶǱͧ
˵ȥУ촬ƵʮǱͧٴһЩʵxngʵĻôǱͧϵʵսǱͧˡȻʱı׼ԡ
Ϊ۸˵ĿǰΪֹǱֱͧʮҺʮңѾӵȺսֻΪʱǱͧʵ̫ˮ溽ٻˮº٣ں˱磬ϹҲиҪȥ˱ϺʱҲֻܰǶڼˡ
ЩǱͧҲϹһŵơ
ֻĬǱͧӵıʣȻǱͧںѾ൱Ĺģע⵽ǱͧӴڵȴûж١
ûע⵽ֻΪǵ۾ѾսнսѲĴ󽢸εסˣԲûע⵽ˮµǱͧӰɡǱͧӷչȻΪ˵ɰ衣
ںܾǰϹѾǹǱͧƽսϾʷǱͧרġ
ֻϹⱾϵȵսеһ̶ȺǱͧӵġ
Ʃ˵ĲӶڶ˳rʱǱͧŶrСƽս֪rһңһԴƶѵĺңԴrǼΪҪġһԴûˣǺסr˵ĲҲûʲô
йȻڵй͹ȥ岻ͬԽó׼Ϊأ硾ͭ󡿵ȱȽϡٵԴڽڵҲռ˺ܴıء˰̲ϣȻѾϵȵʼֲ̲ݣǹڵ̲ݹ˾ΪĹϵȻҪڴҶ˶йƽսĻǶϹҲһͷ۵顣
ͷۣѵrͷۣ
ֻҪһٶǱͧȫȡϮr̴䴬ôrսΣ
Ǳͧ
ʵʱ򣬳Ľ⣬ʣµ˼˳ĬΪʱǱͧȻ˺ܴãȻô
Ϲͼ쵽Եʮ㣬Ϲ⣬ô˵ϹҲһ°ߣֻǰӵģǺġȺսǼǵõģȺսصҪǼǵһ
ͬʱϹҲ൱ǱܷͧӶãϾʷǿӢҲ㱻¹˸Ʒ裬rܱܲӢ˻ɣ
һʼҳֻǸҪս
rս˵ģȻԵúǱͧӡֻҪǱִͧеġƽսܹ˳ɹôڿҳʧҲûϵļϹٴκ͹˿˼λ飬ڻȷǱִͧСƽսֻսȷϹȴûǱִͧ
Ϊڵȣڵrȳ֡
νõʧһԵ̫ͱˣǺеġûһȫʵǰϹҪһЩοǰʱڶϣйֵĵȷ̫һЩϹԥͬrⷽж൱Ĺϣֻڴʵǰһλ飬Ѿ˶й̫ƽӡϵ̴䴬ϮƻйĺϽͨߡȻҲйڿҳrսйأȻrҲľϾڽҡšսнr۵սнûһйġ¡Ķ֡
Ϲ⿪⼸ڿҳĺϣr˫ĽڱһΪҵĺս
ⳡսУ˫ߵѲ󽢺ʧʮңҲͬʧءrⳡսоʧηֱǡڡ׽ڡţԼơĶŽr򡿺š
ʵġڡںստʼûãͱҡ¡սнһsh뺣׵ġr򡿺ڱһҡ硿Ѳ󽢵׻кɥʧ˲ֺٵ£һҡ¡սнһҡսѲһ٣ٴöףںϼһСʱųûġ
֮⣬ասѲ׽ҲӢġաţںսʼ˰СʱҲ뺣ס
ЩѲ󽢺ҲˣؼϵʧսɽԴ̫ɼʧ֮һսrԿνʧء
rȻʧأָӵԶҲδؾͱrǿȥһҡ¡սн뺣ףսѲҲһΪɥʧսòͬصġѲ󽢵İսʻѾԶеĺ
ﲻԭڶĴֻһд־ԸԶĶ촬ڣά޴ֻĻ൱ķ㡣
Щʧ⣬rдĽֻҲˣںս˫ҲòϢģʱһǶrzhngfԣĿǰʧǵĳܷΧ֮ڣҪԶӶ˵ĻǿɾͲ԰ڸܳܵˡ
ϵķƽ˾½Ҳͬƽ˾
ʯԪ˳ߣȫһߺϿʼʲʯԪߵȨ
ȻԶԱrӵнǿĻƣΪʱrԷʵʩϷԵʣڿҳϵϲҲֻܵõĲ
ʯԪɻҪҵ㣬ڳԿϵʦŵȷҪϲǿһЩⷽ˫ǲ¡
ֻѾϰڱռŵº͵սr⣬ϷrȽռš
ʧȥȺĲֻ֧ԮȻϲҲηֻΪʯԪɽЩ޷ġ̹ˡﱤʹãϵĽչǺܴ
rװ̹ˣ͹װ15ʽ16ʽ̹кܴĲͬ
rӢ̹ˣеġʽ̹˶һĻǹ̹ҪʹûڡӢ̹ˣʱװ6ͦ˹ǹ
̹ڽ̹սʱûʲôãֻԸĻôɾʹˡҲΪʲôôʱ䣬ȴȻûнչԭ֮һϾôĻǹﱤǰҪȡʲôչʵǺѵһ顣
Ȼڿҳĺ֣r˫Ȼûлս
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˵ɵ뷨ĳ̶ֳϻǱȽȷģֻϧǵ뷨˼ꡣսս̬ҲѾȷ£йѾͺ͹ȥĶһѾΪӢȹҵжйһ˹ҵ¡
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ˮ1000ֵġͧڹʱ˵˵ʱ䳤˿ǻ˱൱ġ
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ȻˣһлԴϱ˵˷ܣΪȵһɣһս֤
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ȵr˷Ӧҽ˽ΪЧĻƶʱԴѾΪʮֵͧˡֻҪܻսôְʲôĿҲһ顣
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r˵洬ǱͧӵָӹٵᱩŰ500mmϵȥСС洬ʮ෢ڵûġǱͧӵġƽս£r˵ʧһһţǩƽΣȫûϵϹ˱rҲȫ˻ҵС
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Ĵֻ˵Ļô̴ֻֻܱܺһΪɱĶԣʵʱrҲ漸Ҵӱ̴𽢻ֻôĽȴ˸Ǳͧ𽢱Ǳ̴һ˴סºrҲ˸̴ҹ뷨ֻҹ죬ѵҾͲܵǴ𣿵˴㳤ʲôģµǺηѵһֱ治
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ӢӢȴǰ˵̫ЩŲڡ
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ҪôȥĻòϹrrѾϿˡȻrҲֻʣϾйеĲǱͧսֻrĿǰĲ״ʱ仹ԣʱĻοڳrʶ˺rҲЩΪ̡ӢȻӢѾŵ˲֧֣Ӣں͵¹˴ŷսǮĻˡˣЩʱҵxngôܻһֱͶһ޵׶ءһʱϹνchn⣬˵ǰʱ仹ǹڵźr̸Ļôһ¹Ѿrˡ
ȻrǰӢҲţȰ˵ϣϹֹܹͣƽսϾЭԼҲֵ̫ԴϹĻӦֻһǾǡҪ˹ڲ񡭡
ǵϣӢиʱӢʹĻشڵϹҲͬˣȻɾܾrʵеƽսôҲͬҪǡϹһǾܾ̬ȣӢջֻջҲûãϾӢŷޣӢΪⳡŷսӢѾҪľӢҲòrʹ
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ʱΪƽսĹϵrͬʺ˳۵ϵѾжϣǱߵ˵Ͼ˵󲻴˵СҲСҲôһ
˳ۣפrҪ뿪˱òһµʱɾͻᵯġϹȴЩڶ˳ǰϹǾֹƽսġ
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Ŀǰ̬Ļȥһɡ
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˳ıɾǴںҲйΪҪһ촬ء˵ںǴģ054AѾʼ052C𽢣չΪ056ͻƺûдķݡô˵촬ôҲһ񣬶ͨôҲ͸˳溽ĸĽṹ
Ϲ⻹Ǵ㽫˳һѷϺݺ͸ݵĴ촬ء
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ʵϳ⣬ݡϺ͸촬ҲֱһսнսѲʩС
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˰ۣڹzhngfڲҲ൱飬οҪÿң½ͿվҲ൱ĲϾռ̫ѣҪ֪½ҲŴģװ̹˺װ׳վҲŶһЩʽĺըս
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ҲӢ࣬r֮е
ΪrʱڣϹ൱ļ£οΪԼԵʣںҲ˱ΪԼսར֣һֱΪѹƵĽ֡ڻʢԼսнѲ󽢵ˮڿھȶԼţ˱һʱڽľΪԼս˳һᣬսнѲ⣬ĸҲǱƵġʷϣǩʢԼʱ򣬳ϯǩʽĽҲӢr⡣ϹţŷսйԻΪμλ顣
ÿսнսѲʲôġںĿ񻶳22Ҳͽˡ22ǰϹҪúﵽӢĳ̶ȡ
Ȼ򲢲ֻΪ˿ѾҪˮ˵ʵǵģľǡ͡rȷĿϾּĴ
ȴôϹϣΪںչĸսнҲֻڵĹ
ϹڻչսнսѲȫΪʱսнսѲҪֻչĸսнʲôֻңôĺĸٶ࣬˵ҲֻһǿϾǴ󽢾ڵʱǺĸʱΪƼƵĹϵڵػĸҲûܴﵽȡսнĵز
˴ϹǰΪһǱͧһΪԶʻĿǰ촬ڽܼǱͧѲǱͧˮԳʮһѲǱͧˮԳ
ѲǱͧ򵥵㽲̺ܺԶǱͧ
ҲһԶǺԶԶ
ʱϹǱͧȤΪʱҪвrԸrĻֻҪáˮ򾡿ǡˮǱͧͿˣòź̴ѲǱͧ
ȫչǱͧͬʱϹⲢδڡˮԳͶ̫ࡣȻ̫ҲԶԵģϾ˶ϲӾĶŮƺҲһ
ͺսнսѲһΪŻʹ侭ò˥
ڳʮʱսнһֱźȨҪ־ҲӢȫǿ󺣾ӵеҪսxngڵʱعҶսнĹע̶൱ںĳЩҶսԵӲȡ
ͬʱսнҲӵǿԵսн·ʱȻٱ־ԸýΪսн
ЩսнûĺĸǱͧȣװͻڵǰɱȺ߾дöӾ
ϹȻѲǱͧû̫Ȥ人촬һǱͧڱ׼ֻҪս뾶ܵͺáһǱͧǴ˴ϹҪġˮԳǱͧˡ
ͽ5000ﺽ̵ġˮͬˮԳˮˮΪ2000֣ˮˮΪ2600֡ͧ95ף9ף5.2ף䱸Ϊ6533׷shܺ2150ڡˮ溽15.8ڣˮº7.6ڣͧԱΪ62ˡ
Ҫǣͽ5000ﺽ̵ġˮͬˮԳȫΪ13000ȫܱߺ൱õʱ䡣
ôˮԳһ൱ȽǱֻͧΪʱĹϵãϹһֱûӹˮԳϾʱȫҲרǱͧ촬ǵˮԳˮʺĿ½人һҡḷ́ʺϲ1000ֵĴֻУԾĴ촬ĳҲβΪַˣϹҲһǱͧ
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ڲռϣͿռСܶʱҪǽִڣͧҲòŵġˮͬˮˮﵽ2000ֵġˮԳ൱ڲռ䣬ͧԱǵĻռҲҪࡣ
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ڹ˺͵ؾж̹˵ʱ򣬸ոڴͷľҲŲͷǸ١
аɡһʻ16ʽ̹ˣҡҡͷǰr˴ĺǿѾûٲˣѾѹĲˣûĻڹһھˡ˵žٿһۺϵ佢ӡڵĻ
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ΪռδӶϹأĿǰ½ѾԭһٶʮһʦһˣŵڵĽٸʦˡ
ˣǰÿÿ10Ԫı׼ÿҲҪԪľѿ֧οԶrĽһǸ˿µľþ;Ԫ
⣬ǱÿսнսѲ⻹кĸѲ󽢼𽢡ȴСͧټϸǱͧÿҲҪԪľѲС
վҲܴ󹦵.÷ĺըۣԭеĸ˷ɻҲʹáڿվһֱŲɹȻķͺը˫г̺ըս׺ըȵĵۣȺװҪ࣬ÿҲҪһԪľѲС
ЩȫѾڶԪڶԪȻЩzhngfĲܿ죬ԪҲ൱ڹzhngfһˡ
ο½Ľٸʦ󲿷ֵʦֻװëɪG98ǹѣߺɭװǼװ͸񵯷shȻڼʽ18ʽǹˡ
Ȼڹڶάٶ½ǷҪкܴ飬Ҫڶʲά˵ѹסռ½ȴǾԲġ
ˣڹڵĸ24Сʱ൹ʽĿΪЩװԼªֲӻװ
һÿҪٵһڶԪľѡ
Ҫ½ǿҪװײӣ齨һ֧15ʽ̹ɵ̹˲ӣҪǧʽѾ൱һҡrˡ
16ʽȻ15ʽһ֧16ʽ̹˲ӣҲҪһҡľǡ۲С
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οϵĿ⣬¼оҲҪܶǮġ
ҪЩѾҲ׼ĿzhngfÿھϵͶʿ½ᳬʮڡ
˵ףйϾӢڵķչѾӽȫڵйҪͶʵĵطڽͨͷȷ棬Ҫ֪йطȻŽͨѵ⣬ϺbijngɶĳУҲгܹﵽȫͨı׼
οУȻΪԤĵĹϵڹڲûзģ¼ĿǰΪֹҲֻҽƲȫıԶһˣʷϵԶҽϵͶҲԹzhngfĲһѹ
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꣬ŷսҲͽˡ
ȵŷսʱӢйṩϵ𣿱ϾǧӢǶӢҲһСĿοڵӢѾйΪжд̡Ѱ
2ŵķ̣ϹЩ۵Դ
zhngfڲѾ۲ü¿֧ˣϾӢжϲ֧ԮйҪάֽİĹʵǼѵ飨½Ϻվ󣩡
ֻ鱻ϹˣϾδҪԶвʱü¿֧ɲǼǵ顣
ֻҪ˺ͿصܹɳȻһӭж⣬ϧ22ǰ֪ȻĻҲͲôˡ
ϹǺڡʢٺԼǩǰ֪ڿغ˵󣬻ᷢʲô顣
ĲƸǻ˵ģӢȹŷսʧصʱ˵ŷսӢδػ˵ȵسɲһһӢԻ书ǰϹûıס˺Ϳء
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οǲǲҪϷֺôҲһܲ˵鲻ǣ
ĿǰڲϵľҲҪάֵ22а
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ŷս¹ڴ˳糵龰¾ҪֹˣǸʱ򣬷չٶȿ¾Ҫ½10%˰ɡ18꣬22꣬4꣬δ4¾ҪѰˡ
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ڹڹҵú;½չٵ£йҲѾɳΪ˽ӢĵǿȥrҲѾǶ֡
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ڳԱ2-3ˣװ15ˣҲһಽװ˱Ƴɹ齨еҲѾǲܵ顣
齨ĦлӺͻеӣȻֻܽΪ˺档
ȻԸ⣬ڵйڶϸĶʵ̫ˣδйĵ˷ǶĪ
ټϵȣҪԸ˵Ĳʦ̫еģϾĻ̫͡Ȼxngǹˣķ̫ֻҪһͦǹǰӭľͻһɱ
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ȻϹһ2ŵķһ߸пûǮҵջǺܻԾġϺ͹ݵȸۿڣĻȻװ
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ȽȤǣ¹˵ĵ½ԶƵķӺϲҲûԶӲҪ˵Ļֻһ֮ɡ
ںںϣԶλڶٺӵϲռٺͰ˹ˣ¹˵ĵ½ǶٺӱĿľ߼ľ룬ֻмԶѡ
Ȼôľ룬ĬԼѾ˵кڸõȻûзһͻڶٺӺϣԶʿӶĵ¾ʾ⡭ЭԼ룬е¹˵ı壬Ȼйzhngf͵͵ṩ֧֣ǶĲʲάzhngfܹǱࡣ
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ҲΪЭԼ͵¹˵ľѹĹϵԭͲôïʢͷڿƺͺˡȻһƺû꣬ڶϹ͵͵֧ԮĵҩͲȶЭԼ͵¹߽нڽڵֿʱͻȻ䣬ĶȨ˼Ĵ
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뵱صȨD.I.ؽִصμڶľ˹˵İ׾Ȩ벼ʲά쵼ĺս
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νĽݿ˾ʵǽݿ˹工˾ţǵһսʱݿ˹工ίԱڶȹ֯ɵķ԰ٵ۹ľӡ
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1918ݿ˹工ίԱᡢЭԼάzhngfڱǩЭ飬׼ݿ˾ԡƽݶսλԽǣںǴ˺ӷŷޡ
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ڲԶǰһĻsȴ쳣ѿϸĿһĻܴϿһ˿ŭС
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Ŀ޺ϹһߺѾ˱Ĺ֭һҲЦŵ
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ϹҲϹһЩ顣
ţͼ𡭡Ź⻬°ͣϹҼǵúһţͼĻһʺϵء

ȻйЭԼĹϵǰйϾЭԼһӣں̸һʱϹҲͬ߶ṩһҩ顣
ȻЩҪǮġ
ԴҲûʲô飬Ͼڸ߶˵һǧٶֵĻƽʢŶƽӲͨĻˣοҲΪ߶ʡǮıҪϾӢ͸߶Ҳֻùϵ
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ǰոյԱҲ˵ͷЩйȴռҹġ
˵ʱ򣬹ԱͻȻһ˿ߺޣ߶˵ıҲynࡣ
ȻռĹȨ߶˵ȴް취˵ʱzhngf󣬸߶˵ġȫͳ˧ѾֱЭԼ͵ȵȽϿɣȻڸ߶еʵȴֻĽݿ˾źһԭ**Ӻļľӡ
ʵ޷ڵйЭԼͬ˹࿹⣬ԶĪ˹ƵնҲв硣
οڵйǡӺϲ˵ȵȻʮ򲿶ӣȴǹ½װjngһ֣ڷӺӵȵдȺͦػǹͽһǧ̹˴ڡ
ټԶҪǿ͵·ͨ·Լ˵ĵ׸˹ͨߣڲϸûκ⣬ӴҪ˵ʲάеǵ㲿ӣӢǿҲԴùͷ
ˣҪĻǲռĪ˹ƵĲʲά˷ӣй˵⻹ǵȵͳһȫ˵ɡ
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ʹˣЩ۳һǧӢĸ߼ۡϹ⿪ļ۸ȻӢôڣҲˡ
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˹ķȲǿ಻¾߾ŵͻƲӣԼ14ʦɹӡʦʵʩǿķٴֹ˵¾ƽЭԼ**ķɻڱݻ˵¾ϵƻ˵¾ĺڹӦӶʹ¾ֹͣ³ǵϱˣʼ׼ɡɳеҮ˹ͻʵʩܳˣ̷߶ıзµʱʧ50ˡЭԼ**ʧһЩ**ÿ30˵ٶȵִ﷨
ⳡսۺЭԼʼ
ЭԼĹ൱ңҪǵ¹Ѿ𽥿ʼ
106r¾սϿʼʱ򣬵¹͵˹ѷͳջᡣҪѷġƽʮĵԭ򡿵ĻϴͣսЭ顣1023r¹ջбѷͳᶨ(ЭԼ)ִľdcizhngfͣսЭ̸С
19181027rʽ֮ǰ³ǵԼǳʹĵ¹zhngfܹѷҪȻ˵Ǳε¾˾³ǵܼ(ܲı)ְλWɽΡ
1029r1110rڲʲά˷ӵĻܹӱ¹һ¹ڲǻҡͱ䣬119rһᵳzhngfӹȨ־͹1110r»
117r¹һλƽMı죬ʼ븣ͣսЭ̸УصǹĻ𳵳˾Э19181111r賿5ʱɡ涨¹ʵЭԼͶ¾ռͰ˹ֵװ(5000Żں25000ͦǹ)ĵ¹ϵͷЭԼ**ռ죻ȫǱͧѺȫˮսЭԼܡ
11rѾŷսҲǵһսֹͣˡⳡսУߵǧơҲΪⳡսĲңʹúӢɴ¹ȡ羸ߣΪѾϣһ˲ҵսˡ
bijngһףʤϣ⽻ҲǷ׷ף
ΪʤϢ̫ϲˣһЩԭ࿴˳۵ĹңҲЦݵĻ̸ཻ
ʽĺ̸оͬ˹ҪˡϹߣĵֻǲ֪ʲôҪ󣿡
ӦûѷʮΪ׼ɣ
һԣǰŸϻղЩĵ
ȻĻζȴҡҡͷ
һηŶԵ¹ϳ͵ģɵԼ൱
ζô˵ΧһЩzhngf߲Ҳ׷׵ͷϾηʵʧأһֱҪŶԵ¹ϳ͡ӢӢսδս𣬵ӢʿսɥӢڹ㷺ϣϳ͵¹
Ӣͺϣֳ֧ͷ¹ھʩϽϷΪᣬΪͺϣΪһȫõͻΪŷ½ĳǿƻŷ½ƣӢͼάһŷ޵Ĵͳ㣡
Ҫ֪ŷޣӢ˿˼ƽߡ
ͺϣζͳޣѷġԾ߸еǣΪӢӴĺֳأ嶼ԾˣӢҲͲҪȥˣͬǩԼ¹ߡ
ϣйӢȹȫͬ
Ϊȥй͵¹Ĺϵ൱ãԶҲսŵĵ¾ټԶʧ൱СйⳡսлõԹ仹zhngfڲȻԵ¹кĺøС
zhngfڲٵĸ߲ãͬѷĺƽʮҲһ⣬ϾڣҲвٵĵ¹Ϊzhngfš
ζ˿ӢܶԵ¹ԼʱһֱûпڵϹͻȻЦһ£Ȼ΢ɲ
ƽʮӢԻǴһ
;ϵĳͷҲᣬӢԵ¹սϹǼǵΪǿ2260ˣ113Ӣ൱1130ԪӴսڵйһ궼¹ϸݣ
Ļϣǫ̂ء
PSͻϣЭԼ2260˵սԼ113Ӣ൱1130Ԫ1921ʱͱٵ1320ˣ൱49.9Ӣ500Ԫӡ
ôһϢ¹һֱ⵽2010꣬Ӧöпš
ЩһϵеĳͽȻӢ̫ˣȴ̫ˡȻأνնݳڸ¹޴ͬʱȴ¹ôһҲѹֻսʮǰ
ڿϹһĬĬĳ˼šһԣζҲĿ
ûԭ򣬽ֻΪֻϹܾѡ
ȻʲôˮޣҲҪ
ΪϹμºҲ1·ݾеİͻᣬоص⡣˵⳥⡢ͲþͶնȡϹ⿴һϷսĻˡ
˵ˣϹ⻹׼ǰ衣
ϾйһսʤݲμӺͻᣬĹźܴܡ˷ܵıͿԿĳzhngf߲ˣο䣿
λϣϹҲҪȷǺ͸߼ȵ棬ҵ¹սܺ⳥113ӢϹйҲʸһݡ˵ΰͻһ38ҲμӣӢ϶ҪôͷйڵʵȵˮˮҲǲġ
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Ծεĺͻ᲻ڶйκ棬ϹҲκԹԣϾ͸޴Ӣȣйĸջʵ̫ɱˡ˵߶Ǳ׼ʲôʱĪ˹Ʒ
ҫƺʱ򡭡
ô˵ȵ߶˿ʼĪ˹ƽʱѾʼڰˡͷڷʱ򣬶ԶǿӦ䣬һҪסⳡսø߶Ӯˡ
Ϲѵõ飬ζ˶˵ͷ
ϹǸҪһĿ뷨ǻǺϿɵġϾ꣬˴Ľ˺ҲҶйĵӡڿҳͻʱӢrе֧֣ǳͻ˳׿һС
οεսйһô棬жƺ׶вڵйȷǿʵĻӢ֮£ҵʵϸǽѷӢ¡18ﵽ4500֣¹ĸ1498֣171600һٶ19꽵͵7802085021999.722ʹﵽ1171ػһǧı׼ˣֻйȻǿȴġ
ûйΧȷŵǡŷжĲֵȴȹ̣ҪһʱҲҪˣڵ粻ֹŷޣޡ޺ʹޣԼ޵ĲֵɶŷҵΧ
ټһһҪŷrҸĿӢĻйǿҲ޷һ˶ԿġⳡսУ̾Ī˹ƵȲʲά˱ʤȻȵӢȹⳡսлйҪİΧˡͺʷϵһңϾ˺ôɰɵģаռ˶Եȵ󣬷ѳСԼˣֻʣһ̫󡭿й95%˿ڶǻˡôһҿ̨ˣ³ӱҡ˵ͻҪ1·ݲŻٿbijngɾһ̵ܶʱ䡣ʱɻɵһʵ飬·ĻҲ޷ֱͨ衭ԣҲʵİ취Ȼ𡭡
˵Դ𽺹ƱǴκϹѾܳʱûгʱ˴ľˡֻҪϴγ˴ʱľϹһͷͺܶĵĸо
û취ֳʱ䱻޶һΧڵľʵ̫һЩˡολԶУеʱܻܵ;˷籩ʲôĻ
Ϲⳤ̾һ
ֻôϲҲǱҪȥġ
ϾεİͻᣬӢ⡢rzhngfԺⳤѾμӣϹûɲȥϾѷȥˡ
ʱѷȥμӺͻᣬкܶ෴ģΪڴ֮ǰδͳŷ޵ѷУķָΥܷ֧ҲΪ˷֮٣ѷȥˡʱţڽһЩϹ㿪ʼﱸǰμӺͻ顣
κͻϹ⽫˳ſǰΪҲɳҼԵġrսнһҡľǡսѲʮҡ硿һѲɵĻӣϹǰ
ͻڹǡʢٺԼ֮ǰϹչʵȡһӢĺλãȻһЩҲǱҪġ
οսнȥҲֻϹһɳһսнɵĻӣų.ʢٺſֵѷȥ
ΪӵҪоСڴﻪһŽڴﻪź͡ϦǡĶŽɣǡš
ϹȻЩţҲǺܹ֡ϹⳤάɵŶ⣬еĻиѧɳרҽڣԼһһϡȻפʹΪڻ߼⽻٣Ҳͬһǰ
Щ⽻йѾ˺ܳһʱ䣬йҲȽ˽⣬ǵԸԶкܴĲοֵҲΪʲôһͬǰԭ
Ϲ۵Ǵʱ򣬺ԤϵһȻǺ˷ܡϹǴĸۿڴٵİն˷ܵĺţ˵жһСһŵĹ죬óۿЩСεȷ׬˲Ǯ
ˣ͵ɡ
ɹɵĺϹЦһ󣬻ͷϵİհ˰֣һƬŵϡ˳š
ϹͲٵһһ־ĿעԶͣŵҡrսн
ΪйˮսнǿͬʱҲ緶ΧǿһսнΪפʹԡrսнνѾãֻһֱԵһrĿѡ
ڡһսнܴﵽеxngܣֻӻĻǿµ۹۵սнûһһǡrĶ֡
еСԶһۡrϵ12406L/55ںĬĬĵ
⣬ĴʹrʹҲڲͣԶ۲ͣԶġr͡ľǡ
r͡ľǡʵʲôܣӢȹ֪ôУֻ⴫ϢҲڴˣΪzhngfıܹļΪϸԭ¸֪ôڣȴû֪ʲôӡ
ҲΪˣԵr͡ľǡһʱڳ˲Ż˼ϾڹľʵҲ⽻ٵһ
˵й˵콢ٶȻ찡Ȼôͷ3
һ̨135Զͣҡrһҡľǡ󣬷ʹЩŵĵһĻĴʹrʹǫһļޡ
ϼװ󣬼˶ָͣĽ̸ţ䱾Ҳ˽
ͬͣԶ10ҡ硿һѲ󽢣ȴһȤûеӡҲѹ֣Ȼ硿Ҳһֵˮ̶ֳȵĴͽڳҲˣȻҲûʲôˡ
ǡr͡ľǡˮֵĴĺˡ
۵ĽӲû̫ͣõʱ䣬ڸۿȺǵĻнʻ˸ۿڡ
˴г̣ӽ۳ͨ׺Ͽӡִˣοһ˵Զ˳ͨʿ˺Ӻִ﷨Ĳ˹ظۡõĻ˵ڲ˹ظѷ
ֻۺ̵ĻϹĺҪѷԶ٣Թǲ̫ˡϹġ˳ŵĺٲ죬ŽӵĻҲԵҲӵĺ١
Ҳǽӵִλ׺Ͽ¼ʱ˳ͬڵϵڽΪʱһֱ̾ĸ߶ˣھ£ҲתůʱӺ
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߶ռݵǵ˲ٳӲʲά˵ǰӣҸ߶˵ľҲԭĶʮչʮ
ȻҲ͹zhngfĴ֧йء
Ͼǹzhngfͨ·ԴԴϵʱzhngfʣ߶˸ʮӡ
Ҳ˵Ǹ߶һǧٶֵĻƽ𣬿ϹҲ˴֧֡ϾʳǱ͵ҩҪֽ𡿽׵ġ
ֻľŵĻر߶µĲ࣬սȴܿǣټϸ߶ҲûʲôĽ죬Ѿʮ򲿶ӣ߶˺ն¹˭ֻδ֪ʷϵ19193£߶ָ40׾Ӻ򣬻仰˵Ĳٲ40򣬶ڵʱ߶Ҫͨ·вģֻҪǾͽвͿԣ趨и߶˵ĲҪʷϵĸ߶˶ʮ򡭣˵ڸ߶˵׬˲٣ڡ˳Ϲ⻹ǸǷ˷ݵ籨ǿһ£Բø߶ȡʤһ㣬Ҫʱ򡭡ֱնһЩҲԡ
ȻЩҪڵõϹġ
ڵִ¼ºϹⲢû´Ҳûк͵صĻ˻ȵȼ棬ûк¼ͳʿ棬Ҳû취飬ΪʱȻš
ԴˣʿҲ½⣬˵ʱڣҲδԸϹ⡣¼ͣr󣬽Ӿڴ˳ˡ
˵Ϲ¼µʱûмκһˣΪȫû¡ӡȣ¼Ѿ൱õˡ
¼µʱ򣬺ĴԱҴſֻ´в;ӡȵʱ򣬽ȴֱͣͣһ·ǰֱˡ
Ͼӡȵһʵ̫ˡ1918굽1919䣬ΪеĹϵӡȾȻ˲һǧʮˣΪԭδ׼ȷ
һǧʮˣŷսҲ̫ࡣ
˵Ϲİֱǰ˶ӡͣʱ򣬲Ҫ˵ʹΪӢפʹҲûϾǺܿɹġ
йڼ䣬˵ΪԤõĹϵڲûʷӡȵ֣ΪƫԶû㹻ҽԴĹϵʮֵǺ˲ʮ˵ࡣ
ʱbijngҲеı֮һԼмʮ⵽ȾʱҽԺﲡ˶ѻɽֲȴǡǡۼġټϵʱڴϢǣӢжʮҲʹѾбмĿ־塣
ȻΪȫҽԴĳУʮֻмǧĵطȻûˡ
ھӡغʱ򣬡˳ԭ10ڶһЩѲٶȣһԾʮڵߺ١ڵͧҲ׷ٶȻš˳ţºϹʱݵͺսת**һ
ϹĻȥ󣬺ܿڹһsoΪҲԳ֮Ϊ**Թڲܿ**ʵǹ
ֻ۹ôҲ벻ʲôʱйôǱӴܵʱϹô˵
ǴϹĶϹЦŽһ
˵**ʵǹ񵳾˼
ʱĹ񵳲ȻһڶθʱҲȷǱǱӴܣټϹ񵳾ҲԱ**Ҳͽ۵㡣
ô˵뿪ӡȺʱӵ˻ǶһϾûҪҴȾʲôġ
ʵڴϵʱ򣬲ʱ
ʱУ棿һ˱ļװϣ׼뿪ŦԼǰڿڼװϵڹײĸôãܿ죬ҵ;ִ󲻾ãʿʼȥڹײŽһʬ壬Ȼ󱻳ǣʬ岻ϳ֣Ҳκοʹǳȥ14ִִ﷨ʥ׸ʱװϵʬѾѻɽ״ʮֲҡ
βݵľУʾһɱˣͺһɱ˻ࡣ24ɱˣȰ̲24ɱ˻ࡣ
Ȼ1918ĴдĲмͥıĿֻţõ˥ˣͬʱһսĽսʱҲشӰ졣
ҪǣвΪǵݸߵͶ
ʷϵİͻʱʷϵͷҲӢԶ̶ͬȵĸȾУѷΪء
ڴǰ߲ȾѲϡ棬ѷŮΪȾԲڴ׹һˡһ˵Լѷİ׹ҽɭ̲
ѷ˵ģͬһ첡ƽʹŵ25Ͳȥʮһ°ͻ
˳12Ѯִ﷨˹ظۣʱŷսոսһ£Ϲڡ˳Ŵͷļװϣ˵ĴʻһӢĹĺս
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һƺҲôáڼǰѷִﲼ˹ظ۵ʱһҲһĵ⣬нֵԲ֦ģǽӭѷ
ֵϡݶϡϼ˻ӭȺ·ƸҲռˡŻĲᴫͳŲԼȺڿȵĺ꣬ѷ꣡
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⽻ӭǳлĵлĺƽ
ų˵Ļǰ裬賿3㣬ѷҽȥҿŮСԴվڴ⻶ӭרС
ѷڰܵ˸ҵĽӴӭȺģһλסڰ˵˵ģȻģһСгʻjngװε¬ɭվվڲƮƮʻ鲼zhngfԱ޵ɵ£ӼͳڳվѷһмݵڰѷĵʱȺʼػ·ʿѷͳ򸾳һǰס;ȵĻڶ
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һԭȻΪйһֱɱߣټսйһĺôʵ̫࣬ҲʹӢȹʵ޷йм֮顣һԭΪйһ˹ңԷһ㡭ǷĻ˵ĻʱѾʼĿŵԼй뷨
˳һᡭϹܵĹ֦ͻʵǰѷִʱʹõľɻȻϹִǰ˶йʾӣȻϹĽӵִﲼ˹ظʱۿϵȺڻǶӴġr͡ľǡ˾̾
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ĳ֣ʹò˶йӡ˸ĹۣȴҲø˸ӵjngй
Ϲ⣿
۰ǵˡ
ǿסǷĶϹŬһıڴͷļװϡ
˵κͼǰͬϹΪһҺ֣Ҳ㹻ʩĸҲϹ˴
ȻʱĺУϹ˼ǰʱ˴ʹྭ
ϹǺᴩǴΣԽӡǴΣֻǺ̫ƽǴΣԶʲôľ
ÿڴ϶һ죬ϹҪһ졣
Ǻ죬һµԶĴͬʱҲϢ졣Ϲʱ󣬸޷;桭ж˴˼𺳺Ϲɡ˳ͷͷϣ⽻ѾȺʱ
ˣϹߵǰʱ򣬷⽻ܿ˵һܵĻ
ȻѷʱĲͬµȴһġ
Щ⽻ϹⲢûʲôȤǿ˶ԷһͨϻϹҪϢΪת뿪ֻάһͶԷĥƤ
ȻϹֵĺܿʲô˳;еƣԾȸˡ˳һ˿Ժҵ⽻ʲôġ
ֻϹϵķܣȴ˶ĳġ
Ȼ˶ĳΪ˵ķ⽻͸ûɿˡ
йˡ
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ֻϧĹzhngfͨ⽻ûʲôȨƵһ֣οΰͻᣬйΪʵҲ֮УͻҪӰ졣
ҲֻȻǿЦϹȥ󣬼͹ά̸
ֻﰵͬʱ⽻ҲھϹߡ
Ҫ֪ʱŷ˵ߣôߡ
19ĩڣ20ͳڵһ׶Σŷ޳xngƽ߽170ңһЩҵƽ160ࡣսʱ¹ļ֮һǣ߱ﵽ175cm˺ھͽΪ170cmˡ
⽻ڷҲ㲻ˣ175cmĸ߶ȣϹ185ǰЩ
йˣȻôߡ
ȻϹȣԶͣһЩΪ⽻Ҳ˵ϹλμӺͻᣬӷ鱨ŵ鱨Ͽr͡ľǡƬ
ĿʱΪšȻѾڲ˹ظ´Ϲһвûڲ˹ظ̫ͣã΢һ󣬾ڲ˹صĻվǰ衪˹ҲǷеļ֮һͣкܴΣxng
һУ˵ֵ඼Ȯ
ӲҪ˵ĻΨһĺô¾ǰŷս
Ϊɵʹͬ˹ЭԼûиıԱȥս
˵1819һɵδؾͻȳ4ŷս϶١жʱԣһѡ
һĻ𳵺Ϲһǵִ˰衣
ڰվվ̨ϣҲѵȺʱ
֪Ϲһ·co͵Ĺϵλ֮ûվ̨˵̫ķϻֱӰϹһ͵ס
ھ˳һµг̺ϹҪľǳϢϹֻǸлĵͷȻͽ˿İš
Ϲⰲŵһܲı㹻ϹһоסȻҪϹѷססǱڶġôҲǸǼ֮以ཻ
ôŵʱ򣬹Ա˽͵
ͣϹ⵽Ǻܽܡ
ڱסºϹ͹άܹúõϢһ¡
˵ڶҹϹ͹άһеǻָһЩʱȴѾǲμרΪǾٰᡪ֮ǰѾΪӢ⡢rĹٰˣϹǵΣû취˭Ϲһһء
Ҳ˵ûϹѷһУҲǻٰġ
Ͼķû޷ġοΪŷսĹϵȥ4ٰٵĿƽʱȣԻΪֲʧȥɣͣսһѾڰپٰʮٷxngʵˡ
ҲˣϹ⡢ѷһеĵֻǾٰĽڶѡ
ûǣ˼ҷҲհ
ȵ󣬿һķˣϹЦŵ
꣬ǰѷ˱Ĳа
ǰάҲͷֻʱ30ڵһлйԾԾyԵӡ
Ϊ˰ʧȥ겹ķ˼ֱƵϷ֡Ҳѹַ˻ˣϾڹȥսУʵʧȥ̫ˡ㣬ڸϷԴȻ-30%ܿó
˵󱻷ŪĺͿ񻶽һ֣ΪǵϹһлǱȽܵġ
Ϲ⡣
4ŷս󣬷ĳxngʧʵ̫ˡϣ185ߵϹȴ̫һЩϾ185ߣŷҲǲġ
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ȻsԼ⣬ϾйռеУкܴһֶǴϷָġ˵ǺͿأټֱϸµİ³ķȵأ˶ǩsԼйֱӵĹϵ
ԼйμӣsԼҲǱҪμӵġΪǺҪй൱ҪķȨ
ˡԼ͡sԼ⣬նĻҲǺͻϺҪһ⡣
ĿǰΪֹЭԼĸ͸߶˵ʮ׾նĹ൱˳ҲйڱԸŵԭڡ
ΪƲ˳ԵʣڰͻϣնҲ൱Ҫһ֡ͻĵ޶ı䶫ŷεͼ߸µdlҳֱ֣ΪǷɳǡάǡ𡢲ݿ˹
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ȻϹڱ󵷹ⱾѾˣն˽ǰһ㡭´ܲ˴ĻǲҪ˴ˡ
ٴξһµĺк󣬸ող´Ϲ˵
˵ϴȥʱǸĥôδӲ˹ظۻһ˫ĥ
ֻû취ϹǱҪģϾϹҲڰһһࡣĻȻڰõ籨ԹڽңҲǲУǿ϶ܶ⡣
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ȻӢʲôľûϵˣϾǵĹұ͹ġˣǱߵôˣ
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Ϲѯʶ飬ߵһߺ
ڶǱߴĺܼңһжƿ֮ڣĻǵİ£Ѿվ˸š

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˵кܶҪ죬ȴ֮أϾϵйܷǺͷӺϲվȸţҡͬҲϵǷܹһйʮİӡ
οڸ߶ϻһǧٶֵĻƽڣȻһʱ߶˵һǧٶֻƽѾóȥ˲٣൱һָǱϹ׬˹ˣ߶˵ҲʣһǧֵĻƽڣֻҪܰЩƽеĻδһʱĲҲͲѽء
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ҲϹ⻹ڵŸ߶˵һǧֻƽʱڱǺϣƸ߶jngļʦѾ˿Ҫͼз˹ָӵĺĵزڱǺӰͼз˹ָӵնѾ߶ΪjngļʦΧסֻʣ˼ôһ衣
һĳ֣ʹø߶˱Щҡ
Ĳôˣܳһֱ汻סļʦΧ𣿡
վں󷽵ָӲڣͼʾĵǰƣ߶Щҵĵ
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Ȼ߶һǰ½ٽ˸߶˵ĻȴЩصҡҡͷ
սĲӣ⵽˷֥ߺķѾ޷һһ䣬Ǻ͵ϵҲΪ֥Ĺϵжˡ
ٽô˵߶˽ҧһ촽
ѵû취ˡ
ٽûлشЩʲôֻٽӣȴԿԿĳڵϣ
Ҳѹ֡ӲҪ˵Ļ߶˵ȷһӵвܵˣڲܷһܱġΪǰĺϽ߶˲û̫½ָ½쵱Ҳûܹͷ֥ͼз˹Ļܱ
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Ը߶jngģ˵Ľݿ˾⣬ʣµľǼ֧ŶѡѾͼз˹ΧǼʦһϹԮ߶˵ľţѾ˼ѵģȻ治Ҫ˵͹ȣǰһЩҲȲˡ
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˵ףȻҲʱĻǺԣ߶¾ӵûдﵽʱĵز
οڶԸ߶˽о۵ʱϹ۳ǲǹǹͻڵֻڣնϹȴһxng֧ԮһǧȻڡ˫Ĳʵ̫ˡӦô졭
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߶ڵͼǰʾ֭ȴȻûʲôЧİ취
˵ף߶˱Ͼһ죬ǺսĻһЩ½սϣ߶ȴһ۲۵С
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Ҫǲܾ쳷սĻҪ˵Щʧˣ˵ǻҪսӪһˡ
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ټϷ֥ǡŷѹ·Ǽsɵһ֣ڶսϺ͵°ѪսʵսϾǸ߶ʮܹġ
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ȻʿѾİ׾ǰһ籩ĴУָ֥ӵĺܿͰ
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ǿı֣12.7mmھػǹпӵС
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7.62״ûģпܽˣˣ12.7״ûģֻܽвС
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4ʱ䣬Ƴɹһַ½ҪػǹҲڰ׾ʹõ1919ʽ12.7mmػǹ
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ǹһҺѹչǹܺҺѹ͵ɵshɱ䡣Ϊ˷ֹ߻˺Ϊ˫coڻϻװ˫հѡ
ǹҲԵƽûǹʹãͬʱҲܰװװ׳ϣ԰װڷɻϣxngϾҪ۵κһǹ
ƵĻǹȻxngͻڿɿxng½ٻЩɡԵ߶˿ʼˣҪzhngf֧Ԯʱ½ͽѾһٶͦ19ʽػǹͨ;ļͻ˵˸߶С
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19ʽػǹԭΪM2ػǹ
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ʱָӺľ˹ֺѾ߶˴Σͼз˹
ڣڽĪ˹ʧܺ󣬵ѾЯӢ
˳һᣬʷڸ߶ڷӲҴдҴһΪ־Ըֽĵ𣬱Ϊʱ200׶ߵjng䡣
1941622r¹˹͵ϮսԸȫĶ˹ŽΪսΪˣ2080ʷ̿пʼıԵĿˡ족ۡ
Ⲣζŵı˵άȨ̬ȡ1945ս˾˾ɭֹͣƽǰ**٣ֹͣzhngfĺ˺ƾ194788r75ꡣ
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ڰɳǱװȵ20ƾӢƾӷ͵47ȥĵͬȵ33ȥģԲûۼ¹һĻ
ڵȵȽͳ˧İ׾նĹ·׷⵽ҰܲȻڶڼֵİ׾ͳ˧Ѿֻʣ¸߶һˡ
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ڸ߶˵İ׾⵽նʱ򣬽ԶڷӺϲŸ߶˵ʧܡ
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˵ǰﲼʲά˷ӣ޸߶׷˾ͷӺ޵йԶǺǻкģֻҪ߶ԶĿƷΧǰﲼʲάٺ޸߶Ҳûá
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ΪڹzhngfѾȷ˲׼£ѾǸ߶ΨһĽ취ˡ
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˵նͷͣЭԼոȻŷ޵նս£Ⱥʲά˻ûȥ
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ʵϣʷϵĸ߶ҲȷôģԶйzhngfڣǵĻȻǵ˿ϡ٣ŹzhngfҲǲܴһ¡zhngf飬ø߶˵ĲĶһµġ
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˵߶ָ½սʲôĵȷУҲǺϽڻʷϣ߶˶ûõʱͰԭǸʱzhngfƷԼϡȫͳ˧
߶˻ʧֻԭһԼ̫һԼĶ̫ǿ
˵ʱնzhngf⻼ĵزŷ֥ͼз˹նzhngfƵĸ߶ܱȵģ˸߶˵ʧܲ˵Ǹܵˡ
ʵϣںǰ߶˾Ѿ˹zhngfĿģǾǡƽ𡭡ԲǾȵı飬߶˶Ȼĵ
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ֻʱİ׾ʮ֮ڣ׼նȨĹؼʱ̣Ը߶Ҳûжע⣬ȻҪǸ߶˲ûеġ
ȷ߶ûеģҲûбҪġ
Ϊʱĸ߶ʮ׾ڣеȵͳ˧Ĵڣټϵʱ߶˵ƴãȫûбҪһ˵ľŻʮнһǧֵĻƽȡȥ
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ȻѱνջǳʲôǾ㣬ȻMDֱɳ׾Ҳ㡣
˶һǧֻƽʲôģ߶൱İġ
Ȼֻǵʱڵİ׾ʧܣϻϼҵĶʮ׾ڸ߶һҲֻʮĲӡ
ʮĲӣڹȥĻ߶һΪһ֧ӴĲӣڷӺʹ߶ףʮ׾δؾͱնʮǿܱȵϿ˴ǺǵԶǿ
Ϲ˼ȻԼĶԶĿƷΧĻôյĽ޷ǾԼеȻһǧֻƽȫйС
ȵƽȫй˺󣬲ܿЩй˾᲻ķ֣ԼԼĶ͵Զȥߡ߸ɴһЩԼԼһŸȻڰʣµͻնС߶˼ȻܷϹԻƽ죬ȻҲֹܷzhngfնzhngf֮ǵ¡
ο߶˷ֲˣһֱ֧ӢҲġ

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˵ڹȥһʱΪɹֶͻӢȹԸ߶˵֧֣ʹø߶˵һǧٶֻƽѾֻʣһǧ֣Ȼһ൱Ӵ֡
ӲҪ˵Ļ൱Ӣ
ӴһʽǮû˻᲻ģϾֻҪܵõЩƽĻһͨ˶ܹɵйһңӢ൱ʮԪȻĿǰҲмÿĲ볬ʮԪÿĲǶ٣
Ҫ֪ǮֹҪ׬ҲҪġ
йÿǾѿ֧60%ϵĹңܻжǮӢĹңˣӢǺ͵¹ŷսЩǮҲĲˣĿǰΨһôһǮģҲһҡ
ˣǶһ˵߶˵һǧֻƽҲһСĿ
ʷϵӢǶ˸߶˵ĻƽȻΪĹϵҲǺް취ǿһļ߶˼
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ߣԶķߣһֱߵӶҪߵԶȥ;ƻ·նЩʲά˾û׷ˣҲйԶչ
ʷϣ߶˾ôġ
ȻʷͬǣʱǺǶնĿƷΧȴԶΧͬĵطȴһģǾǸ߶˾ܽԶΧڣѾҪЯһǧֻƽˡһǧֻƽڶӢʮԪⲻһľ޴ƸͬʱҲǸ߶˶ɽʱ
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ȷ⼸¶ͬ߶˵ĻһȴǺʵġǽѾ11ˣѾ൱䣬ֻڸ䣬·ԶǰУºᡭ
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ģѾǺˡ
ǵĵǺ󣬸߶ҡҡͷ
ǵĶȷܺ䣬·оĻл𳵵İٲȵһǧֻƽƶ⡣ο·޽ʱҲǹǵʱĺ⣬˶޵ıȽϿɹţоĹʵǳܲˣȫԷоת½й˵Χ
ֻôĻǰȫˣһǧֻƽδҲ᲻աǸաϡ˲򲻵ѵʱ򣬸߶ǾԲôġ
ϾһǧֻƽǸ߶˶ɽʱ
նĹԽͣԸ߶˵ʱҲԽԽ١ڶľ˹˵ʱ򣬸߶Ѿʼ׼оļƻ
ڵΪļӣ߶Զ㹻ıʳټ϶ľ˹ҲһЩ𳵣ȫװһǧֻƽ;ıƷڸ߶˵ľҪʷϵҪõöࡣ
Ͼʱĸ߶Ӵܣڵĸ߶ˣǿƵսתʲôġֻսתƣվǺͳһ·˰׾жǺܻҡ
˳һᣬȻնľѾԽԣڶڲԸӲʲά˷ӵ˻кܶܶġ
˵߶׼Ӷľ˹˳ʱ˳ʮ׾⣬75򷴶Բʲάˡɳʵߣ̡ɮ¼Ůռ27򡣴⣬˺ǵĺӹ20ˡ
Ȼһٶʮ鵱ҪģǻгһǧֻƽֻҪЩƽ¸߶ֻʣ¼˵Ķ飬һܹɽ
Ȼ󡭾ͺ͸߶һϹӺܾǰѾһǧֻƽ˵֪߶˲ʶôʱϹȻǼΪջ
ʵϹҲȷȵ߶˵ĶԶƷΧ󣬵ȵʧȥȫjng裬ɲӽ߶˵ĶΧȻӶ鵱ѳһǧֻƽ
ֻҪһǧֻƽ𣬲Ҫ˵ʲô󽢶ˣǰ½ȫĦлͻеҲһܵ顣
߶ôʶ࣬ȻϹȫˡ
ҪѰһ취ŪһĻƽˡ
ڲϵѣϹԸ߶˵һǧֻƽǼȿ
ʱĸ߶ˣȴѾ̤ǰԶĵ·
ʱѾ11ѮҲѾ͵½20ȵĵ£¶ʮȶڶ˹ŷ޲ֵ˵ϡ˵ʱҲûô¡
Ȼڸ߶˵Ķոյִľ˹Զ1000๫Сľ˹˵ʱͻȻ30轵60ȡ󡭱翪ʼʮ½ݿ
ĺţѩһϣʷĴǨȺݵĿѡ
ѩ׵ĴϣǾƶеĽʬе˼Ѿ¶ȶֻһ˫ŻһһҵıܵŲš
ͨ
һɮ´ˤѩȻһͬӣȴֻľĴ߹
ѩԽԽ·һѩƬܷľ޴ָ˻ߵغš˯ԼǡǺԼҲ˯չȥˡ
µȽϺõģҲֻʣڻڶźĸ߶˵ˡ
Ȼڵ͸ĳܱȻ϶ء
ڻ𳵵ĳ߶ĬĬ⡣
ĳûʲôůңһһЩĴûУڵеģֻһǧֻƽ鼱ĸֲԼҲһƽϡҲΪʲôһֱڣûϮ𳵵ԭ
Ϊװĳ˻ƽôĽ⣬ʣµľάʳʡ˵ʮȵĵоٻһ漸ʵĻôصЩҲûˡȿھůůӰɡ
ߵ߶˵ߣ߶˵ĸٿڵ˵Žһʢ˰׾Ƶıӵݵ˸߶˵ֱߡ
һڰɣȻйľƲԼķؼӾƣܱûĺҪá
˵ʱ򣬸߶˵ĸڶй׾Ƶĵ;jngűӡٲףjngߵľƲǺþơٵݹľƱ߶־Ҫȥӡ
ȻͨʿԱͬ߶˿ڻͣΪ˾ܵ˸Ļƽʳʣ߶˴˵ǻ˻𳵡
˻𳵣ֻ𳵵ĳ϶ܺͿ˵ȣ߶л𳵣ط©ŷģȻڳڣڵ¶Ҳδؾͱ϶١
ڵĸ߶ˣҲȷǺҪһܹůůӵҾơ
Ȼڸ߶׼ӹٵݹİ׾ʱͨ
洫˵ڵص߶ֻһܿһʿѩϡ
Ҿͺ͸ոǸˤڵصһڵϵʿҲͬᡭ
ˤڵϵʿԶ߶˳̾˿ĵ
ҵĴûС
߶𣬸߶˵ĸٸϽȰ
йһ仰вƣڵôȫڽأ
ȷڵ治ָܹ߶ˡ
ø߶һľ˹ľ˹˴׺ӵҰ׺ϺӴ50Ī˹Ƶֱ߾Ϊ3500óͨǶŵ̩·Ǵ·ӡ
꣬ľ˹-0.6Cÿ˪ԼΪ100-105졣
ͬʱľ˹һµƽΪ19.2CȥƺǺ䣬ǶԶ-20Cҵѹ㲻Ϻ䣬ʵ20CҵҲ൱йĶѡ
˵ǵȷǺ䣬ܶط¸50϶Ǻ飬Ȼľ˹һߵĻ1µ¶Ҳ230϶ȣоĻ˵һЩҲǺް취
Ȼ񸱹˵һвƣûĵ߶˸ոմŶԶתûãǵȻȻ͡
ͻһĽͣȻһӾ20϶Ƚ͵60϶ȡôת䣬Ǹ߶ҲûԤϵġ
µһУֻв⼸ݡ
ڸ߶˺͸̾ʱٽһ忪ڵ
ô䣬˵ǵתϷй˵ΧǰôôȥĻҪ˶ǵ˾ͻȫˡ
˵ʱԳ˾µı顣
ֻ˵ʲôʱ˶Ҫֳȼġ
ʱһЩеλˣȻܹõһЩͺλһȻ˶԰׾ûʲôףΪֽ׾һλǰ壬ļԼĹ壬ܹͻƽʳʼһ𿴳Ĵ©磬ڵҲδؾͱůϲ٣ڻ治ڱѩо˳漸ϻҪ˸߸ٵģϾҲܶౣһЩ
Ǽе顣˵Ų忪ڣ߶Ѿľ˹˵й˵ΧҲҪ߰ٹ·̣ô·̣ǽƽ£ûлʳʵĻ»û߳һٹľǾѾȫ·ˡ
˵ûн͵60϶ȵ£߻һܺõĽ취Ļô½͵60϶ȵ£оѾȫһɱΪˡ
ڼȺ£ѩҲһƥһƥȥûЩʣЩͨ߳Զľ룿
ӵ£ǵʻҪ߼
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ȷʱڸ߶һǧٶֵĻƽԱŲðײõjng񣬸߶˲ӽﹺ˴ҩʳıҲ˲١
ڸ߶˵Ķ֮Իܳŵڣ͵չıҲвСĹϵЩĻڸ߶˵ĶѾܼԱһˡ
ѵǻҪȥ
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˵δǰ;ͳĺΪ£ǳҲ߶˸ոյĻûƭǡ
ʮȵ·ϷǰĻûнй˵ɹŻѾйյĹ˹̹µ˿¾ѾǶڰ·ˡ
ڣȻȻܼ򵥣ͣʱܹסȥԡǰɡ
ۿۿۿۡ
sѾڵʱͳĻϹָͣû档
ȵϹôӵʱֹͣԼĶתһ
Ǹ߶˵Ķڵˣ
ΪεĻ鱾۸߶˵⣬ûãѾص
߶˵Ķڻľ˹˾ڣȶǰ
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ĿˣλڱӶһС
ͬʱҲǸ߶һеĿĵ֮һΪ·һ֣߶һǾԻᾭеġ
⣬ҲϹΪʲôôʵԭ
ΪĿ˾йƵɹű߾ֻһٶ๫ľ롣ڵǸ˹̹ľ˹˵ٶ๫ľȣĿ˵ľҪࡣ
ңľ˹˷飬ҲȷЩη
Ͼô˵ʮȵҲһܹܵġ
Ϲ˺ģԼȵĹģ۵ǰʲôĵˣĹԷ
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Ϲ⣬û취ش
Ͼڸ߶һ60϶ȵĺôô궼ûû취شϹ⡣
߶ܹ¶飬ֱӳŻ𳵴ŻƽĿ˵Ļļʻ൱ġ
ֻ߶ĸôɣҲ׷ߣЩԭǸ𱣻İ׾ʿ¶Ҫǹɵˡ
ʵѰ찡
ҡҡͷ
ܿ䲻𣿡
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Ϊ˿ûתů£߶˵Ķϵļš
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˵2ĩʱ򣬸߶˵ĶѾ120˱25ˣ;һٶ˵ӣΪ߶ٳǰƷԼʳƷĹϵҪʷϺ࣬Ҳ͸һ¡Ͼֻһ֮䣬еʱֻ΢һ㣬漸Ҳ߲ٵģȻÿ춼˱·ϣǾ˳;ո߶˵Ķ黹ǵִ˱ӶԵĿ˳ǡ
ֻ߶֪ǣһĳȴĲֻůĴ̣ĶƩ˵ҡʧܺ󣬴ʱĸ߶ѳΪӢˡԼݿ˽rǴＰͷлŵ˵ϰǶռװлƽг˭Ҳλִٵ
ҲϾǼֵʮԪĻƽҪṵ̂Ǽֵ顣ο߶˻ڷӺʱ⵽˷֥ʹڳ;ִĿ˵;Уһٶʮ˵ĶҲٵʮˡ
ڲİ׾Ǽٵ˶ʮ򡭶У൱һǽݿ˵Ľݿ˾š
£ҪЩԭͺ͸߶˲һĵ˲Ǽܵ顣
οݿѾĪ˹ƵնȨϵҴһףǾǽ߶˽նԻȡǰȫ뿪ı֤
һǧֵĻƽջ߻ǰȫ뿪ı֤½ݿ˸ܲƸ߶ˡ
˾Ŀ˳ڣӢ˺ͷˣȻҪǽݿѾ׼˷ʢ׼ȥӭӸ߶ˡ
ʷϵȷ˳ĸ߶ˣ߶˽նȻ󣬸߶˾ڱӶϱǹˣ¶֪ĸ߶˲ͬĿҲӵһֵľֺܿ͵õ˹ynıĿɿϢҲǺ֣ϾݿҲͨйϼҽݿˡ
ֻնͬǣйĹȨǸ߶˵һǧֻƽ𣬾һëҲ׼ݿˣҲˣݿ˲ŻѡնĲʲά˷ӽ׵ġ
ϾЩʲά˷ӽףȻȫδбϣٻƽԴعȥй˽׵Ļǵİȫбˣǻƽʲôġܿ죬Ŀ˵ľֳԱѾڽݿ׼Ը߶˵Ϣ˹ڡ
Ϣzhngfϲһ硣
粢Ǻֻܶ࣬
һǽϢ֪ͨ߶ˣһǽϢز
ǰߣܹø߶˽ɵʰĿ˵ĽݿˣϾ߶»жʮľڣȻ;ʹǵս½ٰƽݿ˻ûġ
ںߣ
׼߶˺ͽݿƴȵ߶˺ͽݿ˵ʵһֺɵܿȻ̵ֻƻҲһΣxngǾһնĶ̫죬Щƽ˵ĻǽݿºˡҪ֪ɵı߾Ŀ˿һٶ๫ľ룬ڼϺĶ죬ȻɵĲѾм֧䱸˿ȳҲǳΪ˰ĦлӣʱĿɿxngʵ̫۳ĽǣϢ֪ͨ߶ˡ
Ͼ֪ͨ߶ˣȥʰݿˣ֪ͨĻһݿˣǿ׷ˡϹ⽫Ϣ߶˵ʱ򣬸߶˾ĿѾǺԶˡ
ңʱߵ籨ͨѶߣ;ĵ߸ѾΪսҵĹϵ˲٣Ǹ߶Ȼڻյ籨
߶˿籨ʱûжԽݿ˵ıѸеʲôԾϾ߶ڵأñɶҳʵһѵ顣
Ծǣй˾ȻὫϢ
Ҫ֪й˶ӵеĻƽ죬һġ
ѲΪй֪ˣЩƽ;䲻ǵЩй˲Ż֪ͨҵģ
Ÿոշĵ籨߶ʵĶڸBҮ
Үûлش߶˵⣬ֻǿĵ籨
ݿ˵飬ô
ô籨ŵһԺ󣬸߶ЦһȺݿ˲ǺڷҾǵʱͽǺˡ
ϽҲͬϽȻսܣ߶˿ɲǸĴˡοҪҵģһȺԽݿ˵ˣ
ļ߶˼˶оٶȣڿȫߵ󣬸߶Ȼʮ׾Ľݿ˲ȫеȻѺ
ڽ˶еĽݿ󣬸߶˲Żָ˶оٶȣʱĿѾǰʮ»ƽ
ڴȥ£ݿ˺͸Ѿ޷άǶԸ߶˵ҳϡʱټϸ߶һǧֻƽնĳŵջ󣬺Ȼģݿ˿ʼڳڲ
Ȼݿ˲ûڸ߶˸ǵʱͷѣϾǵʱ߶˵߻вٵİ׾ȻҲнݿ˵һˣǱĶԱʵ̫⣬߶˵ĲΪпĺ˼㣬ܾĿxngҲǺܴġ
ھ˶ݵ󣬽ݿ˾ڸ߶Ϣjngڶ֡
ĻֻҪٶȽ߶ˣ߶쵼İ׾ҲͲΪˡϾЩνİ׾кֻܶͨƽΪȲŻᱻ߶ļģûжԸ߶һҵ׵ıҪ
ź˰ɡ
վһ䷿ݿ˽r.Ǵлŵʵ
ġʹһڴķؼӺлŵЦѾ߶˰źספӪ൱Զһξ룬㹻ڸ߶˵ĲӷӦǰʰˡ
ֻҪܹ¸߶ˣԭڸ߶˵Ĳӱúвͺáùߵķؼӣr.ǴҲʹ˺ڡ
ڶס꣬ô£r.ǴȻǸݿˣҲʼϲؼҾˡ
ؼҾƸƷ
ʹһ˫˫ǣֻŸ߶˼ٵһ졣
˻ʹؼӵʱ򣬸߶ҲѾĶĿ˼ǰš
Ϊ˲r.Ǵ˷ֲԾĵط߶ñĽݿ˵籨Աԭеĵ籨ʽr.ǴﴫݡһаáѶϢ
ϾҪһֱάŵϢͻȻжϣֻʣ¸߶˵ĵ籨Ŀ˷Ļr.ǴǵѾؼӾƸȺͿˣҲоԾĵطġ
ڶ鲻ǰе£߶˵ȴ޽ŸС
Ͼ˫ʵʵֻ̫ҪȾͿr.Ǵ˵ynıоİ׾ôʧܵĿܻûеġ
й˵Ϊʲôء
Ǹ߶Ȼ˼飬ԣr.ǴĽݿ˾ֻ΢С⣬οĽݿ˲ҲѾĲˡ
ø߶˽ŵģǺ󷽵նͱڵйˡ
ǱڵйˣնĲʲάȻ֮ǣҪ׷ҪȵתůΪ;ը·ȫըˣڷ֥Ҫ׷Ļֻһ˫ȡ
˶Ը߶Σյľйˡ
Ⱥйһֱһǧֻƽʱ򡭵ĿǰΪֹһж˳
ֻǡȵ˽ݿ˵Һй˾ʲô취߻ƽ𣿡
ĿѾˡ
ڸ߶˻ڲŵʱڸBҮ˹
BҮĻ߶ʱ˼Ү
ߣȥѵһЩ֪ôĽݿ˰ɡ
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й˵⣬ǵȽ˽ݿ˺ȥɡ߳ʱ򣬸߶

վڸ߶˵ǰr.Ǵһ΢Цʲôûһߵлŵ֮ݼϾҪˡ
Ҳѹ֣ϾлŵǸˣһȥϷʵ̫Ϊˡ
ڸ߶ƺûע⵽Щr.Ǵлŵһ
ʵr.ǴлŵǺܽŵģϾ͸߶һǵİ׾ȥr.ǴĽݿ˾Ҳһʮˡǽݿ˾ȫ屶ңлŵĸҲһ
ڷҵʱҪһûŪãǶҪ֮ء
ȻԻƽ̰Ͷ뿪ĿѹһСŻƽصݿˡ
Ѿr.ǴȽݿ˵ĹͬԸ
Ȼr.ǴݼлŵϵĲȻǱ¶һУ߶˾ͺûע⵽һֻǺr.Ǵ̸Цš
ȵЦһ󣬸߶˲Ųr.Ǵ
ˣȵҽ׼ͨʲô;뿪

䳡
һ˲䣬ڳйr.Ǵһߵ˶סˡ
r.ǴлŵӦ׼ϰγǹʱ򣬸߶Ѿγ׼õǹӵr.Ǵлŵ졣
ͺʼһr.Ǵлŵ򵹵ص˲䣬Щ׼İٱųڵĽݿ˾ź͸ҿ
սʼˡ̫ͻȻڸ߶ɱr.Ǵлŵ󣬻ûȳڵѾӦ߶˱ѾӵĻ뿪ֳ
ԺѾٵģֻаǹ
ڴֲټԼr.Ǵָ߶ѾĹϵڰĹѾڽڰˣܿͲò˳Ŀ˳ǡ
Ѿ˳Ŀ˳Ǻ󣬸߶˲ûзѾ׷ʹ򣬺ܿɳ˲˵ĲӶѾ׷
ڰ׷£ѾֻСǣʣµĴ󲿷ֶ񡪡ںǣɸ߶˵ķ²Ҳùܰɡڳɾ˽ݿ˺͸˵Ѿ󣬸߶֯һʽĿ˳³ʱzhngfĿ˳ҲΪµʱ׶
ȻĿ˵˿ֻʮ࣬ô˵ĿҲԾ߹ģһУڵĸ߶Ҳûڽôˡ
ʷϵĿˣ1900˿ڲ5û㹻ݣ1919ĩ趨10ˡȻĿ˵˿ֻʮһЩ߶˴ʮ˿ڻǺܿͳʵС
ȻʢʽҲϴ˸߶˸ʱǳսֻ̡ڽʽʱ򣬸߶ܾЩԾĵطȻҪ˵ﲻԾȴҲ˵ˣô˵ͨ籨һϢ˵ɣֻҪȷʱzhngfĵλйҪЩʲôҲҪ˼һЩ
ôţ߶˿һԵҮ
һʽˣ鷳ȥһµ籨ɡ
Үͷ
ģһհġ
Ժʽֳ˲Сʱʱ䣬ֻʽҪҮҲ׼ߵ籨ѶϢʱһͻȻŵ˹
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»ŵӣ߶ٴ˲ԤС
ʲôˣ
йˣ
ھĿ˲ǺԶһƬƽϣʵʵܿһɾÿĽľָӳϣбĿ˵ĵͼ
жԶľ롭
˿ϵĵͼܿԼĸ١
ܿ⣬æͷת
ԭӦǳʽĳᱻװȫʽģڳߵ繤ҲӦоУͬʱȫʽĳҲߵ豸ŽϺõı
ϾʽĻһynʱ豸ͺ⵽ˮʴȫʽĳᣬҲԱڶӵܹϺõĹ
ڳڣͨߵ粿ӵˡ
ʱ˸ٵеһæش
вʮľ룬ִܵĿˣ

ܿ˵ͷ
ʮϣֵǰܸɵƯһЩ
ô˵ʱָӳʻһӣڵ£ܿԴײ˳ܿһֱץųһհѣȻĻ治ûܡ
ͺ˵ܿȣָӳϵ˾ͱȽϵùˡǡ
ų⿴һۣܿ̾˿
ҪŪԽҰͺˡ
ܿеԽҰ½ĦлͻеƻеһҪߣһֺͺԽҰճ4ֳ
Ȼڼԭ½ͶԽҰҲͺڵĸTͳ࣬ӲҪ˵ĻҲֻǱTͳǿһЩ
ȻڼˮƽԭԽҰxngܻûдﵽ½ҪԽҰһֱ״̬ûʱǲ̫Ƴˡ
֪ܿԽҰҲΪһλؾʱԳ˹һͺŵԽҰʱԽҰڹ·ϵxngܣܿӡڵ֪ԽҰܹ12.7mmھ19ʽػǹ8mmھ19ʽûǹʱܿȤ͸Ũˡ
ֻϧԽҰɲΪ·xngܺòŽԽҰģһֱڣܿҲûͷ۵ԽҰ
Ҳܿ䱾˵İ̾ʱĿ˵ĸ߶˺˶һ𾪵Ÿոŵľ١
ո˵ʲô
һץٵ죬߶һ𾪵ʵ
йˣ10ķдйڿ
Ȼ߶ץס죬Ϊ֪鲻ܵĹϵٻٶ˵Щ
ܣȵ˵껰ԱߵһĲڵô䣬ɾĿҲһٶ๫ľ룬й˲ܹģ
ôȷûϾʱĲ˫·ģһŷĹ͸ˡ
ʮȵ˫ȥһٶ๫ٹľ룬ʵһ̫ܴɵ顣
ȻЩй̹˺ģ
߶ɿԼ֡
һֱʱ򣬸߶ԼеĲΪʲô
ûɱ߾Ŀ˵ȷвٹľ룬ʮȵҲȷһԽϡ
Ȼй˳̹ǰĻԭԽҲͲǲԽˡֻǡѵйѾ˼Ӣ̬𣡡
ϵs仯˼κ󣬿˿ΧЩʧˣ߶˶Үİ
ϴϲӲ÷ߣ㡭Ү򡣡õ籨Ӣ籨ڷĿ˵飬ȸӢ籨й˵Ĺzhngfһݵ籨ѯʾǷʲô飬йΪr.ǴĻ͸ѾˣҪǸϹæˡ
ǣ
ҮҲ͸߶˿߶˵ķԸæת뿪
ȵ˶뿪󣬸߶ٴλһΧҵİա
ڣֻϣйܹ˼һӢķӦȻĻ
Ǿ׽ˡ
Ҫ֪ͨŷ޲ֵ·ѾƻĲˣڵĸ߶˾·ҲûܵˡȻڸ߶˰ʱҮȴͻȻһŵ˹
ˣߵȫƻˣ
ʲô
һΣ߶ˡΪݿ˺ӢЩϵĹϵ׼ڳȥr.Ǵʱ򣬸߶һֱûͨߵӢϵϾҪӢ֪ԼĳĻһҲͲҪڽȥˡ
Ȼ߶ҲûӢ˵飬ֻո߶˵ļƻӢ˵ҲӦڽ˽ݿ˺Ӣ籨˵
ȵһ鶼˶֣ӢٲԸҲֻܽܽ
Ȼ߶벻ǣһУȴԼƽĹ
ڸ߶˵İʼ׷Ѿвʱ򣬻ڰеľֳԱѾͨİٽȫߵ綼ƻ
Ŀ˳ԭеߵ磿ڰǵʱһֱǱڳڵľֳԱҲѾûȫߵ綼ƻ
ڵĿˣȻΪ߶һеĵΪһӵʮ˿ڵĴͳУȻʱĿʧȥȫĵ籨󣬲ӺϹӣҲһʲôҲ˵ȥư͡ڸ߶˷״ʱܿĲҲڲǰš
ϹԸ߶ӵеһǧֻƽһֱ־ڱصãܿȸ߼ҪԱһܡ
ϹոմܿܿѾʼ׼ˡ
ΪĿ˵İ˵ҲʮԵʣܿһһ̹ýˡ
ҪСˣݾеĦлӣоʱȫǿоĲӣ緶ΧҲõóֵģοܿ仹һ̹ó
һΣϹһǧֻƽ־ڱصãܿҲ׼ᣬԼһЩԼϹܶһЩӡ
֪ͨȥӿоٶȣڶûзӦǰ͹ռĿˡ
ǣ
ܿ£ԭüٶоĹܿͿѾȫֵֻĿ˳ǡ
ܿĲӵִĿ˳Χʱ򣬳ڵİƺ˳ѯһܿ⡣ֻΪʷҲ¹ֵƾܿȴα
ȻΪƽ˳ģô𣡡
ܿ´һ̹õİ̹ˣһнһĿ˳ǿ
ܿĦлڱӣҲʼڴǣж£ҽڿ׼Ŀ˳ǺͰء
ʣµĲȻ̹˶ѾˣȻҲҪϡ
ھǧﳤϣоӶԳѾ˺Ŀ˳ڵİѾǼƣˣʱԹǿƱʵͲôİôصס
˵߶˵Ƚ춼󣬵ڼһСʱĿ˳ǻȫ䡣
ӿڵĹڳڵг칫ҵ߶˺ҮģȻڸ߶׼ʿҪȥܿʱЩʿȴѾߵ˰칫߶ڵʮ߼ȫshɱҲǼƻһ֣߶˲ĻϹôܽȫˮõѾ˺ܾõr.Ǵأ
ô˵ܿھǱԱĴ£װŻƽĻ𳵳ʱЩֵʮԪĻƽѾʵϹеʮ²˹·
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ӶŹҳѩ
ϰ뵺ùţ桭
ڵ֪ܿжѾɹվڴŴľs֪ΪʲôϹͻȻôһʫ
˵ʫǰƺҶѾ˰
û취˭Ŀ˾ڱӶԱأھӶҲйΧڡ
ֻ䡭䣬»Ҫʮʱа
ҪԽϷùţڶ棬ⶼҪʱġ
˭ԽڷrӢԮҲʼָء
ţ
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һ̾ҲһԵҫЩͷԡ
ܿǱ߲Ѿɹôͳ̾
Ǳ߻ڳ̾Ϲ⣬ЦŶҫζ
ҫζܻظģҲֻͬһЦ
ڶ˸߶˵һǧֻƽϹӦһ˵ģ˭֪ô¡
ΪzhngfĲһǧֻƽζǺܸ˵ġϾһʱһֱάٶӴģzhngfĲ˺ܴѹζҲù
Ҫ֪Ŀ֧һֱά60%ϣӢ˹ȥǧӢҲΪսжˡϹԼ˽˲вҲδܳŵ˶١
ǰʱʱζѾǷծˡ
ڻƽˣȻܴģۣôҲܻһѹ
ζôŵʱϹѾֹͣԼĳ̾תͷ˵
ҫ䣬ȥݵ籨콫ƽ˻ع;һҪܰء
ǣͷҫ
ٴȥӢȹĴʹϵһ£ڿ԰ѡࡿˡ
ά˵ͷ
ν࣬ȻǾ۸ĵࡣ
ڵִĿ˳ǺȲ֪r.Ǵлŵ˶Լֵĸ߶ˣЪϢ⵽r.Ǵ˵Ϯ
Ҳĸ߶첿Ӻr.Ǵ˵ѾչսȻڳ;о²ս»ʹø߶ս޷Ѿսн·硣
Ǹ߶zhngfԮ籨ϣzhngfܹɳԮоԮ
мѺùϵ͸߶Ȩݣھ˼ǺչzhngfɳݾΪjngĦлһ̹ǰȥԮ
Ȼϧǣ֧黹Ƭ̡ǸϵĿ˵ʱ򣬵صİѾѾܣ߶˱ҲѾ̵ɱ
ڵ֪߶˽ѾѾɱָӹܿ佫ߵź߶˽𣡣
ڱߵĹǰĿ˳ڵѾܿ͸ӦõĴۡһСʱ̾ڳڵѾȱ
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գܿ佫ڱӶϷһСѾв͸߶˽壬ʱЩѾв׼߶˽ͶˮУڷѾĿĺܿ䵱ָӲ׼ֹǵж
Ȼܿ佫һСѾʱ߶˽ȴѾײ֪աۼ岻֪գܿ佫ĪyԾջڲǵʧܡ
ʧܵܿ佫ڱӶģҪɱ߶˽Ѿȫ֮Է
ܿɳӣĿ˳ǵܱߵڹʱӳѾȫɨһա
νࡿӢ˵ĻôӢ쵼˾ȫˡ
Ӣ쵼𣿿²ǣӢûŹzhngfࡣοr.ǴȽݿһֱӢϵӢҲ֪һЩӢЩɲһ򵥵顣
ȻӢʹڹάǰͣµʱ򣬹άȴ治só˸֤֡ݡ
˵߶ĿϮʱzhngfԮ籨ȣʲôΪʲôй籨ȴûԼ
Ǻͽݿ飬ø߶֪֪
οǷɸ߶׷zhngfĵ籨⣬άﻹаġҴߡ͹ʱѾҴߡЩҴ߶֤ά˵һжʵ
˵˶ĳ϶ά˵ızhngfҲ϶ֲʵĽs
鵱Уҫ䰲ŵĿνǵˮ©ʱͨѶֶΣӢҲѱ
Щ쵰йˣʵ̫Ŀŵˡ
뿪⽻ʱűάϵЦݣʹŭs
ںص࣬ӢʹҲһŭs
ڸոյһν̸Уά˺αߣֱ˵ĵ
ô֤ǰѻ˵˺ˣ׼ĵĻģǿɲҪˣr.Ǵˣǽݿ˻ʣºܶࡣݿ˶Ը߶˵ԭ֪һ˺ƤĻ˭ɶûкô
칫˹άʣµľӢʹʱҲûʲôģ¼ĴСҲҪһôװ£ԹάҲ°ѻ˵ˡ
ڹάĶ棬ӢȹĴʹҲάֱ׸Ūסˡ
ȷӢȹû֤֤߶ȨǱй˶ƷģϾȫ֤ݶй˵Щ֤Ҳй˵ġ
οӢݿ˵ĽsҲôʣı¶ȥĻzhngfȻܣӢҲδؾͱȹzhngf϶١
ҪǣھսӢȹѾصսûиһʮģ˾zhngfԼģӢҲйûа취
ϾzhngfеʵѾȫûбҪ¾սӢοڶԸնӢкܶطҪйЭȻ󣬾ͷ˸ո⽻顣
˵ӢȹĴʹѾάĻ̣ȻڣӢȷйûа취
ͺصˣҲֻų뿪⽻Ȼλݴعڣɹڵzhngfϲȥ
˲ͬǣĿ뿪󣬹άȴһӡ
Ҳѹ֣˵⽻·ֲٺôzhngfһǧֵĻƽ𣬹ά⽻˷ǲܵġ
͸æǼ˰ɡά˵һعȥĻǶйǶӢȹһ¡
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οƽѾ䵽ϹĿˣӢƴȫعѵϹͻὫƽ³Ҫ֪䵽ϹĶǿ˹˶˲ġȻһǧֻƽ̰ˮˣӢҲֻѡ
˻ڶԹά޵ʱǰǵĹάҲʼæһҪ顣
·
Ȼ·ͨڹڵ·Ҳռ·
ڻ˴ƬռղѾϹ£ʼռؽп̽µģȫȫռ·Ѿﱸ״̬
ǡǺ͸߼ȵص·߶ѾȽƣһ㵹ղӵĹѶȼࡣ
Ҳ˵ǽ·ĻͲ漰⽻
Ͼ⽻ǹ⽻ģǸ·ġ
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ֳʱ䣨ִˣ찢ȣºĬ£ȣºĬºɣ1750ꡫ1794꣩ͳ߿ķ͢ʣ1779꿨ķȥȣºĬݵأɣλɱ֮1794ƿ˶ͳʸҪʡݡ1796Ϊ˹ºͬɺ
ĿǰĿѾ6λĹа.ɳǲ˹ĵλͬʱʷϰ.ɳҲǿһλάڵ񣬾ͨ⽻ֶκͲ˹˽̸Уò˹zhngf޽һ·һͨ˹Ǻ˵·
Ŀǰҹͨ˵;һһԵϻʼ㣬;ǡӺϲ߼˵ĳǧ๫·ߣһϺΪʼ㣬;ϺӢ˿Ƶ׺Ͽӡ󣬶ڰ˵ĺͨ
ǰߣ·̫Ȼ峤ϲ·Ѿ׼···ֽж߾ʵ̫δпܻΪ⵽жϽͨ
ˣ͸·Ѿʩ״̬ټϺ˺·Ҳкܶŵ㣬δͨ·˽ϵȽϼ򵥡ǣĿǰʵȻܿ죬ǺӵʮηսнӢȣȻкܴĲ㣬ԵҹӢս״̬ʱ֮ͨĺϽͨߺ׾ͻᱻӢжϣο׺Ͽӡ󶼴Ӣ˵Χڡ
˵Ϲһϵͼ
ˣǱڲ˹޽һֱܹͨ˵·ͻ״Ҳͨ·һͨߺͲ˹ȡϵ
ĴԹ㣬ɵϻǡӺ򡢸߼ִ˵ĻҪǧ๫ľ롣
ɵϻǣȻֱӴԽʵִ˵Ļô̵ǧ๫仰˵ܼһǧ๫
ȻĿǰЩֻĴԹ㣬ʵҪϸĿһ²УϾҪڵͼϵһЩ·Σ˸ɽǺʲôģǼڶƵҲҪǽȥġ
ô˵ԭеĽͨȣµĽͨzhngfһǧ๫·һ㣬ȴӹɵġ
ο·ڰȫxngҲҪȾеַʽҪȫ࣬õںӢ쳣
ȻҪǣ޳ɹͨȫ˹Ĳ˹·ôδ벨˹ʱҲܷ࣬Ҫġ
ֻϧϹһ˵Ѫڣ᳡ȴûԸӦϹ顣
Ҳǲ⣬ϾڵƧһ
Ҫ˵صķ̶ֳϣȻҲų֮һȣڿԴûзʯԴǰ˸˹̹ȵصı߶
߼ȵأھжҪ˿ɰࡣ
Ͼ߼ôҲʯͳ֮һʲôʵҪɰࡣ
ǸողŴӸ߶һǧֻƽŲĻϹ޽˹·ո᳡ϾѾ˳Էˡ
𡭼Ȼոյõ˼ֵʮԪӴŲڳľԱҲûǸȤȥΥϹ˼
ҲǮˣȥɡ
ǻϹܵĶԴҲþɥࡣ
ЩһҲ룬ҹȥľгʱ𣡣
ݺݵĿˣϹ
ĽȻΪ֪ʷ켣ĹϵϹûڴϳƣСϵĴȷ١
ڣλϵˣȻǰ鵱СԴˡȻǰ鵱СԴģ˻ûзϹڲ˹޽·ļƻ
ԺȻģά⽻Ҳͳŷɻ׼ǰ˹Ͳ˹.ɳеЭ̡
Э̵ĿģȻǻڲ˹·Ȩ
ֻϧڲ˹ȻûпԹͷɻķɻʵνĴͷɻҲĸķɻѡȻķɻǲҪ˵B29B17ĳ̶ˣSB-2ĳ̶ҲûﵽǺϲѡ󣬹άŻȥĲ˹
άĳӵִºʱ˹.ɳѾĴСԱڳȺ
Ҳְ»ˣڹȥ˹һֱǱӢϱϷţնӢڲ˹ĿȨֲ
ð˸йƾͺ͹ȥĶһ
ڶynӰİµˣҲֻܰڳĵ̬ǰӭӡ
˵꣬ά⽻ĵλ࣬Ҳûгֹôӭӵĳ˹άܳĸоָоҲֻһ˲ѣڿһеʱ򣬹άһֺǿļӸСͺȥйһء
ŰһУάЦŵ
ιάҲûȲ˹ǩʲôƽԼԹάûʲôϰȵ˰µ󣬹άֱӵľͱʾԼ⡣
ȻӢͬǣάǴźô·Ȩġ
ЩôȻǹzhngfڹȥɻģǹ˻ĶЩӴ󣬼ֵҲ൱ĸߣΪǶĹϵԹѹòϡ
ʱ򣬽Щ͸˹˵൱ˡ
ϾǶ¹ëɪG98ʽǹ͵ʽ75mmɽڡҰҲǺܻӭġ
Ȼڵ֪˹zhngfĺô󣬰µ˱ֵ൱ĶϾֻǽ·ȨֵܻľʵǺܻ㡣
ֻĶƬ̺󣬰»ҡͷ
˲ܱǸȻҵȷĶڲ˹һжӢ˵
²صģֻҪӢ˴ӦͬǩЭԼͿˡ
Ļͬʮ»ʢٺԼ
ҷĶűսиٴۻ˼棬һԾΪǿ͹ȥȣһй
ߵһλʿ˵ӣԸеΪһΰʱ
ҲдͬС
йǿϲѣһΰʱ
ͳһΰʱ쵼ߺͱߡ
rNHK̨¼Ƭӳ͡ʷ19211931

Ÿ߶˵ȥzhngfڽһװͻ
սĽϲãΪھӷ۵ļ˲Ϊս⵽˺
ڸ߶ôģΪʲôͨûȤ֪
Ŀ˳ͻĽӶҲйΧΨһȤ顣
ȻzhngfΧŵӶ£ҲնӢʮַŭ
ֻΪ߶оʱ·ȶƻĹϵʱնû̽вԶֵġӢ⽻ȥǳƤɡ
䵽ϹĶ˹Ҳó
⽻ӢƤͬʱάҲںӢ̸޽˹·顣Ϊzhngfó˼ֵľеĹϵôİѾͬ˹zhngfڲ˹޽·󡪡飬˹Ѿϰˡ
ֻ˹ȻӢı˹ܵӢ˵Ŀȴӹɵģ۹zhngfҪʲôҪӢȥ̸ġ
ȻΪ߶˵飬Ӣ͹zhngfìܺ⽻һһ룬˾ڱӢйìܣ˫̸
ڹzhngfڲ˹·ɣӢ˻ġ
Ǽйϵ̰Ӣ˻Щܲܡ
ϾǡʲôҲˣҪҲйµĻйĹɾͺӡȽˡʧȥӡȣӢԲܽܵˡ˵19ʱ򣬰۹سѾӢֳߣʹ׵ĴӢ°˳
Ӣ˵ǣάܿͱйԲ˹Ȥ̬ȣԸӢǩԼб֤
ֻ֮Ҫڲ˹һ˵·ˡ
ԹάϿҵ̬ȣӢЭˣЭͬʱӢҲ
˵ڲ˹פάұҲûúͲ˹ǩκԼȵȣҪǣάֽ׶ηΧͬʱzhngfһ
ŹzhngfǵĲţӢѾʼй˻᲻ŶѷĴûᣬ׵Ľ̲ܹ̲ĻйͶĹҲСɽͷӺһߣʹйδѹ
Ӣ˿ɲйûôǹҪ֪ƽĻйɾͲĹϺͶűˡ
ȷӢˬľǶĲʲάնⲢӢ˾ϲйοһնһǿйֻҪй+ǺӢ˾һĺοйڶ˿ڣҲƲϵعϡ
йϵţѾΪӢ˵Ĺʶ
ԹάҲǸӢһᡣ
ΪսxngѾ½࣬Ϊ˱֤ԼЧxngӢ׼rйͬǩΪºԼԼӢr棬ϾйĹͬԸ
ʵҲȷӢһڵõӢ˵rҲȷԸ棬ӢһͬйǩһԼ
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ȻĹ벻ǣЩйά»άֻװģҪbijngѯʵ̬󣬾ʹӦĹ
Ľzhngfڲû˿ǹ̲ǵ뷨뷨ڹzhngfڲ൱гϾйͶĹʵ̫ˣҪѹð취̹ߡ
ֻһֱϹΪѹţҲһֱûʵ֡
ʣǽʰɣһֱ˹˹̫ϰˣʲôġ
ʻܼ򵥣ǹzhngfռĵ̶Щ˲ʵûôȥʵ⣬οzhngfǾ̫̼Ӣˡ
ûϹ飬zhngfʲô·
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˵άǩԼʱ򣬱ֵʮֿա
Ӣ˻ĲάûΪºԼκξɥ֡
Ѳй˱ûǺʵ⣿
ڹάǰӢ⽻ֻȥйرֳ̰⽻ٿЦҡҡͷ
Ȼ𡭡
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ϾʹȥʵǺйûʲôϵڳ90%֪ʲôλãӲҪ˵ӰĻҲֻйǼʳôһѡ
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Լǩͬһʱ䣬˺͸߼פҲԭҪ͸ʵļֵľеʹ
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һº޽͸ʩɳһ֧ʾڣʼ˳Ŀ̽
ͬʱݾһʦĻ£Ը߶жһǧֻƽҲɹıͽzhngfеĽֻǿǵ۵⣬Ŀǰzhngfֻó˲ֻƽڻzhngfڲϵѹ
˵ʵ·ϵʱϹ⻹һǧֻƽ˴ˡ
Ͼһǧֻƽļֵκ˴yΡ
˵ڱӶڣûκܹв
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ΧĹʿڣϹһҪ˵ƽȥy
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ʮ𣿡
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װһǧֻƽľ޴⣬Ϲⶢϸ߶˵һǧֻƽͿʼ޽ģȫøֽ޽˵û˵ǵһĴھںûġ
ֻƵʱǿװȫһǧٶֻƽģȴֻһǧһٶ֣Եÿտࡣ
Ҳû취ˣܵôҲǲˡ
ټЩȥٶֻƽҲ߶óʣôʱϹҲ̹ࡣ
Ϲڽվ˼СʱһֱȵȫĻƽ𶼱ϹŴӽ˳
ȻǰϹ⻹˳ִӶѷźõĻƽһʾο˵ûϸ˵Ҳ20ҡ
ϹһٶȻв˶ˣЩȴȫһʲôҲûӡ
˵һ20صĽԳƵǼֵƣǶ˵Ϲߵʱһʲôأ
Ϲһ뿪һ̣ĴűصʿصĹˡӽrڽ⼰ΧصĲӣﵽһǧ˵ȼϺ͹Ĳһ
Ϊ˱ĻƽһЩϹһ˼ԵӽŹرյһr𣬷ǴŴ򿪶ҪϹͲС

ڸ߶˺·鶼Ժʱܿͽ1921ꡣ
ڹȥһ˺ܶ顣
߶˵·һ׮ŷսڼռҲzhngfΪйĺϷҲǲ㻹֡
ͬʱΪ仯̫ĹϵԭеߴĻϣҲֱǹϽǵĹ˾͹ϽŷӺϲ߼ǵĸ߼
½ԭеһٶʮһʦıҲ˺ܴı䶯ڽԱıȡʮĸڱʦʹ½ܱﵽһʮʦ˵ĳ̶ȡ
ȻϺͿվǺɵĳ˶ʮ򣬱ϾҲһӴı֣οڵĿվҲչš
ĸžıڵĹѾǵ֮һˡֻӴھҲ൱ѹǿʮȥˣװxngѾʼ飬ҲһֵĻװڡ
ԭӣzhngfĲҲ˲Сѹ
οµռڣҲʱǵķȻΪռڵعϡһ֣ԷûгɹģǴ˶Ĳѹ
и߶˹׵һǧֻƽʹzhngfĲá
սĽȻй˴أΪսĹϵйҲ޷ȥսˡ
ô˵أȻս18ĩŽģйսȴһֱ20꣬û취˭еʱи߶ôһԩͷء
Ȼȵ緶ΧڣϴĳͻѾԭһֱǿսƵĹҵ͹ʼ»
ʱⲿȻʼ٣Ǿ˽ʮķչڵȴߣټzhngfһֱڴͶʻ裨Ƿزǹ··ˮϵͳȣ˹ڵGDPٶһֱά10%ңҲʹս⵽ʧӢȹʲѡ
ҲӢrȹļ޵УĻʢٿ˹ƺġʢٺԼ顣
ٿֻԭΪһսڼ䣬ǿ˹ģͻǿսнڿھ1618Ӣ硣սнĽάüֺ߰ķѸ߰ľսȻΪصĲټŷսĽѵȵȡ
ʷϲͬǣʷǩʢٺԼҪҽӢrʷϡʢٺԼҲΪƺԼȻһȴйĲμӣʹԼĲ
ΪԼϵδʮƽԵʣȻԼĳﱸ21Ѿչˣһֱ21ĩʱйŲŵִ˻ʢ١
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ֻҪһͷͷεϹⲻͬѾʮ´ֻչ˶ȻԵʮjngӡ
ڻʢԼңû񷲶ԼʱɳҪ쵼˲μӣǩʢԼĴţҪΪԺӣά⽻ΪӣЭڻʢڼĹ
˵ѾʮˣϹ⻹ǺģοйάһԸЭ˶Ϲʮֵķġ
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ӢֻҪͿˣrйҪԽӡȻڴ˺ӡ
ں͹άһһصTͳΧյĿƺһֺĿ⿴ԼһС
Ҳѹ֣ȻڵйѾΪǿеһԱΪŻĹϵйȻٹ̡
ϾŻȡֻȥʱ䣬ʱ䣬޷ģҪ˹ȡйӣҪһ˵ʱ䡣
һ𡭡ҡҡͷҵȲһ˰ɡ
ϾѾҪʮˣһҲҪʮʱ䡣
˵λˣƽʱҲƵţʱǵƽϾǲοʱôġ֢ڣҲԼܻ90ꡭ
Ȼʵϣȴһֱ39ꡭ
Ȼûܻʮ꣬Ҳаʮˡ

ڻʢԼ춨δʮƣòؿԼݡҲΪԭŻľ͵˻ʢ٣ΪľԼǩǰϸ֣̽óһøԼ
ϾʲôģӢѾᷳˣŷսսڻŵġ
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ڹάĶ棬أʼ磬ȻûάԼ
ںأߣӢķоڵ
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1921ĩٿĻʢٻϹڡʢٺԼҪݣ˹涨Լӵܶλ⣬涨˵Լĸܶλı׼ˮڿھȡ
ΪӵܶλĻ⣬ڻϾԻϳʱִڻոտʼʱѾ˹ʶǾȽ⣬ȻܶλĻ⣬ĿǰҪ۵ǹˮƺͻڿھ⡣
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ӵ42100ֱ׼ˮĺºţǵʱľ
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ҲΪԭԳйΪӦýսнսѲһı׼ˮ޶35000֣Ͳһܴ⡣
Ȼŷսڼ䣬Ӣrˮά35000ңҵĴ󲿷սнˮ20000֣йӢrⲻͬ
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Ŀǰйԣڵ¹ӵ74սЭԼѺʻӢ¿Ⱥ˹壬1919621rӢ˹һμԳжҲǺΪĲʺжѾǲ۲۵󺣾
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Ĳᣬй˳Ļr϶Ҳ˳Ͼֻװǧµйһǧֵġrʵ̫ԿһЩ
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ǩԼڴԼЧ֮սͧⲻװھ8Ӣ磨203ףĽڡ
ǩԼΪԼǩԼĹҽĽ񲻵óԼֻ֮ͬλƹ涨ΪǩԼĺĸܳ27000ֵȡ
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ҲΪԭfһЩϲԴһֱڿţΪ߼顣
˺ͿأǸϹ⡰һСĽ
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磬ʲôرģֻʯ͵ֲǵؿڵʯڵϵlĺ
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ڼĿ̽жУصʯͿ̽Ƿӵдʯ͵
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Ϣһֱһʱ䡭
һʱ˺Ϳصʯ͹ǣֻ޾ĵȴмȴš
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ʮ;ͬʱҲһһ;ȥ̽lngʱ䡣
ο⼸ʮ;λãصĿ̽ǶѪɹʷǳĸߡ
ʵҲ֤ˣ̽ǵĹûа
ڵȥʮ;УȻжʮ;û굽ʯͣǽֻ굽һЩС;ʣµʮ;ȴΪɹ굽˴ʯ͡
ֻڿɵĵ죬ʮ;Ѿʮֵԭ͡
ʮ;ķ֣Ҳ硣
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һٶͰ൱Ԫ
ֻһԪôһ꽫Ƕ٣
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79¼ȼյӢ
ܣȫһȺ
ڰ칫ѾɹȡͺϣγΪӢİ³ɣڴš
Ȼʱ޿̲ϲԼʿȵӢ˵³ɣ͵ʮֵĴ̶ǰ칫ЩͬsڸԱȴѾûȥЩˡ
ΪжһУڲϵĴ̼ǡ
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ЩǾڹȥѼĹϹϣΪӢҪ鱨֮һѼ鱨ǾΪҪڵ߸ƻж9dԺ飬˵Ϲϲһֵ顣
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ӢrȹΪжʯͶŵʱϹȴǸողŴһףϻ
жķ֣ʹйī磬һԾΪڶʯһڶī磬ԭǵڶģˡʱԴɲһɳܵ飬zhngfľҪԱףķ֡
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Ϊ˷չҵzhngf󲻵ȡҲ˰԰ڵعҵչ촬ҵȻ5˰ߡ
Ҳŷսеĺôйȷ˲ֻzhngfȴû̵̫࡭

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ݼԴո׼һݹĲݰݰδʮжĲк̶ܴȵߡ
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˵Ϲ⵽ҲӢ
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Ȼ1913ʱӢĲǶ٣ֻһھǧ˰ӢȻʮԪȻzhngfzhngfܱĵڶ̶5ʱһھǧ˰ԾڰǧŰôһıûһǳֶǲܵġ
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ԷӢҲǶйÿҲǧӢϢ
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ǰĽӣٵȷǴ˲ٵ佢ҽƴڱϿһ֧Ԯ飬r֧ͬӷͻĻǾ˺Ƥˡ
ҪǷͻҲûֹĻrzhngfǶȫˡ
Ǹʱɽô֧԰¹԰¹ڸҲҪ̨ɡ
ԡ

ԶȾɺsգ԰¹ƺǲࡣ
԰¹ô˵ɽͼҲһɸǴĵ
£
԰¹ȴûתͷһλڸԱ
Ұй˵£鷳ˡ
ǣ
ҰɴĻӦ
й壬԰¹Ǽ飬԰¹ҲףڵĶʵ޷κһsoˡ
й˵Ľӿһڵ˳ڣпܻڵĶxngĺ
ڵ԰¹Ҳֻй˽붫塣
δ󽢶ӵŵǾԮţþоԮʱͺҲǺ˵ľѾ·ˣҲǸrzhngfһӡ
ԣҲֻй˵ȷ˵һˡ
԰¹̾ʱ򣬵õ԰¹еČҰҲѾ뿪լۡڽоֻάrjng켰½ʿ˹ڱйrʿ
ʱ򣬹ڡ˷Ż𡱵ҥԻûдԾֵjngʿҲڵõ󣬽ڶй˺ҵ⼮ʿб
ԳˣȻûôõĴˡ
ڴ󽢶ӵִﶫûú󣬾ϵĺٱĿһԳ˵Ĵɱ(δ)
ٶĶȫĵپʮһ¾
Ȼ󽢶ӽ붫ֻȥ˲һʱ䣬ȻűȾգ˽һֺ԰¹˽⵽ʱĶѾ޷κһsoˡ{ϴ}
ֻһڵпܸr޷ܵĺ
ΪʹĹϵѾֵĻ̻̣jng;ҲΪʱľֻŪjngͺѻӽҩһһпܷκ˶Ը飬οr˵ôĴ
⣬԰ӽ붫ԭ
йˣ
һйyĿڵеļʱsr½˹ʵ
⼸Ȼõʵ䣬ȴǿ϶ġ
ǸйȻЩֺͺ£Ҳûзϡ
Ϊ˿̣ͷһıӣȻֶڹڼѾҪˣڹȴȻй˶е
ûʲô°
ô˵ʱй˵ıԵЩ¡
˵Щй˵ĵλţҲѾⷨȻrʼղһóżƽϵĹңסrʱҲᱻrļ˷鷳Ҳѹ£Ͼʱ
źµйˡrʿҡҡͷ
㲻ú£zhngfո´˵ǵܻᷢһЩsoңǽЩй˼б˵һrʿ˿ķݡӦûʲôҪʰĶˣǾ͸ߣӪ㹻ʳԷġ
˵ʿ̾˿ǼȻδضйжСȻҲкøСλǳrˣҪΪjngȽϤĻΪ˶ԸҪЩjngΪ򵼡
ȻĻľjngˡ
Ҳ˵ΪͨסĶȽϼУrzhngfŻɾ˳棬Ϊһ㶼Ἧסһڡ
ʿô˵Ǹй˿˿棬ֵȷвٵ½ʿںھǽ̸šھҲȷ׼뿪ӣ뵽ո⼸ʿ˵Ŀܻᷢsoҡ
ãҸߣ
ΪͨסıȽϼеĹϵԺܿڶĻ˾Ѿе˶ľӪﱣҵ⼮ʿǱĴʹݱϾʹݱģͨĴʹҲһʳȫҪʳϵ⣬ڶҲǺܶ࣬סĵطҲҪġ
ΨһȽľǻˣΪrǲ١
ҲʹܲסĻˣʳҲ㹻֧ô˵ģҲǻ˲ûбʹݱһԭ
פrʹǸϸӪr˵
ͬʱ١ҲҪrzhngf콫ɢӵr˾챣
Ȼ١յҪЩͷǵ١յݣڸĴ󽢶ӣrzhngfǴӦҪ󣬲ɳһЩȽϤjngЭӣɢڶĻӪб
ͻԼr⼮ʿͬrĳȻûôõˡ

˵󽢶ӵֻ˳ۼϣų壬ͬʱ½սӺ;ԮҲ˳ۼϵģǵȵ󽢶ӵʱ򣬻ȥ˽ʱ䡭
ʱ䣬Ѿ㹻ܶˡ
ԼɵĻ֡Хr˾޴ʧʧʲôʱҲܳƵ֡_&amp;&amp;ⳡܺǺغǧҶ85%ķݻһ96%ķݱΪƽءr25.3ݻڵ44.7ݱջ٣ХߡٵķҲﵽ868ضֵ14.3ɥ20˸ˣƲʧߴ300Ԫ޼ҿɹ10ơ˿ڳܵĶأҲ࣬ﵽ7.1ˣд5.6ˣХû10000ˣзݵѹ3000ˡ
ϮضʱֵrಡܵĴλĶӣ23Ļ̫ԣΪ˳û٣ԣʺĻɳ500ֻŸ磬ֲ绰жϡϢ֮ͨ㡣
ԣʻ̫Ҫȵɳ3.5ֳѲߡЩֺ֮֮Ƶ˺ױ֡ΪϵĽ鱦ᷢһǿҵĴ̱ǳζκαִζġֵǮˡᱻ
ԣʵӲΪά򣬻ͼ̫ͨɽʵоƣȻָ˺ð顣ⳡѵķ޶ָͼû١ЩȵľӵĹƻʹһЩrΪ档
ڵĻУjngɢˡҪбҡԣ92rrzhngfδϵĽڿʼʱʵɵطϵġjngšеġr˵˳ҷŻ𣬶һˮͶ
ǣzhngfܲ߻¡һԳ˵Ĵɱƻ̨92r翪ʼھjng£ӡjngԷ֯ġjngšԳ˾۾˼ΪѪĲпɱ߼ʬףԼ600010000ҡ
⣬ЩصrcoطΪǳҲ⵽ɱΪjngݡ15Ԫ50Ǯ⼸ʵķǳ˻rˣΪû⼸ѡ
ʷrҲͬrҵ֮ǰڶȵصĻѾˣЩɢӵĻˣͨɢӵĻ˶Ѿ뵱صһ֣ټٵĹϵٰȫǺбϵġ

ڶȵصrѾʼʱھ˶rĺкָӵľԮʻ˶塣
ӣrƺǺܻӭǰ
벢Сҽں͸ȫ׼ģҲǾԮӵrӣһԵġrսнЦŵ
r˺ܴûֱӽڶ׼Ԯӣǽڶ׼ġֱӶ׼ԮӵĻڱʾǶԾԮӵĵ⣬ǽڶ׼ĵĻô;ؾ֮·ľԮӣֻǡǡá׼ˡ
rֲӭ̬ȣȻǱϵĹٱǿ
ȵʻģҲǱr׼ʱһЩٱЩŵڡ
˵r󲿷ֵڣԡrսнװ׶ЧģǡասѲɣηơη356mmL45ں͡šη410mmL45ڶܶԡrһв
ǡš410mmL45ڣȡr406mmڿھҪ4mmȻֻǴ4mmôľڿĻrװǾ޿ֵܵסġ
rҲûںʹ󽢶ӵĲͻֻҪ˸ѣԮӻоյʻ˶壬ͣ˶ĸۿڡ
ҲʹýһЩٱ
ĽڳǰϵһЩٱĵȷȷԮģϾڶʹϢƬعںֻҪ΢Щĵ˶еͬ飨ǰǱ֪ᷢ飩
ȻȥйrйٵĳͻֻҪһ磬Ǿ˶ڵ֪rϢйȻвٵĹ˷˾ͿйȫûгԹ˵ͬľжʢˡ
Ȼʱڶܵġȴʵʵڵúٱǵˡ
ǣȺrΪǸʲôģ
ȵʻrĹΧһܳ˵ĺŭĵ
ʱ˿̣һֺĵ¿ηεĸо
ʱһȴֻļ
ҲҪһ£Ͼڵʵǲֵġ
ͬô˵ԭŭľٶҲ侲һЩ
ȷ˵һһ֧6սн1սѲʮѲ󽢡Ѳ󽢺ɵĽӡôһսӶǾԮӡǵ󣬻ͬ佢ͼҽƴ
侲ˣĹٱﻹЩƽ⣬ϾǶԡܵʵֹҧʶĵĸо
ʱ佢ҽƴѾͣͷϣǣ
ȻƯڶˮϣϾڿr˵ĵͷrİںˮϵrڶ׼ǡҪһr˸ˣôΪĴ󽢶ӽ֣֮Ҳ˲ʧʵ
ȻϹ˶϶rҿ𣬵rϾһðصĹҡԡ˭֪ء
Զ϶ǣrĸôĻôոʺ̨Ļˡ

Ȼո˶ͱr˸ʹ˵鶼ЩӡĽô󽢶ӵ붫壬⵽»r߸һЩֻҪ뵽˵ҲƽһЩ
Ҫǣֵģġ
ټڴ󽢶ӵͣھͷԶĶr˵̬Ҳÿ࣬ʹԭӵҲࡣ
Ǿжʽʼˡ
ͷϣһЩrͳʵĹ˶ڰ佢ϵʣrҲڽʹ˵rҽƴ
˴εڵʹԭ򣬸r˴˳ʮԱ˵ʮ̫ȫڶʮеġ
ʮ
Ȼr׶ͬʱҲǶĵöҽԺһxngʮ˻ǲ̫ܵ顣οٵҽʺʹ󲿷ֵҽԺѾڵɵĻֵУʣµҽԺչ˵ĹôԱ
ҲΪϵ⼸ҵҽƴör˵Ǿxngʵġ
Ǹ⼸ҽƴȫǴרҵҽƴˮӽ20000֣ÿҶٶŲ⻹ҵȣǽҽԺҲȫԵġ
ڣҲȷǷźҽԺá
֮ǰͳҪСģעⱣ˵İȫҪʱʲôԵ½ʲôġȫʲôûͳǲЩ̫ˣһ佢ϣڼװϿrͳʹ˰ʵĺ½սӶԱͷժºԴ
Ȼ
һ룬һɰȭͷѾûͷԴ
Ȼڱ۴ͳǲǲˣ
ǸԴеʿʹһӦİ೤ʱŭˡ
ֻû뵽ǣİ೤ոսѵԼȴ૵ĵ
СıʲôġͳǲŪˣrѾͻָŪĽͷöˣĻŪ顭
˵ڳǰϹѾе½սԱ˵Ҫע˵r˶rʲôþٶʱȨֱӵ½r˰ȫȵȡ
ҪʱȨǷҪں䶫
Ϲ˵
˵ÿ½սԱϹ𾴣ǵ˳羴㽣СŮˣĵزȻr˻Ի˽ɱ˵ǻЩΪȻ
½սӡ
һ֧ڹ³ĲӣȻ³ĲӣȴûоսĲ񲿶ӡȻǳԺ󣬵һսѾȻΪЧĶ֧ӣ˵ڷֿ˶ʱ򣬹ȿǵʼ֧³Ĳӡ
ոɰȭͷûԴİ೤˵ĵֿ֯еëɪǹshɱʮֿӡ
Ȼ
˵ڵһսСξ˶ƽıУܶ֯ģδĵڶսҲٷһ͵Ĺʳڷ顭
˵ֿ˶ٵֿӼ˵ĺ½սԱҲ޷ŵġ
ֻʵ֤ܶ黹űȽϺãϹѹ顣ͺһ
ͷϣʹڰһװҽʵӣԱǸѾ
Ȼʱ򣬻Ϊʱ乤̫۵Ĺϵһʹ˵ĽһʹӶƷ˵ϣҽƷȻȫû
ʱҲûʲôҩƷˣս򶯵ʱڸˣںּ۱ȻƽΪԭ
ոǸʹƷҩװŵҩƷȻôҪֻûгǻǹûġ
˵佢ͷϵĺ½սԱһĻʱ򣬶ٶЩϧϾôһҩƷѾ൱Ǽľˡ
ֻһĻҲֻЩϧѡ
ϾԮʣǮzhngfڽr˵ʱҲѾǲйˡ
Ȼһ̷飬ȴǲò۾
͸·
һҩƷôȫûˣһԵһrȥһƽǸողվڲͣǸĵĳʹȷڵأȻֱӶһһrʿеʽǹֱӴ̽ʹ˵ڡ
ŶߵĲҽûͷϺ佢ϵзԱӦһ͸ոȥǸʹһӵĳˣѾΧrʿԭء
һĻͷʹϵзԱĿɿڴոյִҲһţɱģ
Բۣ
һĻͷϱΪûǹ½սԱæγϵĲ****ʮʿҲ׷˺󼸲Ȼ޷ܸոշһĻ
ȻʱΧrȴֻĳЦЦʾǲҪš
Ȼڵõ˾ʺйЩrеȷ˲٣ֻڼոյһĻ½սԱ佢ϵĺʿԱǶr˵ȻЩܲܡ
Ǿ䡰Ҫ⣬ֻǼˡ(δ)
ٶĶȫĵپʮȤ
rʿǼʹ˵һĻͷϵзԱԱıһַĸоڿrǺЦʱ

˺˼ͷϵ½սԱ**˶ͳϵǹֱţһrɱҲɱˡ
佢ԶϵĺʿڼոһĻ󣬸һȻ
ӲҪ˵ĻҲûɹ飬˺ͷӺϲȵأﶼǵֿӺնȽ϶ĵԵֿӣصԶǾġ
еʱԵֿӵļˣҲͬ
θ潢r½սԱͬ飬ֻõĴ඼ӵˡ
ȻĿŵǰˣǹҲģڶսʱĹļҲҲ͵͵ġ
Ǿ䡰ֻǼˡĺѡ
ʱڿǼʹ˱ͷϵĳ˾ͺͷһ㣬һԴҪӳͷ󶼱ͷϵrʿҵڵء
мĳˮУˮ·ȴֱӱͷϵrshɱˮС
ЩrôˣѲǷˣ
ͷһĻȻͬĹңзǻ࿿˿
ھԮӺ**ǹյʱٳٶ۵Ҳ֪ˣǿͷϷһĻʱǼ޷Լ۾
⾿ôˡ
ͷϷ飬ֱ޷ЩʱһЦݵrģȻȷˡ
ӲҪ˵Ļԭr˵ȷǲᣬҲ飬ٲĿ飬οڸвٵrйľԮԱڸ
ȻҪˣھضѾȥ˼ʱ䣬⼸ʱѾǧĳ˲ɱǻѾı˾Ӫ˶ڷ԰¹ɽ½ɽҲǿӲӱҪھӪĻˣȻĻ¾ھӪĻҲҪꡪҪ֪ɱ˵ĳˡjngš⣬˺jngҲһҪĹɲ֡
԰¹ɽ죬ҪɽֱפھӪĻпܻ⵽һЩҵ飬ھӪĻ˻⵽һЩѣֻҲҪɱĳҪõĶˡ
ôһҲδάֶˣΪɽѾнľʷɽ1922ȥģΪrķչһʱô˳ɽӲǶһ࡭
Ȼһ࣬ҲѾǼˡ

˵˲ûһʱһ⵽ɱֳأѾūĳȻûôõˡ
ڴĶ̶̼ʱǧ⵽ˡjngš;ˡjng֯ɱǧߵѪҲ㹻r˹xngˡ
û뵽ǰͳ˵ľȻġ
r˽Ǽ߱ĳ˵ʬѵһߣͬʱǼshɱĳƮںϣһѲ󽢽૵ĵ
սнĽڣĺҲһŵı顣
ǰϹ˵Ļ
ڳڵĻˣʲôɡ
ڼʶոǺxngһĻʼԶڵĻ˸еˡ
ǶȻصԵĽȥڽϸϸ˼һºŽڵĸڵصϺִսҪrʲôٶĻ
r˲ʲôҲûٰˡ
󣬽ڵĽУǻ࿴˿Ҳ׷׵ͷ
ף
ûӵʱ䣬ԭٶĽţÿյˡ
Щԭڽڵĸ٣ʱĿͧ˸Եϡ
ڵõټϼʶոͷϷһкƮڶڵĸȻûнڿڶ׼ǽϵĺǵȴ
ڱϣոͷһУͺһ΢Ĳһ㣬ûκε顣
rͳʵĹǣȻrʿĿºһæµİ佢ϵĻһЩjngšrʿҲ̧ϵrͣͷϵҽƴ
ոͷϷһУû谭κιھԮʿ

ͷϵģйʿ˫֣׸ոյһĻǴ˶ӡ
ڰбĳˣһҲ˸ոշһĻ

ھԮͣͷϵʱԱҽƴͬģͷϵĹҲڲϵĽ佢ϵҽʺʳ´ȥ
ҵǣ⼸Сʱ˸տʼͷϷһĻ⣬ʣʱ䶼ǱȽƽЩʹ˾ʿǹŹ
˾ո١ʹ˷ݵ籨
Ѿ磬ڽʱ
ŵĽһݵ籨˹
Ŷ١յĵ籨𣿡
Щ֣뵽СʱǰҲһ
ڵ籨ϲûʲôõ飬ֻϣɳһЩʿʹȥʹݵİȫ

ͷ籨պá
ʱrŵĽڵ
١ʹѾrϵˣŰСʱ١ʹĳӾͻǡ
Ǻãͷȴһ°ɡ
ˣ
ϾǶr˵׶̼ܲĻǲҪ̼ǵĺá......һŵֹȥɡڵ
˵ֻһţǺ½սӾǹjngı֮һװˡӲҪ˵Ļһŵĺ½սӣһrҲûģϾ˫Ļʵ̫ˡ
ͬģװϵĳɱ½սҲҪԶԶһ½ӣ˺½սӵڹвǺܶ࣬ĿǰΪֹҲֻһѡ
ڵõrŵĽܿȥаţûãһŵ½սԱѾ׼ʱܳ½ͧ
ŰСʱ١յĳӳͷϡ
ʱĹûװܳеĽҲûе½ڣ½ͧҲûװ١յĳӳһСγ⣬мЩרװ½սԱġ
ȵ١յĳͣͷϺѾ׼ʱ½սԱȫװ½ͧͣͷϡ
½ĳһŵ½սԱ⣬˺죬ǰѾźһУԵҲõĻᷢʲôͻ״
ϣþòˡ
ӵ½ͧ١æǰ
˵١ڹzhngfҲСеλڼѾʮʱ١ջǱֳһ̬
ⲢֻΪ͹󣬸ҪԭǣǺĲͬʱҲǺڳϹӰˣϵӰҲˣڼ١벻Ҳǲеġ
ŶС١
١գҲ˵ͷ
Ǻþòأ˰ɣԴ㵽r󡭡
ĿǰĹzhngfԭ̳ԱԱ⣬ձữ١ĶҲʮѾܶһˣʮ١С١ҲǺ顣
Ȼ١ڹzhngfҲСеλǰǺܹĵ
ϡ
ûã١һһŵĺ½սԱǵ١մļ
ע⵽˵һҲûô⡣
ôrְĸоΣ
Ļ١տЦһʱպ÷һ𶯺ǰʻȥ
аɡЦһ£١ջĿڵȻεʱ򣬴ʹݵĲϵʱrˣƽʱеʱҲпܻ⵽rҰʿĴɱܵ˵ֻǰ
˵١ճ˼һ£ƺӦô˵ȥʱ򵱳ʻһֵʱһƽεĻͻȻֵĽ˳
Ϊ̫ܳͻȻˣӵĵһײ
ô£
ͻȻܳһ١պsһߣ١ոֱӰγһֻϵĲǹ
ڹȥļδɱУҲмĿͷģҲɲ١ղСġ
ֻ١ջСŵʱм˴ӽ˳ǿ·ϵĳӣͳӳͷŵĹʱ⼸˶öݺݵ˳һۡ
ҲֻǶݺݵĵһۣԺ⼸˾ͽǸΪײļһϺ˼ףǸ򷢳ɱһĲҺ
š
ᣡᣡ
ڽǸ˳ӼԶ⼸ͳЯĵߵȻһһµĿǸ˵ϡ
ڸտʼʱǸ˻һ㷴ץסһ˵ĵУȵŸ첲һ𱻶

ֻ˲ӵʱ䣬ӹ󣬵ǼɢʱԭΧмǸѾЩ䡱ˡ
һĻڵʹԱ˳ЩϹս½սԱҲüһЩս
ֵϵһЩաjngȣٲַ˼л¶˲̵ı⣬ʣµȴһ޶õӣǼ˽߿Ǹϵʱ򣬻Ļ
jngš
淢һĻٽǹ±Ϻ١
jngţ
ΪսԵһĻʱȻüҲûʲôӦ١յĻʱЩֵĵ
ʲôjngţ
ʱڿɱǸµӺ󣬼ֳŵߵ׶Ŀ⿴˳ӣȵǿǰżϵ½սԱеǹеǻתͷ˻˽ֵ䡣
ǵһٶóӵЩʧȴҲһ
ʱڳǰкʵ١Ҳڽ͵
jngţȫjngţڵɵط꣬ȻͨҲһЩɵάֵ򡢾Ԯͽϵһ֯
˵ʱ򣬳ѾǾ߱ġ䡱ʬˡ
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Ԯĵ籨ʵѾbijngΪڵûúr˲ʼɱڶĳˣٵrҲʼΧ˴ʹݵΧȻΪʹΧвrӵĹϵĿǰûзʲôر飬ǻмür˸ʹݣʹҲ˺üˡ
ЩûʲôҵĵЩrˣΪǰЩrӲɱжģҲвrˣҪЩrͻȻҲҼֱᷢЩʲôΪԭҲŻbijngԮġ
һԭǾ԰¹ɽҲڶŻˡ
ʷϣɽ1922ģ1923귢ĹضûоԴҲֵ֪ңǡ
ȻһΣɽһʱĹϵҲʹлۼڹضʱڶ顣
԰¹ʷǱɽȥģڣȴǵõɽֵ֧ǿ
԰¹ɽ˵ͬǶһЩĿͬģҲΪ㣬Եǵ֪ʱǼǵĶ䡣
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ͦ19ʽûǹͦ18ʽǹ40mm񵯷shԼɵװ
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ȻֻǳĻҲˣҪǣЩʹݵıɱûͦÿ1200sh19ʽûǹɱ
￵ѻһԱѻᣬȫѻᣬr⽨ͲƷֱ棬Ʒֱ֧ʷȺ֯Ľٲڸ19001901һ԰¹ڸ1906190819111912ԭڸ19181921ڸ19211922һڸ19211929Ȯڸ19311932
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׷Ͻӿ϶Ǵ򲻹
Ҫǲ׷ĺǼɺ԰¹ܳܵ
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ǵĽӵrȥȥԮȥģȥɱѵrĿѻ𣿡

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ֻϧǫȻ͹Լͬķ
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ȻҲࡰʥĸһļһȻзʱԹάʾ֤Щʥĸǵ֧ȴԽԽˡ
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Ȼ˵򶼸˿϶ǲܵģֻһֱȽϿŵıѡ
Ȼû˰򣬵һ˿Ҳˡ
ʱݼٵĹ˲нǧˣǧһӿһ˿ڲ˵СȻֳܶټСϵľƺxԺʲôҲǺܶ࣬ƽʱϵľṩȻûʲôɵȵһӿȻͱùӦ
ǺȻģСȥݼٵĹǾͺϵİշ˳ͻ
ⳡͻС򣬶һǧ˵ĴsoϵļʮjngȻǰڲƽˣԮźźܿͷ˳ȥ
һСʱ󣬾soѾһʱ󣬾Сפϵ
ΪıӵֶȻjngôᡱοԵĻһȺµ˽ֻ˲Сʱʱ䣬µĹ˺ϵİվͱȫѹȻľӪȥ
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ĿǰڹڣfuѾbijngchngqngɽϺ人ȵؽ˸أȻھʮ꿪ҰٶȺȻȫĸѾﵽ˽ǧ֣ȻһˮƽȴƺѾҪﵽƿˡ
ȻΪӴ˿ԼչҵĹϵǧֵĲȫҪʣļڣĹȴѾӵˡ
ûôչȥĻһһȫûģǳұһϴȻĻҪһԽʽķչȴǲ̫ܵˡ
Ļ﹤ѾˣֻܿƼ߲ʱô
µĻء
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ȻԭеļѾˣôڿµĻؾͺˡ
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аɽͱϪĽѾмˣҷչͷܲаڼڳΪйĸء
յɽҲͬˣӱǨbijngʯӦںľƸأϵʯ»רӦϺ
󣬰ϹǰĽѡ
һĴ֦һɹŵİƶ
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bijngͷ塢ٹľ룬ͷƶͬһٶ๫ľ롣Ŀǰbijngɵ·޵˺ͺأӺͺصƶĻٻҪٹ·
ٹǺܳ
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˵Ӻͺؿʼ·һʱҲ޵ƶˣڶʱҪϰƶԴȻǲ̫ˡ
Ȼʱ΢һЩĵĸѾʣ¹ģСǸŵģҶҲû̫ļֵ
ܲѰң
Ϲһ˼ʱһԺĹԱǿƿһϹ˵˼·
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ȻռҪҳʺϵλȴһ׵顣
ˡغ͸߼ʢʯͣǳʯϹҲǵﻹʲôġ
Ϲ⽫Ŀ˹ˡ
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ͬʱڹĹϵҲŷḻԴ
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Ҫ豸˵󣬹ıеĺ֡
ڲõĽʯͨ·ĸؽұݹzhngfƶļƻʮλڹ˵Ŀ˹̹μɴＰλɹŵİͷֱΪܲﵽֵĴ͸ء
ȻҪһлҪϵŬҪҪһȶλϾûҳ֧֣Ҫ˺ɹŽµĸȫǼܵ顣
ͺһʱյĹһΪҵ֮һ˸ҵصзչˮƽ͵һȻȴܺãȫĽ̿أҿ˹̹κͿɴҲŷḻʯڸҵķչ
˹̹ȻκεϤĻȫԳΪһҵĹҵ֧ȻͻȻȴʹдγɽ׶εĹ˹̹ҵСԣӦ
ȻͬǣֻҪϹ⻹һ죬;ĽѵйϡһǣϹɱ˹ˡ

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дţĺѾ˺ܳʱˣѵû𡭡Ц˵ôһ仰󣬾ٿ˿ֱֿ˿档ڼһɣŻжʮӾܵˡ
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ԶռһѾԭססأõİ취Щ
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ҵǣ˵Ĺܶ˵裬ʣµļ˹̹ҲˣЩǵԭסй˵ĵǺִܵйȡʱĿ̹򣬲ҸƽȵĴ
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˵˵˵ȵֳֻأҲ˵Ļô³ķĺĵشˡڰ³ķסļȫˣЩҲܲԼĿǰ״ټϻܵõֱ֧֣ȷͷۡ
ڷӺϲ͸˵ˣǰλӶɵġ
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ֻ͹˵ҸͬЩոյִҳȻŸʽı飬ǺʵǾûҸ֡

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Σxngɱǲܽܵġ
οѾΪzhngfϽµ¹ɱԼĹ񣿻ϴϴ˯

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ˣzhngfҪһָº͵ֶΣֶξͨķʽͬϵԭס
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Ҫ֪ڵأһũҲֻмĶضѣֻҪǨƵ˵ȵؾѻһĶء
ڵأ˶ķչһڹĹÿҲ׬ʮЧЩĻܶ׬㣬ȻһҪһĶأҪʮķܶ
ڣֻҪټǨһİĵطѵĻһĶأ˭ԸɣοһĶĸ⡣zhngfȼϺʳȡ
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ЩءսڼԶСļԺԲƵĴ۵ģȻڿǵ˹̹ȵȥĸ˺ܶⶼҪzhngfȥġ
zhngfΨһҪľǣָÿյÿ궼Ҫṩũʳȼϡ
ЩҲûʲôȼϣֱӴӾĸ߼ȡͿˣʳҲȴӾסڹ˵Ĺ˹ʵڲĻͨ·ڵ䡣

Ȼļ۸񲢲ˣǹzhngfԤԣ̶ҲʷߵģһЩǺҳݣοڵСͿЧĴ̼ڹҵķչ
ĿǰΪֹzhngfѾڵʱֲΪȣʱ˸ҪֻĻ󲿷ȥרģķҲͬʮһĶϹӵеһɹЩӪá
ϹȨı˽ԼȨԼĹ˾ıȡ棬ЩӪܲԭ
ЩӪĲȫӣҲܳʮĶϹӪҵĿǲŸǵġ
Ȼʮũļ۸Բơǿǵ˿ǨƺĺôͶԹڹҵ˵˾ӦǵİЩۻֵõġ

ͨͬϵԭסȷһð취ʵϹzhngfڹ˹̹ȵҲôģȻ뿪Ǻ˵ȵ취Ͳôðˡ
һȽҪԭ򣬾ǴߵķӺϲϱߵ˺Ϳأԭİ³ķ͸߼ȵأЩ˹̹һŴĸء
Һ͵عϡĹ˹̹ȱ˹̹ȵزͬЩŽ϶˿ڣЩԭͲĸأġ
ҪǵĹ˹̹ȵһøصķʽڵذǨƵЩȫǲеģΪzhngfûóôظЩǨƵİա
Һ͹˹̹ͬǣ˸߼⣬ʣµļԹzhngfͳζŽϴĵִһũصĻֻἤì...
ڰ취ҲûУֻ͸صİ취ȣ취ȻҪ࡭

ڽ˶෽˼ϹŸĴ𰸡
͸صĻ˵ȵȻûôĸأǿxngǨƵĻҲϹɽʲôģȻҲմߡ
ԱȽİ취ͨķʽڵص˺ǵļǨƵ˵ȵס
˵ȵأؼٵĿҴ඼ѾˣǽԭסȫߣȻЩٵĿĸطָũǣҲǲֵġ
ǹͲͬˡ
Ҫ֪˺͸߼ȵŴʯͣ˹ǿʯ;Ҫ൱һֵ֡ʯ⣬ͳҲҪ֣зվҵ
Ǹ߼ȵʯ⻹űȽϷḻĿԴȫļĿпɺұ
ȻôĹܻ̿Ƚϻ𲽵ķչڵؼЩסûġȻ⼸޷˹̹һռݾһһ뻹Ǻпܵġ
ȵķܹټϱڵĹ˵ȼʡĲӦzhngf⼸ͳȻҲʯ

ͬһַǳЧֶΣȻֶεǼС̫
е鶼룬ҪЧĻҲҪʮʱ䣬ܳ׵ĽЩ
Ȼ˺ӢǰǾܵġ
οЩϴڵλӣɲΪͬ߶ʧ
෴ǣǿܷΪͬߡֿ˶Ƶʵ⼸ĵֿûвƵ
1923꿪ʼӢյȹж߼ȵ֧λӵĹϵʹùzhngf⼸⵽˽ϴʧڸ߼ˡصļ⵽ƻǿһ켸ʯͳذ
ƻ¼󣬸߼ķѣڼ˴Ĳӣʹλ޷ٿʱzhngfҲʼȡ˱ʩϰ뵺Ӣֳ˴Աͬʱ֧ϰ뵺ϵdl֯
ʱھ˸˺޷ƻĹϵ˵ȵصλѾĿתƵ
ϰ뵺ϵĵֿ֯ڹzhngf֧֣ڹģҲ˲١
λԽϵĵֿ֯ں־˵ڣټϷϰ뵺ϵСʹɺ־쵽ĵֿ֯Ѿγһɽǿ
Ȼ޷ҡԽϵͳΣѾΪһɾҲӵ
ҪǣԽϵֿ֯ĸɲһĸɲԽϵĻ˺͹zhngfɹȥعεġ
˵ЦЦ
Խϸֱյˡ
ǰҲ˺־Ҳ΢ء
ô˵һԵĽҲЦŵ
΢ʣϹǺһЦûж˵Щʲô
־ֹ΢ʣȷʱŬ־ڹzhngfİѾԽϵĵֿ֯λҳһΪԽϸĴ͵ֿ֯
ΪԽϸ֯ѾӵʮԽһĵֿ֯
ͬʱԽϸĴ󲿷ʣҲɹzhngfṩģȻĻԽϸҲ޷̶ȡ
Ȼûƽ޹ʵôɣԽϸõzhngf׳ͬʱԽϸԭһdlxngװ֯Ҳʼzhngfˡ
ʼʱ򣬽ֻһЩԽЭľ˺عԱڸְǴԽϼĻ˵һЩҪְλ
ڣԽϸһĸɲɹzhngfǲԱԽỪ˵ΣʣµһɲУҲвɹzhngfֵʿ
˵ں־͹zhngfùϵ־ڸвûбܿգǸѾȫɹzhngfƿҲһʵ
ֵزΪĽߡͬʱҲһԽ˵ĺ־ôʹ죿
ȻһԽ˰ǵ̬ʵ̫ϹˣȻʱĺ־һ۲۵ʿϹ⻹ǲòô
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ϹôʣɺͽҲתĿ˹
Ϊʵ̫˺ˡ
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ЩһѾˣʼѧϰء
еЩһȻǱǨƵҳϵˡ˺ˡ
Ըһԭס񣬹zhngfҪȡͬʩ
ԸλӣzhngfȡĴʩҪ
ˡͨ˵ȵصټܷɻֻҪһλӵĶ򣬵פͻˡʱλ˲ء
һʩǡҲ塱Ҳǽԭɢļͥʹ伯ҲܸõļеzhngfеԴ
ڵʩ͵ڶʩЩ
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ֻҪһ﷢λӣǷ˴λӵ֧֣һֻһôҲܵͷ
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ҳڴ½xng䣬ļݡ£ƽ¶19C24C֮䣬Ϳɵ40Cɸۿڳڱ⣬ⶳ˸֮á
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ܿϧѡֵֿ֧֯Թzhngf·Ǳܵͷ
Ϊÿ˶λûеذյ֧޷ģλӻƵϮĸԭЩ֧֡
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ȻֻһЩС洬ǽϺ԰ûġ
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ҲǲɺͽԭΪĺ֪һȺɳĮס˾ôڿҳġ
ȻǨƵҳҲһССڣǾǧҪͨԭסΪЩǱɱˣĵֿ
ڹŴĻȷǺѰ죬Ѿǽ๤߶ܰzhngf⡭
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Щ¼˺Ͱ³ķȵصĴﲥź󣬸صĵֿ˶Ѿ١ϾƽʱûǣԼ£ǻԸ֧һλӵģ˻ǣӵĵز
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ټ˴ûdl˱dlӲǺܶ࣬ڷϮˡûеذֵ֧£Ϯ¼ƵȻ
ȷֻޣڹzhngfͳ˵ʱڣȴûʲô̫Ű顣˵ֿӵĹУҲõƽܵ˺Ϊûдģ˼ټڹzhngfͳҪʱں࣬ʱµĳͷʩԸֿȻࡣ
ʷ656õռ죬ǰ൱һʱ䣬ﶼǲ˹һ֣Ȩ׶Խ粨˹۹ɽ۹İͱסǡϢ۹ɺ̩⡣762꣬﷢ǨϢ۹ɺ׶̩ⱱİ͸˺󣬰͸һֱǰģֱ1534˹۹Ϊֹ
1915꣬Ӣ**ռˣԹͳΣֱ1932dlΪԹϣķΪͳߵľҡ
ȻȡǨơֱȽϼ˵ĴʩҲһЩ顣
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ҥԲ˵ȵأӢȵҲг
ȥ˵һлƼĽԵ¼бǨƵԭסڿҳ¼ڡҲ塱ĸ䲥źҥҲɢˡ
ڣϰ뵺ϵdl˶ȻĽţ˵ȵصĵֿ˶ȴѾʧĲˡϾû˵˵֧֣ǰ첻ʲôµġ
ҾЧ䣬ҲЧҹȥǸ˹䣬Чյڵ乲͹
˵ȵصĵֿӲԸڵֿzhngfͳʱӢ˺ͶͷΪ⣬ѾҲˡ
ȻҪ࣬ΪڷӺϲϮģɹȥӢˣȴֻͨ˺ɳˡ
䣿
Ӣ˺Ͷ˻ԾʱȻܳûĶһλڸصˣĹϾʵ̫ˣȵӢ˺Ͷ˿ʼϢĺ󣬿ĩȻҲͣ
ȻλʲôĻ޷Ӱ֣λӵļٻϹЩǨƵҳϵ˺ˣʮ˵ɣȵʮҪԸصĻǻȥҲǲԵ顣
͵ɻȥ
½·ɺִˣҲҪ߰ǧ·̣ˮ·ĻҪһ๫·̡
һ׵·̵ĻϹҲֻĴָ˳ڼ簲ꡭ

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˵ȵصĵֿ˶ٸһʱڹĹȴǻϡ
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οϹⱾҲѾһֻʣǮĵزȻڶµĹ˾Ͷʡ
ڼڹģϣϹµļ˾ǹȵƷƣ˲ڹڣڹҲڹٵĿǰr֮һйģ֮һ23½rĸ˾ͨ˾ռݣ֮һrĶ쳧⣬ʵù˾ռݡ
ʷϸ24½rͨ26½rһʷrıʩ1936꿪ʼģʱrzhngf;Ϊ˱ҵ䲼ˡҵֹͳ塣
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Ȼ˵ЩҵûзչǺϹµļҵȣӪĸо
ϾϹµļ˾Ѿ鲼ȫҿʼźЩӪҵȴʽ⣬ֻܾһʡһء
仰˵ЩҵķչȫԼڵʡݣʡݷչĺˣô֣ʡʿȻչԼҵʡݵľòˡ
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Ҳʱһµ߳ˡ

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ûãһЩԱѾҶЩҵļˮƽƷͲܽ˵飬Ե飬ӦĶ
ڵ󣬲ŸݵĽӦеĶ
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ĻЧĺܣϰڷĻЩæµĹʿܿͷϵĶҲԼӿࡣ
ʿĶ԰ײֻҲʡݵ˾С
£ڴҵǴҵģȫѵõʵɼңȻҲðջᡣǰǲϧĻǻһġ

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ҵǵҪӢȹzhngfհˡ
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ȻĿǰ廹㲻һЩ׼ҪõģϾܶͻȻٵģͺϹǰһλˣǰúújngѵšȿȣȻûλ˱ȥˣͻȻֱ޷Ҫֻ֪50ѡ
ʾҽºϹ⿴Сںˮһۡ
ʮȥˣڵϹѾҪԭһϵĵˣȻΪϹ֣Ϲȴ벻ˡ
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Уһ50ɣũ˳ŵһӡŸֻƺͼֽţӱϿԿĳλũ൱ãȻ
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1925꣬¡
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ͨ·Ǩ¼ҵĹˣЩ¹ϰ仧ͬʱǵĴҲŹzhngfЩƵrȹ̡
⣬Ҳ˵ڶ£ǾǹzhngfԷڸҵʮȻʱͶʹõĻҪǧ㣬zhngfһxngʮȻ˲˵Ŀ⡣
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ټڵ**Ϲ˽׼һʱڵйڹٱһͬʱڵʮ౶ҪЩʲά˷ܲ߶˽׼Ļ޹شҲɺܶ鷳

˵ĵ˾ѡ
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ǺȻģȻ**йƻxngйķչȴһֱӪ״̬

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ߵʵУĿǰڹ˵ȵصڵؾѾﵽ˼ʮ򣬶ҰٶȽȥĻܿڹ˵ڵ˿ھͻᳬ򣬶ҹ˹̹Ŀɸܴ
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ȷϹҲɴɵȻϹò罫̩zhngf׻ʿ̩ΪɻƵĹҪһЩҲʹͷ

ȻʵˣȴҲô롭
ϾϹ̩ܶ˶֪zhngfϰ뵺жҲǺε飬ʱԹzhngfƵͻȻˡ
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ȻӢѾսǰôǿʢйҲԶսǰǿ󣬵ǺӢȻһǵ飬οԱ߻rڻš
ΪһӡȾȥӢģһпܻᱻӢաrȹ˵ǺϹΥġ
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κ˶Ĳֿ˶Чġ
ʷϣǷ˵ڶսӡȸûdlĿܡ
ϹҲûȤȥ֧ôһ˶
ȻϹӡҲǴԶȦеһԱⲢϲһǿʢӡڡ
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ȻϹԡǱֿʲôһ֮Աǡ

ͨϺfҪϹ󣬸ʵصܿͻ׼ʵӢû֪ͨ飬ϹҲ֪ܿʵģϾÿôľҲǴˮƯġ
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ڵйȻڻ跽Ͷܴ󣬵ڲٽȴȻŹŴڴ˴ͨԭġ
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ڸʵصӡУйһܸԣĹңʮǰйֻһӡҲǿȥĹҡ
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Ϊ˵ļ沢ǺʽԼĵص㰲Ϲλbijngһ

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ͺһ磬ȻrйѣڿrսʱȻġjinһһʱڵйrȻֹĦҰ¼ǼrȻйΪΨһϣġrjinȻϹϲЩrjinΪ׻ʿ
йƶʱȻֹʿ͸ڵйˡ
ڶ䷢ǰrȨһֱ԰¹Ϊ׵mnzhϵȻһʱrmnzhȽر𣬵԰µɶǽǵһ֡
ǺֻкйùϵǶrġ
ȻڡҰĹϵŹһʱ䣬˫޸ϵڽŹϵʼֻͣȵڽʱĹϵѾָˮƽȵζڽʱzhngfĹϵѾﵽ˽ӽ׼ѵĵز
һϣͬԿ˹ҵĵһһЩrzhngfϲʿҲôġ
ڹzhngfߣҲôģϲʿڹzhngfʲôΪЩΪı󶼻Ķ⡭
ÿzhngfϲʿֵģ˵ֵֻ˲λãԼÿϲʿϹⱳʵĿġЩ¶ͼʱϹⲢǻй¶ȥƻƻΪȦѾ顢ֲĵ׳죬ƽʱҲ24СʱļصУȫûеĵıҪ
ҲΪԭԼÿ˶ڹzhngfrһжģϹĻǡ
ƭӡ
ڹzhngfʲôʵĿĶֻһǾrΪйȻԶһƹŴϵִ档
ӲҪ˵Ļ൱ڱԼͻԼĽ塣
ȱԼܣȻԼɢ
ȻϵУйλҪġ
ؽϵ
һĳţͬʱҲһĹ絳ˡ
Ȼףνִ泯ϵ϶ܺ͹ŴһֱңҲûйϵ
ָٹ⣬ؽ쳯Ϲķɡ
뷨˵оԲûУֻڹȥйѾãֻǿļз棬뷨ȻֻԼˡ
Ȼڡ
ڵй㲻˵һҲһָǿ
Źҵrʢ뷨ȻҲͱǴĵ˳
νж󵨣жйrǿʢǺܴģԸҪϹôԱ˾Ѿͬˡ
ȻЩr¡ӢȹǾȻ֪ģǵйrֻõĿҪͬһӵĹҡ
һᣬͬϹͬʱζ˵ҲھţΪϹļƻ¹ɻᱻйٿһΣҺϴβͬй¹ڳһӡ
ֻǶǴͣǾþɳľˣЩ˶˽˸ܸڹĵȻĵΣǻǰϹļƻš
˵һ£¹ĵ۹1938ſʼģʱϣոʩһʱ죬ʱǰһ꣬38ͳˡ

ϣյ˵Ȼ֪Ϲ˼ǿrϵãֻҪ£rôйҲһսĿxngͻܴˡ
ʵֻǵ¹ô룬ӢաȹҲͬô롣
Ҳѹ֣ҪƭˣҪƭԼϹʵеļƻڹzhngfڲҲֻ֪͸¹rˡ
ʱĻӦʲôڣ
ͷĲңѵڻ
οϹڵţûнڣ÷ʱһԷ
Щϣռǽϵĵͼ
ڰ󣬺˹˺ܿԼӦóȥˣæһ߳䡣
ʩҲҪ߳ȥʱϣͻȻڵ
ʩһȥתתɡ
ǣҵԪף
һĹϣպʩ߳˷䡣
ڿʮף׵Ĵʯϣĵͷ
ʩĺܲ
ϣô˵ʩæͷ
ӦģԪס
ΰµ۹ǵ**ʩ19371µ19381½ɵģʷ19381µ19391£۹ĺһ˷Ĺʽ1730꽨ġ֮1796radiziwill塣1875Ϊ־۹˹ĹۡнϺõĵλáʹĹ㡣1878ִ졣κ깲͹ʱȻΪzhngf칫¥ʹá
1933죬ϣټʩ뱣ޣ·άϣ³˹أͽµĵ۹һ½ѯʡ֮ϣʩΪίԱԡϣǿΪ㼯ټڶһȺڵĸ̨ԼڽͷȺڰΧʩˡʷ̨ǽ컹ڹȥпϣ̨ȺֵĻ档ʩڵĻ¼дϣԼĹһ糡̨ĿռϣԼΪȺڶĤݵ䡣
ʷ̨ϣյչʾͽܵ¹ڵĳݡµĵ۹¹һµĵ۹ʱϣ˵193712º19381£Ҿµ⣬һ־۹Ǵxng͹ϣн޷㡣Ҫ󰬲أʩ1938111r1939110rĽ졣
ίԱʷʩ¼ȫ鹹ġϸĹ滮1935꿪ʼͬϣԼֵؿļƻ
ʵϣ1935꿪ʼܱߵķ1936ͽ˲Ǩʩ19366½н졣ĿõԤȽеĹ̡ôʲôԭҪ˿ټƻϣյļƻǿĴ־۹ĵ۹Ҫڵ¹ϲµʱɡ
ʩ19391½Ľ졣ýصǾ޴յĽд߶Ŀռ䡣ӴȣȫǸߴʮֳյûκιܡߵһһ䡣ʹߣ滮ҲȫġֵĴŵϣյİ칫ĵûзص·ߡֻܿЦİս·߷ءغ칫ס޵ƺص㡣ʵһõô絳ܵĽҪʹ߲ţѹ֣
ʷϵ۹ĵһҪ⽻1939314rϣջݿ˹工ͳİ׶顣Ľڻ֮󣬵¹ռݿ˹工ȫһηϵıĻİ׶鲢֪ϣҪǩͬ¾ݿ˹工ȫļ
̸µ۹ʵһʡ
ʩϣĴʯȿʮףףǷշĽʩ¼˵ϣնȷĴʯȸе⡣
һϣϣʩɷƵĴʯǷа׳ʩ˵ܳڽṹxngغҪĿǣֻоʮ׳ϣûʣʩ˴ĿϣյĲ⡣
ϣټʩҪ׳ʯʱʩ˵Ԫףף
һشʹϣʮָˣֻ˵Ҫڳ;浽ӴǽһƷζ׳ĵ־۹Ļᣡ
ʩ׹ʯڹ⻬ϣոеˣȫȷġ˵⽻Ӧڹ⻬ĵСĵƶ

ʩʵĻشңй˵Ļ𡭡
ڴʯһξϣôʩʵ
Ȼ˹͸ôΪʩĵôӦûİɡ

ʩĻشϣռûбʾҲûбʾ⣬ֻǼڻţʩǽĸţɴʯɵĻֻ˵ĽŲ
ʵϣնйĸйٺܸӣڵһսʱΪµϣղμ˵һսǸʱϣձ˶йǺкøеģϾǸʱеҲƵڡ
ȻйΪЭԼһԱʹò˿ʼйıѣвٵĵ¹Ϊй壬ϣҲеһԱʵ⣬Ȼÿ˶ߣʱйƶǿ裬ʱйĵ¹Ȼвٵ¹ΪԼǴߣȻǵĸ貢޳ġ
Ȼ󣬾ǵ¹սˡ
¹սʱʱϣҽԺսϱʧ۾֪һϢʱ׺䶥ʹʧٵĵ¹Ҳһҡ
ԺڡԼĹϵʹ¹裬Ҳʹõ¹Ƶٱһʵ¹˸е
ҲʱйԮˡ
Ȼڡͻᡷڼй侮ʯľٶʱйԮԵ¹ѩ̿һ㣬ҲΪԭʹòٵ¹˿ʼ¶йĹټʱĵ¹ҲʮҪйİϵʼ
˳һᣬʱϣҲйĹࡣ
ȻûãȹҲʼԵ¹Ԯ硶˹ƻȼ¹ļƻȹϾǺ͵¹ֱӽսһй֮ģϣյ˶ӢȹĳȻûмᡣ
ʵҲ⣬ȥ˵һͺڶԵеʱӢݺͱ˵¹һһͱҲˣʱӢͻȻҪ¹ȥǶԸһˣӢʼ¹ҽҩѡ
£¹**ϵ˺۵ȷˣϵ˺أѵΪӢ¹ҽҩѣõ¹Ǳͱʱľʹ
йһսʱйҪ䣬û͵¹չ棬ټϡʢٻ顷ûþ˴ʵԮ¹¹ȻͲôйˡ
ҡ
ȻϣһȵrߣҲʱйѾһսǰй
йǰ֣һܺõİ֣һ֣ôйһֲܿĶ֡
һ㣬ǾϣպҪһȥǣƣȥԸ˺ˡʷsrεģֻrĲǺܳs
ʱ˰ѾzhngfոʹùzhngfϾrͶӣr޷
ϣʮҪйǳҪй
ҪйȥæԸҪйȥǣ
ͬҲйĲ˽ôȵս󣬾ԼܵõԤеռ䣬δҲòйȻ

ϣղûийΪԵһйԵ¹ƵģϣսrΪϣյ˿ֻҪrǵͬˣôйͬҲͲԶˡ˭ϹϷôãŪ˶ΪСrϵá
ʱrڶʵǣ԰¹˥ѾƿشֵĹϵڵõϣյrzhngfܿȻɳ˴ǰ֡
֮ǰrzhngfɳһʹѯһй
Ȼrľ˴඼ûԽֻѪİ׳գȨ˴ǵģټĹϵĸԭѯйǱһ顣
ֻzhngfɴ⵳ķ˽֪ɳʹǰѾϵzhngf϶ᷴԣȻr˸еԾʱڽӴrʹάȻʾͬ
Ȼй˵ĺ«ʲôҩȻйѾͬˣҲ͵ûк֮ˣrִûãrzhngfǰѾǩġ**Э˵¡⡢rʽγɡ
ºϣɱռµ**Ĳ̤µʱϣվڰµɻʹ̨µ¹
Ϊ־۹ԪףҵĹ־۹¹ʷᣡ־ϵĶѾΪ۹µıݣ
Իʹ°µ˵Ļһվ̨ϵϣ緢

Ƕλʷϣµ¹ʱ˵ģ˳Ƽҿһrnhk̨ġӳ͡ļרŽϣյģոǶλʵӰİһʮ貨ͽӺĸ
ϣվڰµɻʹ̨ϣԼĹµ¹ʱ̨°µ˵ĻֻϹһϣ緢š
꣬ϣղһǹһɹ
ϢʱҷĶű־۹γɣµع־۹ߵһλʿ˵
ӣԸеһΰʱ
ҲͬУ¹ǿҲϲѣһΰʱϣʱĴߺͱˡ
rnhk̨¼Ƭӳ͡ļϣյҰġ
ԭ棩

1938ϣӢС羸ߡĻµͨͬ312rʳֱµ°ºϲ410rڵ¾ռ°µйͶƱڵһսսܺµʮǷϣھйͶƱʱ997%޳ɺϲ
¹µĺϲϣŵ¹ͼĵһ°ºϲع¹֮1935113rݡԼ涨ڹ˿ʮйͶع¹
¼ǰ¹µʩѹҪµzhngfϰµɴ⵳ĺϷλøõ¹zhngf1938꣬µأ˹Ϊ˱µdlйͶµӦ¹ϲȻ¹zhngfʩѹҪȨµɴ⵳µɴ⵳311rƷ˰µĹzhngfڵ¹פµʱûκζԿܵܶµĻӭ
Ҷ¼ӦºͣӢЭԼʵ⽻飬ûвȡʵжֹϲʹάԼйؽֹ¹µϲ
ʥ۹1806һֱΪһͳһ¹֮۲ݡ1866ǰһΪ־ͳһֻɰµ۹˳Ϊ־Ȼµհսʧܣ˹³ʿ׵ġ־۹ųµµ¹֮⣬С־1918ٵ۹ѣʴԭµĵ͵¹ͳһڰͻϣӢͷĵ¹ѸԡԼ롶ʥrԼֹ¹µϲ
1930ֵ֧°ºϲĺߣµzhngf1931¹˰ͬˡϣɴڵ¹µzhngfˡڰµϣգڳ쵼ɴ⵳ʱѾҪһͳһr˵Ĺҡ1924дҵķܶʱ᳢ͳһϧʹ
1929ǰµһֱԾõԡʧҵ빤̲ϱڹmnzhʮֲȶ1920ĩڣᵳڰµһ͹zhngf1933꣬ᱻɢͽ1934İµս󣬹͹һdci˹zhngfȡᵳרzhngfͱ(heimwehr)ͳιңѹֹzyuӵдȨᵳӵкܴӰzhngfڽרsбڵ¹ɴ塣
أն˹(engelbertdollfuss)̳˿أʿԮʵµ˹ķ˹Ƚƣɴ塣īڹҰȫְ֧µdl¹š¹İȥǣϣսˣ˰µ
1934725rΪǷİµɴ⵳ɱն˹ͼ䵫ʧܡܶµɴ⵳ӵ¹Ȼڰµͬ߻ֲϮ԰µzhngfɳ˰ʿն˹ߣѹɴ⵳
ȻˣӢȹ羸ߣϣջǳɹ̲˰µʹ־۹ġԸõ˳ĳɹ
ڱѪеʵ°ºϲϣտʼעһĿݿ˹工ˡ
ݿ˹工λŷģ¹ҵԴḻսԵλʮҪ¹ռݿ˺󣬾Ϳ԰Ϊ򶫽壬ӢҪˣϣնʹˡ
ڿ߾Ľݿ˵̨µ300rˣһ棬ϣָʹɴ⵳ͽͲҪΡݿˡһ棬ϣƲ̵¹rܵꡱҪǡ塱׼áжɨݿˡΪ±߽紴ϣ912rв˵ݿ˹工zhngf̨µrԡƽ¹ҪȡжݿzhngfȻҲԸ׸ҲʼֲԱǿ˱߽ս
ڵһս֮󣬽ݿӢ»ָȨ뷨ǩлԼ¹ͽݿ˽սӢԼȻս913rڸһĻᣬѰԲߡھӢŲ׳⡣
ϣӢŲ׸ϣշһʮ𼱵ĵ籨ʾҪϣռ棬ϣƽһ⡣
ԺҶ֪ˣ15rϣյĻŲҹɻ׶أͷһݿzhngfʩѹҪǸԾԭ̨⡣
22rʱϣٴµҪ󣬼ȡݿ˹工˾rΪҪĵɵ**ռ죬ݿ˹工˾ӱ928rǫ̈̄µ
Դˣݿ˹工zhngfʾܾȫܶԱ
27rϣ¾7ʦ¡ݱ߽ǰء928rϣҪzhngf𸴵ޣݿ˹工ҪΪֹ⣬100Ասһ
29rŲ׵ڶη¹rĽٿϣաīᡢŲסڲμӵĵӢĹԻ飬涨̨תá¹Ľݿ˹工ˣȴûȨϯ顣ġĽЭ
930rݿ˹工zhngfʾܾЭӢʾݿ˹工zhngfͬ⣬ôӢûЭݿˡգݿ˹工zhngfЭͬ
ϣλƣյ̨һҪŲ׶Դ˺ɣص׶·ɻʱ˸߲ҵƣһ˵ĺƽ
ˣӢһγsѣݿ˹工һɶ
ϣҲ19393£Ҳǲһʵʩʷɹһδж̲ݿ˹工ˡ

Ȼʱ¹û̲ݿ˹工ȫǹյ̨ȻŪĺ֣Ľڻ顷ڽݿ˹工˴ûе£Ӣ¡ĹѾݿ˾̨תá¹
£ݿ˾ȻûȨϯ顣
Ϲ֪ϢʱǰͻȻһ˿ӸС
Ҽǵ÷ͻʱ򣬺ҲôԴ¹İɡ
תͷȥϹ⿴Ųɵ˵
ûڡͻᡷʱȻսʤ¹ƶһϵɥȨԼΪ¹ĵ¹ȴûȨϯͻᡣû취˭еʱ¹սܹء
ڵĽݿ˹工ˣ͵ʱĵ¹ȴô
⵱ʱĽݿ˹工ʱǿͬʱŲĹҵԾƲңǱӢϻѣͬʱֻǵ¹Ļ
ҪֵĻ¹Ҳδ½ݿ˹工ˡ
Ϊյ̨ɽڽݿ˹工˸յ̨֮ǰݿ˹工յ̨ɽ˴Ĺ£ЩʱΪݿ˵ŵ߲ǵ¾ܹ׹ݵġ
ο̲ݿ˹工ǰ¹ľʵҲû㹻ϣ˼ɵĵز
ֻϧӢΪŪһС
Ҳ˵ͺͰµһݿ˹工ҲǴӰٵ۹Ϸָģ黹ǱȽȤġ
ϹҲϲһţϾʵ̫ƽˣѾƽ˱ȽȤĵزȻϧȻϹڶŶһܲŷȥҲֻbijngˡ
ڣϹĿ⣬΢źһºϹҲûôŷ޵ˡ
ͳ뿴
һȫʽķһʱ˽Ϲһ̨ǰ
貨ĸɺĽģ͡
˵ƿڲ
ƿڲʱ򣬳Ϲǰһ׶೤ĺĸģͣȻҺĸ׶೤ǴģͼװϰڷܼĽػϾͿԿҺĸж
ͳ貨ͽӺĸһָģͺ˼üĸȫʽӺĸ׼ˮǧ֣ˮǧ֣ĸȫ331ףװ86ףˮ߿40ףˮ12ף31ڡ
ߵģǰ˼ΪϹϸĽ˵
˫⣬ܹɸĽػͬʱͺĸ˶صбʽмװ壬ܹЧĸƽػЧʣʹĸͬʱзɻɺͽ䣬ʹʧܵķɻڲӰֹͣɷɻټɡ
ǻµĽʽϲ㽨ýָпҡҵЧĽͬʱڸýĶװ˹ѧƵĽ״Էɻ̽137ˮ潢ͧ̽20ЧİӼ緢ֵˡ
ںĸܻȵĸshǹshں6ֻܼڡ
һֱĬŵϹ⣬ĵ˵ͷ
ϹӣƺҲܵ˹裬æһѵϸڣЩϸڵһֱû̸ص㣬Ϲⲻò
ػء
²һ㶡
ϹⲢûйǼʵ
ĸػΣ
ȻϹҺĸĸxngܶ⣬ػҪģϾĸxngܾٺãûнػĻսҲһѲ󽢣ϹصǺĸػxngܺȻЧʺ״ȡ
ʱҲӦæش
Ŀǰװս׻͸ըܹ۵ЧļػڼװͻռݵĿռ䣬ټ貨ĸõ˫ȫʽ⣬ԸüĸĻػΪ130ܣϼװϵĻӵ180ܣһĻԴﵽӽ200ܵĳ̶ȡ
һ
Ϲһ㶣ʱͻȻһǸƺҲԼոյЩ̫ˣæĿڵ
ҵ˼ǣüĸͼװػΪ180ܣػӽ200ܡ

Ϲ˵ͷʾ˵ĻȻתȫģ͡

ڵһսʱ򣬹ѾʼԺĸоҽһˮ20000֣ػ50ܵͺĸ
ʱҺĸҪѵطԱú˽ʽս
ϹڶֳϵĵѣԺԺĸҪxng˽ʮ̣Ϊϵս󺣾ҺĸֻڡʢٺԼĹϵЩĸûһҵı׼ˮܹ30000֡
ȵʢٺԼʼǩµġ׶غԼʱǩԼûⷽƣԸҲֻе¼Ժĸʹá
ȻȻĶһЩͺĸǾ˶ϸĥ󣬺ĽǻǶԺĸʹ˸һ˽⡣
ȵ1936꡶׶غԼڣ1936325rеڶ׶غþʱйr˳ԼδԼǩֵĹϵʹáڶ׶غԼ޼աйrĺǿҲƵǵкǿҶ˳£ԼȻҲûмǩ塣
ȷzhngfǩʲôûĺԼ󣬺ʽԼҪ󡪡װеʮʹЩߺܹﵽ31ڣΪսн溽ĸһͬսͬʱҴͺĸ
ϹĵѣԺĽǶδҪսģʽǺĸû㹻ĺĸй޷̫ƽѹ
ȻʱûзսΣա˿ˡ
ǶԺļƻϹȴԵúȤںļƻϽûãϹԽʾ
ںĸϹȴŲͬĹ۵㡣
ݺҪҪһ30000ּܹ90ܽػͺĸػָ+װϵӲҪ˵Ļžͺʷϵİ˹ĸɡ
ȻϹʷϵ̫ƽսǺ˽⣬Ҳ˹ʷϽĴͺĸ˹ƲsĻҲὨ20ҵɣƻֻ࣬ǻûսͽˣ
ҲˣϹǺڶսûþʱǸʱ˹ּĺĸԵò̫ˣϾٶȱȽϴ𽵾ҲӣڵڶսС͵ĺĸͻĸ޷ʹá
սҲֻа˹;пʹá
ϹŻں뽨ͺĸʱһ
ô͵ĽӺĸػ貨һӴսҲԼʹãҹһֱʹõˡʮ
Ҫǣ貨ĴͺĸȽϷϹۡ
ʵ貨ô͵ĺĸʷҲrġŨźĸܱȽϽӽˮϱȽϽӽrġŨһͱ׼ˮ62000֣ˮ71000ֵĴͽӺĸŨźܵùˮûþͱˣûͶսͬʱҲѽɺĸģǱǱͧˮ
ʵ²ˮνΪʱŨѾ޷ırˣοŨŻǴͼսнŽݿʼģֻr󱻸װ˺ĸԡŨŵػʮֵ٣ȻˮСȴ޷Ƚϡ
ȻϹҲֻúչ籲ô͵ĺĸϾ貨ô͵ȫʽĸϻڽ칤϶̫̫ˣԻҪһ˹һͨӺĸһĻĸ
ϾսƴĲֹͬʱҲ
ֻ貨ȣͺĸʵ̫һЩԹעȻҲˡ

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ڵйͺʷϵ࣬񱩷һڼװϰ˷ɻҲûϵġ
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ˡƹȥľ󣬵¹zhngfʼΪеľж׼
ŷ޺ϰ뵺ֵʱվռʺ󣬹zhngfȴڳһֵ̬ȻֹǿҲȤĹ˵


йʡͷǽĳаգһ˾ʵгոʻվ
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վ̨ϵȺŵʮ˿гӰӺ׷վ׼̨ȥӭӡ
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ʱrzhngfȻҲٶֵĸڹҵϵҲǿĨڣͬʱϰ뵺Ⱥսr˶ԸʵǴһЩ
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¾ռ˹˺715rͨսռ׶Ī˹ƵŻ˹Ħ˹ˣΧվʮʦжҪĽͨ˹ˣĪ˹ƹ·¾zhngyngžȺ˾ڴ˵ءʱ¾Ī˹ƽ380֮ңˡ

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Ӣ¹ռŷ޹ңҲ׷׾ź
Ϊŵ¹˵ĹƵ˳Уھ󲿷˵Уǵڶһ
սڵʱ򣬷һº󱻵¹ģʱıл編
ҲʧܵĻôŷ޴½ϽҲûƺס¹
ʱӢͨѾй˴ʽսʹھshڣԵ¹˶ӢĺըѾ࣬Ե¹־ȴȻӢ˵С
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Ķϣ¹̹ڲϵıš
Ȼʱ̹˼ôС̹ﳤʱҲһ飬ȻǰʱŸոջõĴʤЩ̹ĵ¹̹˱Ǽ仹Ǵһա
˿̣֧̹˲ӵĿĵأԶĻ
ڲǰ¾ոȡ˹ս۵ʤ
622rս󣬵¾ͻȻټܷɻըվر26վɻ738ܣƿȨ¾3װ׼ȺڻվĽӺϲͻƷάŦ˹˹˷չ9ž2װ׼ȺӻɳԶػز˹Ҫ̶˹¬Ŀˡ˹˷ƽ4ž
23r¾ռ޵ŵվ10͵3žһʵʩͻδĿġ24r¾ռάŦ˹Ϊ˰͸󽫼ԤǰΤ˹пͻ
25r¾ԶʵʩΧʹٱΧΣավ3͵10žͨʣ60ȣͻ2627r¾2װ׼ȺȺ˹˽28rռУ310ž11ʦڱΤ˹п˺˹֮¸³˸Χ29r¾9͵4žڱΤ˹пԶϣΧվָΪ֡79rΧվ󲿱ߣһɢͻΧһڵ¾󷽿չλ
¹˹ս۷Լ32.4վɻ̹33321809ţռ׶ȫ
ò˵վȱjngxng˹ֱ˵ԴټϾϴվʶ½أͰսȷǰδеĳɹ
սȡʤ󣬵¹ҲĿת˻
Ե¹˵ν˹ָս۳֣Ϊν˹ָʵǷӸա
Ӹ1925ǰв1589꽨ǡ17ͳڴ1615ڷӺҰؽǷӺϵĳ֮һ18ΪҪ19ͺڽ·ѸٷչΪ˹ϽҪĹҵҵóġ
1918--1919սʱ﷢ġ򡱱սⳡս˹쵼ģ1925ĳ˹ָա
˷Ӹ1925ơ򡱣19251961˹ָա1961³򡰷˹ָ˳ݡﱻΪӸա
1918ʮ¸ڵʱƻңô˻ᣬʱλڸ߼йԶռ˷ӺϲȫЩҲռҪλķӸա
ҲΪԭԵ¹˸ûбҪڴʲô˹ָասۣΪʷϵ˹ָոͲڶ˵ϡ
¹˻Ҫռڿȫ
ΪֻҪռڿȫ¹йı߾ܽһ**ҲܸĽйϵ֧֡ҪǣŰͰƻ˳չϣյҰҲࡣ
ټϣձһֱԸ߼Ĳʣ͸λڸ߼ϲ˺ͿˣȻطľȽԶͬ˺ͿصʯͲλǰС
οһܴ򵽰ݽȥβһأ
ϾʮŰݶˣҲһˡ
ֻ뷨ϣձҲֻţϾ¾ڶսܹ˳У̶ܴȶŹzhngfԵ¹Դϵȼϵġ
Ŀǰ¾ʹõȼϣһɹzhngfӦġ
ϹͻȻж˶Ե¾ȼϵȷĹӦѾصĵ¹˽֮ء

˵뷨ϣһֱĵףҲֻҸߵļȽ׽˵ȴϹⲻ֪
Ҫ֪ɴ¹ڲϣյһֱš
֣й;ֲе鱨ھ˼ʮķչй鱨ѷκһ鱨ɴ¹ڲ˲ٿŶЩлϣջǸҰɵʱµġǲͬϹǺϣδ¹ʷλǸνġ־幤ˡոճûãڵ¹лһЩֳԱѾȥЩʱδͳζȻ֪飬ϣոûм롭
ԣϣո֪Ϲ˵ѾǺܿˡ
ϣնߵ˵ġͬйսĹ˼ڵڶͰϹϡ
ϣջôϹⲢ⣬˵ϣղôһ飬ϾϣյĸʽƺУһҰļҡͷΡ
οʱйΧѾŵŷڲ˵ڹȥϣջʾЩʲôϣѾҪռŷ޵£ŷ޵ͼϱŵйϣվͿʼЩˡ
ֻϣյھͺйϾϣջкܶطõĵйοһҪйȥԸȻϣպܿҲŷһֱȥʵһ̫ʵ飬Զϣ˵йŷ޸ϳȥռͿȼҲ͹ˣȻܽй׷ϵĻϣҲһͳŷǡ
ҵĽǣһڿͨй˵ĵ
վָŵͼϵĵ̬ƣϣ緢ĵ
ǣҵԪף

лֵĸЧ鱨ϣյǵ˼ûϹ֪ˣϹûҲûŭֻڿ鱨ֽ鱨ڵһߡ
һ˵ϣϾںܶ˵ӡУϹһֱһ۱ȽСˡ˵Ʋر˭ĻҲöԷù
ϣյ緢ϹķƵͬȻڿķֹ˹־ԵñȽʹˣȻĴȻעĿ
ǰߵôˡ
ָ˹˻Ƶĵ
ΪǰսĹϵ˹ϻϵ״ܲáȻ˵ʲôأϾǵʹúս½Ĵϴ´ģǰ߲ӶԵ¹˺޷ͬɵģµһȫҵġ
ڲǰָӹٰ͸ոձǹУǸѯʵĽƳ˹һۺСĵ
ܲã˹Ǹոձʮˣ׶˹ҲѾ¹ռˡսϷʧȥȫĻ¹ѾŻȥˡ
ô˵˹ֵĴͣĲš
İ͸򣬸Ĳᡭ
ȻͰս˳Уһ빦Ҫ˹ͷϣʱ˹ҲֻԼĲ¡Ľ͸ͲҲǺܵùΪʱʹǵλϣҲֻþԺÿһЩ
˵ףʱϾһطϵĸ߼ָӹ˽ԲĹңָӹپòףҲֻܾô죬ϾϴŸոչȥûá
Ȼ˹ֻ﷢ŭȻķŭ޷ֹ¹˵Ľ
˹ֵķŭ£ЩָĽǵһսս˵˹ֵķŭ޷˵¹˵֣ǻǹ˵ġ
˹ֻ﷢ŭʱһԱͻȻŴ˽
˹ͬ־˵Այ˹ֵй˸ոմϢѯǷҪ
йˡ
˹ֵüͷһ壬¹һȼ϶йӦģϢ˹ֻ֪ġ
йʲô
ǸԱҡҡͷҾûǼǱȽϺãϾڲǺйֽʱ򡭡˵ʱǸԱ˿˹ֵsȻ˵ĶʵǺױ۸ʧñ
뵽ǰߵս˹ֵûĴʵֻͷ
˵Ķԣйģ
ھҪ𣿡ڵõ˹ֿ϶Ĵ𸴺󣬹ԱͷھʹȥİٶʮǮ
Դάzhngfڶڲеĸֿ϶йֻһǾǵˡڻһֳƺĻǾУ
Ȼԡʮ¸󣬶ԹָĿǺʵǣһǵʱĹzhngfġ
ڵʱʮ۹УʵǿһȴǸĶ۵һ
ѾʵռɹţʱĹzhngfӶȥķ֮һ֮һĵطֻǷӺϲ߼һľѾ൱ڿôġ
ȻйԶɵȻδģȴǶ޵ġ䣬ͨĶڸǽʱԶ˾޵ҧгݣһЩڱ佯ˡ
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ǱŪĺʹħһһЩµĶͯϹȡ˹ȥ෴ɽsΪµBOSSֻϾһ**ңЩͯﲢûʲôӺ͹ľ͸Ӱˡ
ЩͯеֻӢµĺսʿò°ߵĶı߾ͻټϳڲնйĵӹɵģֻͨѣйͶϵǱȽеġ
ͺйrһϣϰջţ˴˼áϡƽ飬ȻھϵϵȴôС
ںйѾΪró׶󣬶rйĵĴó׶11ʱ˳r˲ĻrǵλЩĻֱ޷ҵĹ񾿾ж޶ԷȻһЩȽϡࡱļһ㡣
ʱйͶͺйrһ
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װʳҩƷȲϵġ
ʧȥ˹˺͸߼ȵ϶󣬶ܳŵĹӢĹƣϹֹ֧û
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ʱйҲǻѵõķչᡣ
ԲΣĹϵǲġ
ڶũҵ廯ڼ䣬ʷڵʱչԱũ壬Աũ뼯ũׯڿĺͻĵֿյ¶ڿũײļš
óũҵڿũΪũȫǺǵڿũҵ½
ڱŵũΪıɸũ˲Ըֱӽ1932ڿʳԤȫջ9070ʳʵֻջ55006000֡zhngfõʳҲԤڵ2650µ1850֡
Ϊ˽ʳȱ⣬193287rά䲼һ·涨Լũׯд̡һӸϽֹũκũƷΪС19331£7.9ũݸ4880˱д̡
ֹũռջʳ1932126rչξְ䲼һȫڿϣũߡӣչ鹫УֹκʳƳƷڿũ壬ȫڿֹƷũƷ⻹ڿũɳӣûũ
⼸ͷxngʩʵʩº󣬵1933chn죬ȫڿΧڳ˼صļչڿξַһЩxng򼢻ĵȥ32ʳͬʱڿ˳ʳжδֹͣchnڶ˹ڿ󲿷ֵֵĸɺ˼ĵĳ̶ȡͬʱzhngfֹڿԼٺͬĽͨжϣЩбֹκδɱͼ뿪ڿļΪ׼ˡ
1933궬1934chnڿתã1934ũҵջߣڿ״ʧ
ȻĴĺȴǼΪصġº󼢻ĵҴ˵1932굽1933꼢Ĵﵽ߷ʱڿũ˳ˣԼڶѾè˵ʬڳʳõ¼
ȱٷͳ֣ڼĵֻܽй㣬250480֮䡣˼⣬ȱӪֿ½µļȾҪǰ˺˺ҲҪԭǳ˿Ҫԭ˿У81.3%ڿˣ4.5%Ƕ˹ˣ1.4%Ϊ̫ˣ1.1%ΪˡΪٵİ׶˹ˡˡӵ־˺Ϳڼġ
⣬ҲʷϼΪġڿ󼢻ˡʷϣȻʱձڶأڼҪڿⳡҲڿ󼢻ġ
Ȼʱڶʧȥ˹֣ʹ÷ڶļĸأع500£صĻڼķйҲԶй˵ԮΪѵġʱйڶ͹˵ȵؿ˴ĸأټʽĸַʽʹʳԵ˻ΪĶЩͷ۵ʱѾʳϹzhngfһ׼ƻ
ƻɶṩƽʣͬzhngfʳ
ƻıһġ˵塱ΪϹⲢûпĵļ۸ֻ˵ƻ΢׬һ㡣

Ȼʱġڿ󼢻ġڶڻܣzhngfֹڿԼٺͬĽͨжϣЩбֹκδɱͼ뿪ڿļΪ׼ˡ
ںڿҵڿ߽ίԱᷢҪ䳷1932䷢ŦԼʱפأٵĽ
Ϊʱأƻϵб˸ý֪ڿ󼢻ĵԶȫһҾ࣬ڱơڿδģҲܷ
˷ڿĴ󼢻ģʵǴڱ״̬ġ
ڿйǽģЩνܶϹ˵Ͳܡ
ҲΪԭԶzhngfŶԹzhngfṩֲ֧˺øСȻϹҲû˷ᡣ
ھ˶ķչйڵĹ࣬ӡ˵ʱϹƶ£Ѿʼʵ8СʱƣǱϾÿطϸҵطϵĹԱҲʱڹڣ**ȻûչͬҲ޷ײ
ʱڿļģϹ˵һܺõᡣ
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ôһ仰𣿷ǵֵ֧ǾҪԣǵ˷ԵǾҪ֧֡
ȻʲôǴӶģǾ;Բš
ٹڵĴ󲿷ϰնôģټ϶ʱı߾ͻз϶͹˵ȵصһЩֲϮȻйĳ̶ֳϱϾҲһʱҡʱҡ
ʱҡ
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̶̵һʱڿʮ˵϶
⻹Ƕڱ߾ܷ
˵ʵַҲǺܣΪĹڿߵ߾ʱȻڱ߾ĶӵõһڿԽ߾Ķ**ѡӶ˵ףϾսǰҲǵˡЩӵ϶ڿ˶˵׾ôӣʮ񵱵zhngfͰҲ޷޶ԣο϶вٵľȥǶˣеһЩڿǱ߻еմ״ʲôģЩ޷ȡϹ˵ȻͨǱʽͧǱںѾȡ˲ٵӰϣʵ֤ϾǸһЩοЩ֤˻ʮ֮࡭ҲȷϹһڹڷһۺŸֿйڿϣԭ໹㽵ˣһȫָˡ
˵ףȻĿǰĹzhngfȻŸȱݣȴûзһμģûڵڿһʬڶˣԹzhngfʱȻЩߣҲû浽ܽһ඼ڹڣڿй¡
Եһº󣬶ҲЦӭйԮˡ
˵ףйԮȷǽ˶˵Ĳ⣬Ͼ˹ֺ󣬶zhngfѾ޷̫ʳڿȥֲµĹ¹zhngf֧ȴԵôʱҲ£ȻȻ˴˵šΪzhngfûиİգЩʳġ
ټʱͨѶֶλԲٵڿΪʳǶzhngfġ
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֪й˻᲻û١
˵ЩжzhngfѾȽ׽ˣǵ귢˹ֻǲǣһ߳ſȥ˹һ
ô˵ʱйԸվṩһȽϺõ飬ܱվ¹ǱҪõĶ࡭
˹ֵԣһ˿ڵ
˿ڣ˹ֵͷ
ȷ
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ʵ˹ҲôǹϾй͵¹zhngfĹϵȽй϶ľŵ¹һϲһܵ顣
й˵ı̬˹һ
֪йλʲô
ô˵ţ˹ƿһš
ʮ¸һܵ飬ʹ˹ֶйǹzhngfûʲô̫ĺøУzhngfβϱȽҲһ
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Ȼ˹ڲ̫йҲȷȽҪй֧֣ǵϹ᲻ӶҪЩʲôϣʲôȽѰ顭
ȻЩ˹ϵǣϹⲢûʲô̵û˹вӦͺ͵¹һơڿķֹĿǸйפʹҡһΪϹʹ⽻٣ڼ˹ֺֻѯ˹ʲôҪǰġ
û£Ū˹ֺߵĶ˶Щţ⻹ӡϲûٵй
ûǵľȣֻ΢Цŵ
Ϥ¹ԹԺҹzhngfҹѯһ£ʲôҪҹĵط𣿡
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Ϊս۵ĹУϷʧ˾󲿷ֵĻװҲֻﱻĵŵ¹Χ˹ֲ˽һ㣬Ϊʱǰߵսʵ̫ˣҪ˵ǴĪ˹Ƶ˹ˣǰߵЩָӹҲδ
˹ֻԼҪ󡭵ȻЩҪǮġ
ϾϿûѵͣοĻƽҲǺܷḻİٶʮ
йͶı߾ϣǧæµĴӵ·ԵĿϣϵľСİһԣЩϵ˾͸͵ĹʿԹš
ˡ
һеһ˾ڵϵͷ
˾ԵˣҲһӡ
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ܵӰ죬ڱ߾סİգԹһߵĹȻҲͱһֵ⡣Щ˻Ĺˣпſ˾סڹ߸ģȻҲͺѶԶԷʲôøС
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ડ
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ͺͺһĹҲսϯ磬ӢںϿķܿӰ
ŶҲΪйڶͻһԱҲ鲼ȫ硭

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ûãװ׳˵ߣȵװ׳ĳŴ򿪺ļ**˰һƱĶ
ȵ⼸**˽СİڵϺǸͷĶߵԣȻһһĽ򿪡
ȵ˽밴ȷ˳󣬺ܿ챣ͱˡ
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˵1938ǰĻǿɳΪʢ38ȴѾǲ۲۵ˡ
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ֻ̰άһʱ䣬ͱθУҪǱԼǸɢˡЩ˾˵Ѻ͵ʿɲܣοлвǿȵĹ絳ˡҪЩƽǱӵĻЩʿϼҲs¶ᱻЩʿˡ
ͻȻãҪǵûͺˡ
̾һΪ׵йǿԼĿӻƽŲȻ˻ʾһǰ
Ǹ˵õʾæӺȻӱȡ˼ƷԹԵ˵ֻǵһϾССһЩҲǺõġ
οëǳûҪǲСЩĻ˵ǻƽٻӡȱ˿ӵĶҡȻӡ˵Ҳֻ˵ǻã˭ϲϲ̰СˣȻֻϲ̰СҲˣӡ˾ȻԸոսĶ侮ʯ
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ԵȵոǸһ֤ƽαͷĶȻsѿǸһЦѾЩŤЦһֱЩ뿪󶼴š
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Ϊյ»ַԼ¹˵˺٣ʹ˹ֵ˵һЩynӰĹϵɣԵ˹ֵЩʱ򣬵һӦһynı
Ϊյ»ַԼĽѵĹϵ˹ֵ˶Ϊй˺пö˷jng裬Ȼڴļ
Ϊı֣ʵǲ˹ǶϹӡ
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ȻѾôˣҲ֪ΪʲôԭϹûѧӾԾͳڵӾҲǳʽ״ģеˮǸģǳˮǸϹͲˮġ
ȻϹҲŸӾȦˮȥֻǸȴǾԲǿģÿϹ׼Ӿʱ˶ɢˡ˵ϹⲻӾϹϲŸӾȦѾˣĿŸӾȦʼǼŤİٶʮóʲôʱ
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ڳеһһѾʧȥԴֱȴͬһŮ
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οô˵ҲʱľǿȻ϶ҲͬйҲһǻƽʲôĴвٵġ

ʷϣȡʤǶϹǵú
ȴһЩ仯ڱйȥ˰롢ɡǡ϶͸߼ȵȥ󣬶ʵѾ⵽صһʱڵĵ¹ʵϺʷһǿҺпܻҪʤһ
йѾնսĻռ˷ӸգҲν˹ָպ󣬵¹ûл˹ָ⵽ʷһĲҰܣйռ߼϶ҲԺ׵Ľʯ۸¹
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˵϶ϲ¹й͵¹ͻĻδزּˡʱҲҪЩʲôֻҪڱԵ¹ṩԴϵİͿԱ߹ۿй͵¹ƴһˡ
ο˵¹⣬Ա߻һҰĵr
ͺͶԵ¹һrҲͬкøУ
Ȼһʱڵйr⽻ϵϺѺãϹrһԸµĹңֻҪôһ˿Ļᣬr˶취²ȵйͷȥǱrڲļѾǵһδѶϢˡ
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ʰrǰϹҪһ¹źר־ȥʰr
Ȼǵǰõѡ
ڷڶڵһУȻΪսĹϵ󲿷ڶڵľֳԱѾΪȫˣǻһСֵľֳԱǱڶڣЩ˶Ϲ˲ٵѶϢȻҲ˵¹ڶµһС
˵ЩϽֻ˵¹ڶһС顣ϹȻڶЩʲôҪ֪ʷϵĵڶսжɱйҪ࡭
ԣڵ¹һеʱмʮ޷ָϵˡȻ¹ʷһлڸĵĻ˵ˡ
ǻɣϹӴ˶ԶԴȡ
㲻ȱװû⣬ȱʲôֻҪھС
ȱǹǹ̹ˡɻֻҪ㿪ҶܸŪ
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ڳ۸˹ֵϣϹ⿪һ൱ĵļ۸
۸ƽʱĻ˹ǾԲܽܵģȻʱ
˹ԮҲ޷ñйٶ׼˹װ԰˹ǰľֻһ·Ǿй
ԣϹ⿪ļ۸ٺģ˹Ҳֻűˡ
Ȼ˵ͬʱôŰƽ¹˺ڱͲҪڶ˵ˡ

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ڰֵĵָڣŭϣһˤ˼豭
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Ͼڶûһֿ֧ܵ˵¹˵ĹơĪ˹һ֧ӣѾֻʣ²һٹ·ˡ
һоͺϣ˵ⶰѾ׵ĸˣֻʣһţܽⶰĴһ
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ڡͰƻĲսӣϵĪ˹Ƶȵصķƽʱǰߴ˶˵ֿǿϢ
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ȻϹ˹ֵĶһЩֻΪʱִӱѾˡ
ǶֻҲxngܼõĶֻ
Щֻڶ˵¹˲ٵ鷳ֻ˵ļսˮƽϾ̫ͣٺõװڵ¹Ҳ޷ӳӦеʵο¹˵װˮƽҲ
ȻִСͰսʱ򡣵¹װĴ඼Ƕšźĺʲôġ
ô˵Ϲֶ֧̬ȡǼŭϣա
ΪϣտȻѾֵ֧¹ˣͲӦֶֶ֧֧͵ڱ
ԪףѾͬй˽йˣйֻͨҵ
Ʊ磬ȫǽƱ磡ϣŵ˵һԵĸˡʲô취ܸйһѵ𣿣

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ȵ뿪󣬿ǽϹŵĶͼϣҧгݵĵ
йˣһȺСˣһҪǸۣ

ϣǱҧгݣԶbijngϹȴһоûСҲ˵һоûСڵϹ;úˬΪǶӢǶԵ¹rͶľУ͹zhngf׬˸硭
Ҫ֪ǶӢ¹rǶ˵йһɻȱҪڣй⼸ҳ۵ʣܹսȥҪ
ʣµάϣһЩңҲй˴װѾռһֵİĴǣҲй´˶
ܵȻ⼸ҶǿŴйװܽսȥǿ⼸ûһҶйнϺõӡ
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rrѾΪйѹեúܿˣrͰĴǵĿr˵Ǽ˷ܣrռصĲr⽻ϹǰʱҲֱͦ˲١
ǰãrһ֧ʮ˵Ĳӣ̩ӶӢһֻҪӢĲôһӡˡ
Ϲ⵽ûһӢ˴ӡߣϾӢҪԿ¹ĻҪӡȵİģûӡȵĻӢܼܲȥҲǼ˵顭
Ϲֻӡռ¼طһ۽ЩʲôϹⶼ㹻ĻȨ
Ҳ˵ˣ֪ڵĺˮûкô
ĳЩϣںӡƺÿһʮ˽ԼййȥʬʲôҲ˾ռߵĶȻ
ССӡˣںˢϴ衢ںϴ·
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r⣬Ӣ͵¹ôҲЩҵףôթˬŹء
˵ǾǲܳᣬʧʲôҪ
ͳĻζ˱һʱҵֵϿ쳤ʱڰһŶϹ˵
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޴ĸײϵĶԼƺڵʱӰӡ
ܣܿôģһǴ
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ܵģԲܵġô˵ţһԱߵװֵt-4һ4ԱǼְֵģҲѹôԾ
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װֻûʼװʱ򣬳Ѿʼ׼ԶʻĹԵȵװװúѾ׼Ŀĳæ𣬽76ڵshĿꡣ
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˵һλֻǴɵĻô˻֤Щʲôˡ
t-4ĳԱﲻ֪ʱϵƺҲע⵽˷飬t-4׷׽ڿڶ׼ʻĹϵĲҲ̹׼á
ȻƬУ̹ȴȻ̩ɽƽţƺи̹ڸš
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ʻ̹ͣһº׼һt-4
ھ̹׵ƿt-4ĳԱǵȫ
ڸոյĳûзӦʱʻ̹Ѿ׼һt-4ֻתۼ䡣벻ʮ׵t-4ѾһŻ
ڸô졭
ƺҪڿڶ׼Լ̹ˣҧ
ʱʵҲ̹˻xngǺܺãһ·ϵʻٶȶٿ϶Լt-4Ĳᣬ̹˵֪
ƵĻõİ취t-4Ļxngƶ̹˵ȥ̹ڼ̣̾ҲǾûסt-476ڵġڳˡ
ȻʱĶھսڵʧװѾʣ࣬Ī˹ƸװײӸǽеļ֧ڶҲռƣʱĳȥҲֻѰ·ѡ
Ҫ֪ھ̹˿ɲ㸽ļt-4ȫȥҲֻ˼Ұο滹żźĺš
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ֻڲĻҲûٳˡ
ϵĶ˿ʼеЩʱ򣬶̹ĵ¹ʻԱȴЦ̹˵ĳ̽˲ոձеװףװϳ˼sĻʲôûС
սڣǵ¹ִСͰսڼ䣬󲿷ֵװײװĶǶšźĺ̹ˡ˵Щ̹˲˵ǳĺ⣬źȴҲ̸Ϻõȥ
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ǩӢͨĽȵķʽйװӢȱķɻ͸shڡ
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Ҳ£92һв˹?ɭְҵʦһ˵ķҲ˳ӢĿеӢۡɭӢϲԼרҵڣĬĬţҲܿ˵İйءȤǹѧѧͿѧڵʱŷ޶Ƿǳŵİáɭҵʱռʯnһλ鼫ǵĻʯˡ
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һȣѾ޶Ĺ˵ǲܽܵġ
ڵͲĺԣϣʱĺͬʱҲںڲӰܹϹԣ̨һµĺƻʱȴװšȻҲȫװ٣ϾйҲһңǹȥôҲһϿҲûĸȫž顱ֵġ
ԾЩĺʧ뿪ʱߵļ߲ȴЦŶǵ
ڵȵȣоϲġ
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ս۽󣬡ؼĸػϺܻܿһϴʧʱȫɡ貨ػв䣬Ҳ貨Ϊʲô˶ػҪԭ
ںĶλС貨ǺսͬʱҲǺĸӵ֧ԮͲػ豸ĸвİʮɽ
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ΪӵĺĽ貨͡ؼϲдػΪҪͬʱĸдĸshڵȷջǹ
30mmھġֻܼڡڡ貨ĸĽϸһװ˰ؼҲװ
֮⻹д120mmھĸshڣʤ12.7mmָܼshǹڡ
ΪĽӺģĽġrսнڸװɸսн󣬽ͽӵֻһΪĸӡı֤Ӻĸİȫ
սʱսнȽֻڡĸӡΧγһоĽغձҪвĸӡȾҪͻЩɵķջ
˳һᣬЩҲװС30mmֻܼڡֻЩսнսѲҪЩѲѲҪһЩʲôġ
ݺͿվĲԣ30mmܼڡڼӱ˺һսըҪͻɵķջκε˶ҪĴۡ
ֻڡ󣬵ǵҩҲ󣬺ڵĵҩȻ࣬Źһսǹġ

Ŷ𣿡
ڡۡr˵̬ȶЩţrԳϽΪһӣŵ̬ȣ˹Ĳ
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ΪһŻܣλΣͬʱĹڸýĽڼ߳һ
ֹǵͺϣյķʩҲͬܡ
ϣÿ춼дѲߣڵ״վա
ΪˣrҲһ͸۹ɻȡ鱨ֻÿηɻɵ촬ĸʱõ״վָľѾҽr˼ʻĹ۹ɻȽľû
ڹ۹ɻ棬ֲ˴˳۵Ƭ
һrðżķգ˾أɵ촬ϿǸе𺳵Һĸֻϧ׼ֱӷɻسʵʱǾܲܽҪվľմ򱬣һ
Ĳ˵ֻǡ貨ֱܲȣ͹r˹ĵˡ
οr˵õ鱨ؼĸͺĸ貨ĸǴͺĸҪ֪ؼˮѾﵽ34000֣ˮǴﵽ43000֣r۵κһҺĸҪػϸǳһߡ
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ΪսȺҪؼĽҪԶ貨ĸࡣĿǰΪֹϹĴƶͺǿҪѾ׼ĺɡޡ޸Ͳ׺ʮйɽͺĸ
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ɽʮһ˽zhngfµĺĸƻȻĻǻеɣҲһϾʱ˹ĽƻѾ׼
˹ҪԼ˳ǼĲ㡣Լ˳Ǽ1933꿪ʼ죬Ͽɴ90ܷɻ1939꣬F4FTBDʽɻĴСװԶʤǰʹԼ˳Ǽػ½81ܣս𡣶ʽɻҵҪ⡢мװ塢ӴshArrestinggear̨ǿͬʱҪʽĸǿջͬʱָ١ɭȨ20,000λԼƵ23,000־Ӧá
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Żƽһɵ˵ı飬һԵЦŵ
ຽĸĳȻ200׵ʱӵ331׳Ⱥ86׿ȵ貨źĸһ𺳵Ĵڡ
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˵ؼͲӣϾϴ˻ǱȽ϶ģЩ˶貨ôͳɱ޷γһϴֻؼģxng۱ȴﵽһ߶ȵͺĸпܡ
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ʵϳƽһ⣬йҵ⽻ٶھţǼֱ޷й˾ȻܽôһҴͺĸôá
Ȼ⵹˵Ӣȹ鱨ǾҷϾ˳۵Ķʵ̫ˣ촬һѾʱȫλķʽĶ˺ӢϹҲġ
ֻʱؼΪڻӢ鱨Ϊ˳۽ؼĿҲеؼϣȻȻҲͺ貨ĴڡʵҲǣϾӵ40000ˮؼѾʱһҺĸҪrĴͼװŨŻҪһЩȻָĲˮǼװ峤ȺͿʲôġ˳һᣬŨŵļװ峤Ϊ266ףΪ36.3ףؼļװ峤Ϊ275ףΪ45ףϾŨսнװģרΪĸƵġؼĺĸǰӢ˺ô뵽й˻貨Ĺأ
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83000֡
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貨ʱ𾪵ͬʱҲڵһʱͷӳǾһֱҪ֪貨ѹй˵Ϊôں÷ɻкĵʱ򣬾Ȼɷɻĵķɻ
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ȻҲֻǴ֣Ҳڲ²貨ؼľݣǵԱҲЯ㡪ֳ⣬ߴڣʲôĶģϾѾǹĶˡôӴĽ壬װһʮܷɻɡ
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һȴԶԶġµĺĸƻҲ֪ܲü
˵ȥһˣںҲһˣڽս״̬⵽ϮҲȥϺȵģǰøողŵõ׼ʮҰ˹ĸ֤
ֻ˹ϾǰѾƺãѾģҪһͺ貨һǳ貨ĺĸҪķ൱ʱ䣬ʱҲһĶ࡭ڣۺ̫ƽ󽢶Ѿȫû󽢶ִʵҲǺܶ࣬׼µĺĸƻüҪֱ֪ڣ˿ɶڵr˵½ء
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װ峤Ȳ227.4ףҲֻ27׶ѡڽػ65ܣΪݲôĹϵ11Ҫڷڼװϡ˵ĿǰrҪʷϺ࣬Ѿ뵺rҲϵ׼
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ڹzhngf̨µĺĸƻغ촬ҲһƬæСæĲֻ˳ȵصĴ촬h³̨ĺĸȷЩطģǲҪ˺ĸԳǼΣյ飬ں滹ˮ¶ҪһĻӡ
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ĲᣬʷϵĻڿսʱνҪ˾ˣҪǮǮ
ǺνˣϹǾԲģʱĻˡ
ԣrʼ԰ĴǵļҪչƺϹⶣάҪr̸̸ȷĴǻ˵ȫ˵rĹϵ㲻r޲ҲģټڵİĴս״̬Ҫϼٸˣ΢һ»ڲȥ
ʵڲо˵˵ģҲû취
ܺܶ˲ںĴһȽصĹңصİںһһɱ˴ȻԸjng˵ֻǸrˡĻ
ȣȻǷɱ˻rˣһȽˬ飬ҲԿĳĴǵˡ
ΪʲôͰ̸ĻǸ㣬ԴҪۺ顣
Ƚ֪rһӲ壬ͬʱҲһʮֿĹңʱŽŲļӴֲǳɱļӴ
ȻڶͰĴչƣҪйϴֵ֧ԵʣֲǱȽƵģϹǰʱˡ
Ȼۺ󣬻Ϊ۵ʤr˱ÿ࣬Ҫ˵ˣϹǰҲˡҲʹùzhngfڵĲ˶r÷࣬ȣϹⱾ˶r˷һЩôĻr˷ǰ˲ٵæ
ҲԭڹάʱϹŻ׼Ҳһֶrɡ
ʵϣпվԼǰĽֻһ⽻ͬʱְ̬Լ˵ʱ򣬰ҲȷеһС
Ϊһ⽻ٲֻͬһ⽻٣ôзɳ޿ɺǣǰȴǡȴιrڸ󳼣Ҳrࡣ
Уιr½󽫣36ڸ󳼡½ѧҵβı񲿳½ʡֳι١½󳼡ʦųʮ̨˾٣193219r²١ְܶ
rϵʮֽҪڰ󣬶ӢŻפʹְλġΪιrԵʣڹȥз԰ҲΪѺã
쵰
źϰı飬
ͺ͹άһеȷһֱĸоԵĻҲԻ취ɵǰԼļһȻܡ
ΪrҪй֧֣ȻĻƾrԶ԰ĴչԣϾrʵ̫ԶˣȺĿǰΪֹֻһЩԭϣ޷֧ڰĴǵrս
Ҫ֪ĴǿһõطһĴ½ҷԱȻĴǵĴ󲿷ֹԼ70%ڸɺɺشв󲿷ֵʺϾסڰĴǵ11ɳĮԼռ½20%
غشرǶغشھס֡ˮԴḻط֡Ϻ⣬غشγһƴ½ġ̴̴ҡ
ҰĴǵȻԴΪḻԴ70֡Уλռܴ35%ĴʯǦƽʯúﮡ̿ʯˡпȵĲҲǰСͬʱںĴǻúǦʯпjngڹڶʯ˿ڹͻƽڹ̽оÿɼֵĿ̲Լ31ڶ֣ɰ153ڶ֣ú5110ڶ֣ú4110ڶ֣Ǧ1720֣900֣40600֣18000֣п3400֣61֣ƽ4404֡ԭʹ2400ڹȻ13600ףҺʯ1740ڹɭָռ20%ȻɭԼ1.55ڹ֮꣨Ϊò122ꡣ
Դḻһ½κһҶᴹyεģοƬ½ֻ700򣬶սΪԭֻʣ²߰ϡٵ˿ʹƬ½ͳΡ
ԣ˵ڹάͺ̬ȥ԰ˣǵ泯еĭ°ҲǿЦݽ
ʵϣҲȷôġ
ģҹһȫ֤ڰĴǵİȫ
ȻЩ࣬ҷǳѿЦݣл΢Цŵ
û취Ĵǵջ⣬һԭ貨źغŵˮrٴĲࡣǰʱΪʲôrô񣿲Ϊ۵սΪԼѾйһȻ貨źغŵˮȴף۵ľǻֵļΪĲȴǾ޴ģ׷ֲ࣬ǾҪܵıֳԼǫȵ°Ĵǲͳ˵
Ȼ
Щ͵ĿŰеs΢Цŵ
Һҹzhngfᾡܵȥڴ
ŰзsԵĻһġ
ԼǸȴܿɰĶһ
Ĵ˱ϾǱټӢ˰æԵrϤʱĴ˾Ѿжϳr˺ܻܿƵȹ
Ժ󣬰ĴͨĳЩõ鱨Ҳ֤ʵһ㣬Ǿr˸ոתľûãĴzhngfѾȫǨƵīȥû취ȻǸĳУϾտأҰĴzhngfıҲ̫ˣ
īתƣҪΪнǿͬʱr˵ΧҲȽԶϤǰr˻ī
֮ȥϤĻr˷ӱĽйǸʱĴzhngf¾ҪϤһˡ
˾󣬰ĴzhngfĶǺľѾȫǨ׼ȻҲͿ˿ڽйأϾֻһֻһ˵СͳжѣټϿī·ΪͨߣҪһȫ˵īȥʵǼ׵飬ҲǰĴzhngfǨһҪԭ
ʵѧϰһӡ˵Ļ˵гܰѿȫ˿ڶŪȥīˣһҲżٹľѡ
ĴzhngfȻҪ϶ʱתƣϾڿ˵صľ⣬ĺͻļͬҪתơ
ҲΪԭ򣬰ĴzhngfפڿһŽͬʱɳ˲ٵλӣ;·ȫը٣ܵrǰٶȡ
λһ·ϵȷǸr˲鷳ЩըٵærĹ
ںСϵľܹ˵ԵʣrҲûץ򵼡
ڣϴ·Ǻܶģڲ˹ʱr˸ҵԸ򵼵Ĵ·һ·ϵҲǳͨ衣
ֻȫƻҪȥޣ⻹ʱʱֵλӵĹϵһ·rñȽϱ
ֹ²ľٺʿñָӹҲһ·Щ𡣼Ȼôʲô취»ָʿأȻչˡ
ԡ
ƽһͽˡ
һǶӳļһһЦݵߵʿ
ǸƽʿȻһ˹˹ĵӣ˿ȴӳĻֻǵͷװϴ̵ʽǹǸ˵İĴʿȥ

һ̽ĴʿĶӣƽﲻͣĺţֺͲҽеİĴʿһһ¡
ڽ̵̽ȥƽһߺһ߽ѾĴ̵
ǸĴʿȻҪȴǸ޷ӣΪƽ̵ʱһԵļrʿѾİס޷ܸ޷
ŻѪȴȻںеƽǸѾ͸˵İĴʿӳĵ˵ͷ

ԭƽոյĶʱ̫ųھϸѾĳΪһˡ
ߣһȥ
ǣ
ĴʿǵһҲһΨһһ
˵r½ǰzhngfѾʼתƹͬʱסڿľҲ඼תƵīȥǱϾҲһ־ԸڿһУЩ˰ĴzhngfҲ޷ǿȡ
֮⣬ڿҲסһЩ
ʱЩûб֪֪ͨͨȴû⣬Щûг롣
Ȼ
Щ񣬺͵ʱİĴǲбһ𣬱r˹ؽ˼ӪС
ǿ𡭡
뿰ģͬʱҲȫСһ׶УָӽrЦŵ
һΪ׶ȫ½ɵĳУԿȷһĳСھйʽ󣬿żΪֻм˵ģлвǴܱߵǿȹİĴˣЦЦ
ߣȥЩĵհɡ
ҲЩһôǾһЩxngƬr԰ĴǵĺƽͳΣͬʱҲΪ˵Ĵ˵ĵֿjng񡣶һУӺࡰrĳƬr˵̬ȣܿЧһЩġ

õ󣬼ĴǴ·ߵһԣЩĴǾ
һסˣһҪϵЦݳ㡭
ǼİĴǴ·ĻټһһЩĴæ¶ЦݣİĴȴó޵Ŀ⿴ŷ룬Ȼ˿rеĴ̵ЩĴ˻ҡеr͡ĴzhngfĹ졭
ܺãЦĸһЩ
ͷ׼ЩĴ˺ӰʦЦŸһԷæӰʦĻȥ
ĻǼٸĴϵЦݸӲãȻеrͰĴǹҲӶĸ
߸㶨ˣǱߵrһ֣һrʿĲ˹ȥ
ȶ鵽λúӰʦ˿š
ꡱ
ˣûʲôˣɡ
ǵİʮϤս

rָӹô˵һ·˶䡣
Ȼ˵仰ָӹپҲû˵ˣߴ·ҲҪæŹȻЩ棬·ǼæԼĹ

νĴźܶ˶˵ҲrĴͳ˰ɡ
ʵԵʱrѾʼСˡ
ʱһȫڰ˵ʱrҲͱȽϡԽϣǺӡЩطİˣֻҪؽӪˣϾͲҪų
Щ˸Ů
һЩĻܳΪָӹһרƷһ֡
žͺʹӹڻеοһڷsԭЩ˸Ů˷ҪһЩϾϡΪ
ͺĿܲһοrڵڶսеjŮͱǿΪrṩxngŮxng󲿷ο޵˵й̨塢ʰ뵺ͶǵȵأȻҲвٵİ˸Ůڡ
Ƕ¬ֺǵһοİŮxngڣ꣬ҲǶδս֮
ͣצ۵Ǻ˵ֳءʱǶ¬ֺ׾;סļͥڵᣬһС㣬ʱУйܼңȻҲдС浽Ѿߡ
1942꣬Ҳ17ʱ򣬻s׵rռצ۵ĸסԼǧŮͯһ𱻹صߵļӪΪrţֳߣӦƷ
Ƕ19꣬⣹ƯŮһȫǴŮǿƴrjԺοԼļʧȥϵr˳ΪߺݡΪr˵ο͸ǿ
ǶŮÿҪһxng顣ҽʱ򣬷ĴŶţrͿԿĸλڽܼ顣һΣҽΪǶʱǶ˵㿴֪ǲġĹϵ߲㱨﷢һУǱȵġҽЦΪǿjinӴԺÿҽ鶼ǿjin
Ƕѯ˺һο֣Լǩ񣬲Ϊһ֤Ƕڵοжȹˣº󣬺ֱתƵһͨкһ⣱Ů
οԺʵĸ׽ԼһС˾§ʹ޵ĸ˵ǧҪκ˵Щ¡ҲӦ
սӢ**Ӹ𱣻ǵļӪ⵽ؿֲӵϮǶסļӪһλʦǶʦڲԼǳ뵱Ůʦܾ
ɴ˿ɼʱ⵽ĲֻڻŮxngŮxngҲͬˡ
ʱйԴأrȻҪĵطȥʷϻЩŮxngˣȴûһѵ˵ġ
Ůxng⣬²İxngҲͬڽһЩΣͶĹ˵͹zhngfȡװʵԴһС־ЩxngṩġϾ˿ڻ١
Щ˽ϾзjngǱȵصĶǿЩ˷²Ҳߵġ
ڹr˵ʮ˷²ڹ˲˹ָǵ˰ٶ򡪡Ҫ֪ڲ˹ɾʮ˿ڡ
Ȼ϶ûϤī࣬ϾǰĴһĳУ˹ֻǵС
ȺϣrҲɱ
ôǧٹ֣ûһġ
ϾһrıܴʩķǳܣֱҲû֪r󾿾Щʲô˵֪Ҳû֤ݡ
Ȼֳ⣬ֻЩ׼ڹzhngfrzhngfóģһֱڹzhngfǱֳĬġ

ڽ벼˹ʱrҲй֯ɱֻ˹ϾһСУrҲû̫ȻڿڶһӻԵʣԣ֯ɱʼˡ
ȣֻһЩ߻rеִˣ˺ͿʼдģǣڹռǰݹĴ˲ɱ
ڡ
뵽źöӣ
ʮĴ쵽һ㳡һrЦеĵ
飬ǱȽ׵
ЩŷİĴˣȻ֪ô£ǵȵǵ̳ҲǸνĹ㳡󣬿ΧrʿǼĻǹԼ̳ϵǵѪȴ˹
Ҫ
һӴĺû꣬ԱߵһrѾһǹнҵڵء
ʱԱߵrҲոֱָʹrʿѺ̳ȥ
ͽˡ
ȷҪԼ˺󣬷һԵһЦŵ
Ҳ˵ͷ
ʱЩĴѾϵ˹㳡һǽǰǽѱѪȾطһƬںs
ʼ
ִӾٵĿ³׼ʱĻǹߵ˰

ڿ鲢û֪ͺͷһͺrһҲȷ˺ܴӰ죬ϾĴҲͬ˹ҪһԱ
ҺЩСͬĴǿΨһռһ½ĹңλǰСȻΪ˿ڵĹϵʹҵʵǺǿǰĴǵȻ˺ܴĿֻš
Ȼ˻ǺϤī׶ϻЭĲѣȻ˱ϾģֻĴǵ׶ˣȴһֻʮ˿ڵ׶ĵλδؾͱЩһٶ˵ĳҪ
һҪ
ͺ˵һĴǲԱԴḻ
˵Ϊ70%ڸɺɺĹϵʹðĴǲʺϴģĸ֡rռЩȺȴǺʺϸֵĵ
ҲˣĴǵȱr˵ҲͲνȱˡǰĴǱԴrʮֵ
ڹ˿rҲ½ìͷתϤᡣ
r˵ҪĿϤᣬֻҪܹϤᣬôΪĴ׶īҲ㲻ʲôˡ
ڹ˿rڿһʦŵıǸץİĴˡ
ϲֱ̲ռصйͬrû㹻˿̲ռҲֻѡֿzhngfľٴ롣
ȻrڿһСģɱɱȴҪԼֵĿzhngfṩһĹ񡣱Ͼֻ㹻ĹzhngfܿһЩ
һεĻܳɹɡ
ںСɹʱɵͷϣɽ¿̾һ
ڲǰŸոմӶϤĹҴҲǴսУɽ³ΪСӵСӳСӵСӳΪжӳ
жӳѾˡ
ǴεսۣµɽȻӡ̣Ͼ˹ģĳйսǶr˵ҲʷĵһΡ
ǴιսУϤĸۿдڵĹϵrսнͽͧ޷ϤᣬϤдģĺ
ûа취£rֻܽͶŵϤ᲻Զһ½㣬ΪûаĴ˵İڣr˲ҪԼĽӻܵв
Ҳû취飬ΪͰڶԺʱ򣬳ԿԶǾһսнҲһ
ȻǺĸĻƿܾͲһˡ
ϤŴĸshڣr˿ɲ뽫޵ĽػͷԱϤᡣοǻҪ˵ᣬܵռ̫ƽ죬ΪrγһȦ
Ǵ½㣬ɽһвû⵽ĹϵɽһежǱȽ˳ġȻȵе˶ϤĹսʱȴʧˡ
Ϥᣬڸۿ㹻İڣڳڰĴҲ˴ػ
ЩȻrΪйڸĽʹǳ¾ɵ½Ҳʼʿƴ̵ʲôģǻڱĹҵΪάǰӴ󺣾r½װֻ˵ʷҪãȴ˵ʱĸ½ǿȡ
Ĵˣ
սҪյĴǱʱ򣬰Ĵ˾ѾַͨʽйҪװӢҲ֧ԮһǴйģȻйתĴǵġ
ڰĴдػװĹϵԶ԰ĴǷƵr⵽ӭͷʹǵһrͼʧһӵı
Ӷϰ뵺ƺr˼ûӲ̡
ҲϽսr̫˳ԭڵһʧrûмҳʧԭ򣬶֯һºͼæ˵ڶ
ҲڵڶУɽµĲʧȥжӳ
ҲǴνУɽ³ΪԼСӵСӳ
սǵ˽ɽ˵Ҳһجһ㣬˴ԶЩĴshĵҩϵµͬ顭
˵ʵڵģս̫ͬĻ»ֲɽСӳ
ȻҲǳսʹɽ³׵Ŀ־
Ժļսrûռ˵ĹϵrָӲϾתĿ꣬Ҳʹɽһڡ
Ҫȥ𡭡
վͷϣǱŶӵŵǴʿɽ̾˿
վˣһ͵ˡ
ɽվͷϣָԼĲµʱ򣬲Զһ˱ļװϼٽľҲš
˵˳𡭡
վڼװϣʮʦŵʦųҰһɿڵ
ʮʦŵͨǣ
ʷϵ3236ʦŶΪάйռصΰjng±ɵġ37ű֮ڻĵ1µ20ʦŵʡϲjng񡣺ΰʦһ1939֮ڸؽɨַս
̫ƽսڣ37ʦɽʡפ͡19442£37ʦŽɽʡפؽǰĵ69ʦţμ˴½ͨսһս
3ĩ37ʦű12ɽӢ̫нΪͨӱƽڵ·ߣ12˾ս7Ѯ37ʦű11ɽн²μԥսۡʦڹ֡ݡȵշתսս۽ûлػ±ӡ֧פ;ñΪ38פӡ֧ǡ
19454£Ӫ׼37ʦͶ뵽սϣʦڽ̩һֱȻͻȻ뵺ǰ뵺;УrͶˡ
ʮʦŵıʱΪ193927rɵΪףΪܱ
սͶʱڵأȣ̩Ͷʱӣ38
ӣͶʱ225ܱ226ǣ227¹
Ȼʱʮʦȴr׼õģרΪ¹Զ׼ġȻʮʦſ϶޷ЩֺŵʦȵģϾЩɶļʦţҰһɵĶҲֻӢкڶǵֳزӣһ·ϵʮʦŶıȽ˳֣ΨϤʱ򣬵ʮʦŵʧС
˭֪ء
ҰһôʣԱߵһʦųЦһµ
κϴһҲʲôƻûС
ǰһٽٵҲû취£ϾϤҲֻܿӲļûõġ
ô˵Ұһɺ˶˵ͷ
ںսҲѪȵսڸᣬʧֱľˡʱνĳսֻȺѪȡ
Ҫ֪ںձսսۣǼΪѪȵġ
ҲΪָӹٲŻôսΪڳսֻһĺͶᣬͨѪȵķʽ
˵ֹϵĻ˵΢ǿһЩĻ
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ڼ߼̸ϤʱһɽµСѾ˱
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˵Ϊ̫ƽ󽢶ȫûĹϵѾ޷ںr̫ƽĿȨٶʱûа취ˣⲢﲢûдڸС
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ȻڼϣrƲŶˮƽǼʮһrоʹrõ˷Ǳרҵĳƺš
Ȼ˵ǱͧxngҲ㲻ʹǱͧ沢¹ô̫ƽͰĴǸ˵ʧǱȽϴġ
һʱ䣬Ǳͧʧ϶ĹϵѾٳֻֽϮ¼ˣϾҪһ·εĴҲҪܳʱġrȻʮֽƽʱĴֻҲлֻ

ʱҡ
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ȷȻϤᷢνʧˣr˻ڵ½㸽һءĴȻΪжȴΪֻرĹϵĿԼƤӵ¡
Ȼɽȴҡҡͷ
ȻЩĴǰǵĻûа취ڻظȴвٵλӳûивٵľѻִţǻŻؼҵĻʲôһҪҡ
ڶϤĹʧܺɽҲڻͣһʱ䣬ȴŲӵҲԸİĴλ̵ӡ
ɽµĻе˵˵ͷеȴһΪȻӣЩɽҲûʲô취ϾԽǿȣԽпĵִ
Ҫ֪rУr½¿ϿǺձһɽ̫˵Ļսϱ˺ǹҲǲܵ顣
ɽҲֻһ£Ҳû˵Щʲôˡ
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ڣڵִĽеʮʦһʦţʣµʦŶںϣҰһɱԼͬŵִ˵
ڶϤսǼҪ£Ҳں½ˣֻǺ̵ܶʱ䣬Ѿսʦȫ˵Ϥḽ
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ֻҪϤᣬīǽĴǶˡ
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һһСȴʮǿ׳ľٽеľһҲͷͬ
Ϥɲô״ġ
ҰһɵͷԴˡ
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Ұһô˵Ǹгȴľæ
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˵ڶ죬ھ˼Щ;rҲѾָĲˡ
ԶϤᣬҰһҲһ
ϤᣬĴĳУھһϵеսҺѾҪһˡԭеһٶ˿ڣھʱı仯Ҳֻʣ˾ʮӡ
ȻϤȻǰĴǵһĳС
ҲΪԭϤrһϵеĹмʹròĿתΪ
Ȼ죬rȴѾ¶˾ģһҪϤᡣ
ΪֻϤᣬпīֻнϤᡢīпȫ£ĴյС
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Զ˿ԶʮȴѾΪϤ󣬳ҰһɶһԵһٵ
ǣ
Ұһɵ˫һ
һĹ򣬵õڱӾѾʼ
ϴζϤᷢ͹ʱrڱҪװǾʽ150mmҰսں́jiʽ150mmҰսũڡ
ʽ150mmҰսrjngʦŻڱjngҰսڱŵҰսڣҲսڼr½150mmھڣֻjngȼߣshԶrǿ150mmھڡ
ʷϴɱ1943걻Ȼͣ96ʽ150mmҰս1936-1941ɡ
ځjiʽ150mmҰսũҪװrjng񲽱ʦڱӣҰսڱţڱӣdlڱӵԶҰսũڣshԶҵr150mmҰսڵĵ
ֻ918±ʼ㷺йս˾޴ã̫ƽսȡ˱ʵսлֻڵв
1945սۣr889ʽ150mmҰսũڲμսȡ˾޴ɱЧɿнҲǱֻڻ
˵150mmھĻڿھҲСˣǶڹս˵ϾСһЩϴrʧܣڹСҲûйϵϾк̵ܶĹֻнϴھڲпܻ٣ȻĻʷϵ¹ҲᷢչôĴھˡ
ȻںڸԭԴھѾˣͨھĻҲ210mmѣװֿھĹҺ٣Ļ150mm
Ϊܹ˳ϤᣬڶԿƵͬʱrҲrŪһЩʽ240mmڹ
ʽ240mmڴݻٵжҪ;Ĺڣװ貽ʦҰսڱŵĹڱжӣ̫ƽսҲֻܹ͵Ҫ֮սùʷϵйսõĽ϶ࡣ
ʵϾʽ240mmڵĵҲǿһЩҰһɵġϾսϸ£ʼնھϴһȽռš

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ʱһЩrʿͻȻŽһĹ

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ϷĲ״һ߼ûǹʼӿrshһָɸʿЩûߵʿȵİʮ°Ĵ

rָӹô˵һ·˶䡣
Ȼ˵仰ָӹپҲû˵ˣߴ·ҲҪæŹȻЩ棬·ǼæԼĹ

νĴźܶ˶˵ҲrĴͳ˰ɡ
ʵԵʱrѾʼСˡ
ʱһȫڰ˵ʱrҲͱȽϡԽϣǺӡЩطİˣֻҪؽӪˣϾͲҪų
Щ˸Ů
һЩĻܳΪָӹһרƷһ֡žͺʹӹڻеοһڷsԭЩ˸Ů˷ҪһЩϾϡΪ𡭺ͺĿܲһοrڵڶսеjŮͱǿΪrṩxngŮxng󲿷ο޵˵й̨塢ʰ뵺ͶǵȵأȻҲвٵİ˸Ůڡ
Ƕ¬ֺǵһοİŮxngڣ꣬ҲǶδս֮
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Ƕ19꣬⣹ƯŮһȫǴŮǿƴrjԺοԼļʧȥϵr˳ΪߺݡΪr˵ο͸ǿ
ǶŮÿҪһxng顣ҽʱ򣬷ĴŶţrͿԿĸλڽܼ顣һΣҽΪǶʱǶ˵㿴֪ǲġĹϵ߲㱨﷢һУǱȵġҽЦΪǿjinӴԺÿҽ鶼ǿjin
Ƕѯ˺һο֣Լǩ񣬲Ϊһ֤Ƕڵοжȹˣº󣬺ֱתƵһͨкһ⣱Ů
οԺʵĸ׽ԼһС˾§ʹ޵ĸ˵ǧҪκ˵Щ¡ҲӦ
սӢ**Ӹ𱣻ǵļӪ⵽ؿֲӵϮǶסļӪһλʦǶʦڲԼǳ뵱Ůʦܾ
ɴ˿ɼʱ⵽ĲֻڻŮxngŮxngҲͬˡʱйԴأrȻҪĵطȥʷϻЩŮxngˣȴûһѵ˵ġŮxng⣬²İxngҲͬڽһЩΣͶĹ˵͹zhngfȡװʵԴһС־ЩxngṩġϾ˿ڻ١
Щ˽ϾзjngǱȵصĶǿЩ˷²Ҳߵġڹr˵ʮ˷²ڹ˲˹ָǵ˰ٶ򡪡Ҫ֪ڲ˹ɾʮ˿ڡȻ϶ûϤī࣬ϾǰĴһĳУ˹ֻǵС
ȺϣrҲɱôǧٹ֣ûһġ
ϾһrıܴʩķǳܣֱҲû֪r󾿾Щʲô˵֪Ҳû֤ݡȻֳ⣬ֻЩ׼ڹzhngfrzhngfóģһֱڹzhngfǱֳĬġ
ڽ벼˹ʱrҲй֯ɱֻ˹ϾһСУrҲû̫ȻڿڶһӻԵʣԣ֯ɱʼˡȣֻһЩ߻rеִˣ˺ͿʼдģǣڹռǰݹĴ˲ɱڡ
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ʮĴ쵽һ㳡һrЦеĵ
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ϲֱ̲ռصйͬrû㹻˿̲ռҲֻѡֿzhngfľٴ롣
ȻrڿһСģɱɱȴҪԼֵĿzhngfṩһĹ񡣱Ͼֻ㹻ĹzhngfܿһЩһεĻܳɹɡ
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ȻǺĸĻƿܾͲһˡ
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ЩȻrΪйڸĽʹǳ¾ɵ½Ҳʼʿƴ̵ʲôģǻڱĹҵΪάǰӴ󺣾r½װֻ˵ʷҪãȴ˵ʱĸ½ǿȡ
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ڰĴдػװĹϵԶ԰ĴǷƵr⵽ӭͷʹǵһrͼʧһӵıӶϰ뵺ƺr˼ûӲ̡ҲϽսr̫˳ԭڵһʧrûмҳʧԭ򣬶֯һºͼæ˵ڶ
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ҲǴνУɽ³ΪԼСӵСӳ
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̫ƽսڣ37ʦɽʡפ͡19442£37ʦŽɽʡפؽǰĵ69ʦţμ˴½ͨսһս
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19454£Ӫ׼37ʦͶ뵽սϣʦڽ̩һֱȻͻȻ뵺ǰ뵺;УrͶˡ
ʮʦŵıʱΪ193927rɵΪףΪܱ
սͶʱڵأȣ̩Ͷʱӣ38
ӣͶʱ225ܱ226ǣ227¹Ȼʱʮʦȴr׼õģרΪ¹Զ׼ġȻʮʦſ϶޷ЩֺŵʦȵģϾЩɶļʦţҰһɵĶҲֻӢкڶǵֳزӣһ·ϵʮʦŶıȽ˳֣ΨϤʱ򣬵ʮʦŵʧС
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κϴһҲʲôƻûС
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ڶϤĹʧܺɽҲڻͣһʱ䣬ȴŲӵҲԸİĴλ̵ӡ
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ֻҪϤᣬīǽĴǶˡ
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Ϥɲô״ġ
ҰһɵͷԴˡ
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Ұһô˵Ǹгȴľæ


˵ڶ죬ھ˼Щ;rҲѾָĲˡ
ԶϤᣬҰһҲһ
ϤᣬĴĳУھһϵеսҺѾҪһˡԭеһٶ˿ڣھʱı仯Ҳֻʣ˾ʮӡ
ȻϤȻǰĴǵһĳС
ҲΪԭϤrһϵеĹмʹròĿתΪ
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Ұһɵ˫һ
һĹ򣬵õڱӾѾʼ
ϴζϤᷢ͹ʱrڱҪװǾʽ150mmҰսں́jiʽ150mmҰսũڡ
ʽ150mmҰսrjngʦŻڱjngҰսڱŵҰսڣҲսڼr½150mmھڣֻjngȼߣshԶrǿ150mmھڡ
ʷϴɱ1943걻Ȼͣ96ʽ150mmҰս1936-1941ɡ
ځjiʽ150mmҰսũҪװrjng񲽱ʦڱӣҰսڱţڱӣdlڱӵԶҰսũڣshԶҵr150mmҰսڵĵ
ֻ918±ʼ㷺йս˾޴ã̫ƽսȡ˱ʵսлֻڵв
1945սۣr889ʽ150mmҰսũڲμսȡ˾޴ɱЧɿнҲǱֻڻ
˵150mmھĻڿھҲСˣǶڹս˵ϾСһЩϴrʧܣڹСҲûйϵϾк̵ܶĹֻнϴھڲпܻ٣ȻĻʷϵ¹ҲᷢչôĴھˡ
ȻںڸԭԴھѾˣͨھĻҲ210mmѣװֿھĹҺ٣Ļ150mmΪܹ˳ϤᣬڶԿƵͬʱrҲrŪһЩʽ240mmڹ
ʽ240mmڴݻٵжҪ;Ĺڣװ貽ʦҰսڱŵĹڱжӣ̫ƽսҲֻܹ͵Ҫ֮սùʷϵйսõĽ϶ࡣ
ʵϾʽ240mmڵĵҲǿһЩҰһɵġϾսϸ£ʼնھϴһȽռš
ģr˵Ļϴడ
ڵʱļХʱıըһ¹ڣһĴǾŭô˵ʱȭͷһǽڡ
ȻʱɻɵǽڣҲΪڵըĳţٸհȭͷȥȻͱ˻
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ĴǺrǡǡԻಹ㡣
̫ƽսrϽҲѾ̫ƽϵȫ죬ġ̫ƽ󽢶ȫûzhngf̫ƽϲĲȫ˱Ҳ͵ǳһĵط
ʱrѾ̫ƽϵȫ죬¶ȻǲðײãܽزصסǺõġĺrڲҲٴ˹ĺϾĺ󣬶rѾŻˡ
Ȼھ˶ؿǺ󣬶ڸǾܾ顣
ò˵黹Ǻ˵ģϾڹĻܱȵսȫ淢Ҫĺá
ĲһȻҲʵһǧԶȺѡ
ǧľ룬rѾǺԶˣôԶľrܱ֤ĵЧ֧䣬ҲֻΪȽģr˱Ųðײõ̬Żȥɱռ졣
ͬrڵĹ޷֧Ϻ˽սһ㣬rѾ˰ĴҲһ
ΪҪҪӴırͰĴѾǣ̫ˡںڲϵѹҲǺܾ޴ģûrȷռ˸ĵȺͰĴǣԴҲȷǳḻڵrȻӵЩϵԴĹҵʵȴ޷ЩԴתսʡҪýЩԴתʵrҪʱ䡭Դ޵Ĺ⣬rϰ뵺ϴǴ½ĽչҲʮϲˡڶ԰ĴչǰrѾռ˷ӡ֧ǣԺûþǲʮԶ̩ͬ**һӢ鷢
Ӣ˵ӡȿ˵ӢںҪһֳأӢʮֶӣӢ˻Ǹӡȼ֧֡
ھ棬ӡȲʹõӢzhngfйģϹҲԽ۸ӡȾӺ޽١ӡȲǹµҲйˡ֧֣r̩ǹѾķ˺ܴʱrȵrռīʱr̩ҲŽս쵽ϼѣӵĻôһξ롭ŷǱߣ¹˵İͰƻ˳УĪ˹ƵıսչҴȥ꿪ʼһֱڡⳡսӲҪ˵ĻѾЩˡ¹Ǳߣйzhngfڿ߾ṩֱ֧֣ȫûеĵıҪǱߣǿĲֱж߾װװȻſǰǰߵġ仰˵ⳡսֵ֧ڣȫڹzhngfֻ֧֣ڰͰƻҪʷϸ˳һֱڶzhngfûлʷһΪֹѾʼʵʩƻˡ
ԹzhngfԣⳡսǺìܵġ
ΪҪ¹˵ʵȴֲö˱¹˴壬սе󣬹zhngfһֱƽʵܵıƽһ
ֻսеڣƽѾԽԽάˣϾⳡսʷټӴ
ʱr˹°ĴǵϢѾҲ˵ϹѾҪȥάƽ⣬ѾԴĻ̨ˡԤеһЩ
йڰĴǵ鱨Ϲҡҡͷ
ȷǱԤڵһЩǸˡͳڽ̵ȼҫյ¼ƽⱻǰrȻû°ĴǵĻɾЩ鷳ˡ
ôڸô죿ռƻ𣿡ҫǱߴζǰ
ȻһжռƻУôȻҲûиĵıҪô˵ŹάϹ⡣ͳǲǿԿʼӴ˺ˣ
ϵһ鱨Ϲ˼һºͷ
ԣȥӴһ¶˺˰ɣȻǵҪ
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ȵά뿪˷Ϲ⿴ɡ
ȥϵһ̩ˣǼҲԿʼ׼һˡ
סҲ˵ͷ̩˵ʵ᲻һЩ˵װ̩˵ȷǿûԵϼʮr
赣ģ̩ѾʼЩ̫ˣҲʱףûʲô򵥵ĵˡ

̩ǹzhngfϰ뵺ҪһӣڹzhngfӢзrҺ󣬹zhngfʼ̩ΪԼϰ뵺ϵһӡ
̩˶ԣrӢѹȣټ̩ڲдĻ˴ڲλӸλ̩ҲʮԸ׽й
ڽ׼ѺһĹϵ󣬹zhngf̩֧ҲԽԽ
Ƕ̩zhngfṩװϵ֧֣ǲٵ̩ȥ̩zhngfѵӣ˺zhngf̩ԼĹҵ
ȻҲǳᣬzhngf̩ھסĻὥķϸλȵ˺̩ѾȫΪһ׻ʿͻѳֵĹңԭ̩Ҳֻһܰˡȵڶս̩ǳΪzhngfǰ䣬ڴսǲӽ飬׼Ӣ˵Ȼʱ̩йڵǽӢֳߵнųȵrռ취ӡ֧ǺrzhngfǲʮԶ̩ȥ̩zhngfһ龳ڡ
˵̩˵սȽھ˹zhngfʱķֺ̩ӵսôҲһģټͻϵƣӢĵֿ࣬ȵrҲ˺Ӣ˺͵ֳ񲿶ӵĵֿȫ߽⡣
ȵӡʱӢ˵ĵֿȴʼǿҲѹ֣ɲͬӡȱϾӢҪֳء
⻹һ㣬ǵӢӡȵĲҪװʱ򣬵ʱĹzhngf֧̩˺r˵ͬʱȻҲװӢˣһȻǼ飬Ϲ˵ҪùzhngfӡӵдڸУ̩˰ӡȸˡҪ֪ӡȶӢֿ¹൱ҪãҪûӡȵĻټĹڸ˳ţû׼𼪶ѧһͶأҪĻɾĻˡҲΪԭϹŻ֧̩˺r˵ͬʱҲ֧ӢˣϾɲϣϣճ׵ͳŷޡ
ҪĻϹܻϣգĴҲǲҵģɾͲϹˡ
йķ֣̩ӡȵĽչ˳뵺ͬ¼һҲ̩ռˡ
Ҳʱ̩˵￪ʼԼС˼һֱĿǰΪֹ̩ҲƵսպˣϾ飬ӡҲˣ̩Ҳǹࡣ
ȻĿǰΪֹϹȴһͷ׼ֹ̩̩µ飬ϹҲ׼³һzhngf̩
ʵҲ⣬˵ںϰ뵺ϵļҲָСϰ뵺ȫϲһĻҲǲСӵġ
ȻԽϣ˾Խ裬Ǻӡȣϰ뵺ϵȺ˿ɱӡ˻ǿˡ
̩˽ϰ뵺ͳһ˵ĻǺԼһӡҲûʲô𣬶һӡȵļǿ棬ôĻ鷳
̩ʱ򣬲ǲܸһЩͷǲܸҪͷϾϹֻԼͷʨӹȴǡ̩Ǳߣ˵̩Ҫ׻ʿͻƣ׻ʿνĻᣬйϾҲȫһĵģ̩˵Ҳʼôһ뷨ˡ̩ڲһЩǲ׽һrϾrķչҲ൱ȻѷйһЩټϺrϵĵ¹ġôлϰ뵺Ļ̩лΪһrһйĴİʮһ̩
ֻ˵кܶǳϵģھͷһ֮顣
ԭϹļƻrռ˰ĴǺ󣬳յƽ⻹ûдǰĹ˳һ̩СֵܣѾЩôֵǰ䣬ȺrϼԶһ¡
ھӪĿǰ̩zhngfڲȨļ׻ͻʿҲ˹zhngf̩ǱȽϷĵġ
ڵڶս̩Ⱥ뵺飬̩ҲʼһЩС˼
ʵҲ֣ΪȺ뵺̩˾Ȼһôû̵Ҳѹ̩˵ЩС˼
ȻϹ˵йܱߵһֱһɢģ˴˻жԵ״̬йı߾ѹܽ͵Сںй½Ͻϰ뵺ϳһͳһĹңǶй˵һ鷳
̩Ⱥ뵺ϹⲢû̩˽ֻһֱû̩Ҫİˡ
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С˼ϹⲢûвҲûô⣬Ͼ̩Ķ׻ʿ͡ʿЩϹٻǱȽϷĵġ
Ϊjng̩ˣϹͲɵ˻Ǿһǣrͻǰ䣬ͬʱҲǽr˵ʵjngһ̩ˡ뿪йʲôҲǡ
ݲıĹƣȻ̩ҲôһʵҪԵrϼʮ¾ҲҪһЩ
ͷйʰЩ¾Ļܸйǿͬʱ̩ܵˡȻϹȴˣ̩Ȩô׻ЩȨ൱һǻᣬʼԼġϹͲɵڿʱ࣬Ψûпһ£ǾǿƿɿӣʵҲԼ뷨ġ
̩Ǻ׻û̩Ͼɹzhngfֱƿصģ̩zhngfȨҲԼ
ԭ̩˵ãȴʼղһôⱾѾʹ̩ЩģͻȻһ籨Ǻںһϼսr˷̩˸е
˵ףҲЩ׻̩ˣЩ̩סĻᣬҲԼ뷨ġͬΪסĻˣǻͬԼ˵ݣйһȻ׽еһδػΪԼйˡںҲһڹסĻ˶ͬԼ˵ݣȴδػԼйˣҲˣֻûкôذˡҺЩĻ˲̩ͬĻ˶һǨƹģѾ˶̩ݵͬδؾͻйݵͬе͡
֣ţҲĴߣһᡣ
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ھйԮ̩Ѿӵһ̶ȵʵʵٺɨϰ뵺㹻˵ġ
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ټϵ¹ɨŷ޵ı֣r͵ϮۣԼռޡһߣڱܵĹϵϹûнҪԸrļƻ߹̩zhngf߲ҲһˡԵƻ֪̩zhngfʱ̩ںĺҧҧҲһ
Ҫǣһֱzhngfֻǽ̩һӣȴûпǹ̩ĸܡڹȥѪԵϵĹϵԻ׽йǵȵҪѪԵ͹Ҽһѡʱ򣬴󲿷̩ĻѡԼġҡǲйˡ
̩ڣ̩϶ࣿϣ׵ǰΪ̩½վԪ˧룿̿
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ȻʱȻǲ̫ܷˣֻɽ׸ıxngƣʷĸıԸıܶ飬˵룿̿r׻룿̿Ȼһ̩˶һйˡ
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־Ҳ̩һָоͬ˹ͶйҲͽȥҲǻҲ̩ڱѵҪһԭ򡭱Ͼڵ¹rʵǺõĲˣ˭˵Ĺһʧܣ
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˵ֶ̩һȽϷģǳôһôٶҲ׿϶ǳˡ
ھһϵеĵ󣬶̶̼ʱ־Ѿó̩zhngfȻͶĹۡ
˵ʵڵģʵЩϣϾ̩zhngfȥһ˳˵һʱΪսĹϵ̩ٹƺһ˼Ϲȴû̩ᱳѡȻڡݾִϢ̩˿Ѿ鶼rˣrڽϽӵرڰĴǺĲҲʼء
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ֻ͵¹rĹȣ̩ĹӪֻǶѣټϹںҲֻǸӾԣҪֱSU-27SU-30J-11BJ-15𶼺ѣȻ֪룿̿ˣϸһЩϸȴô˽⡣
ҲΪԭ룿̿Ĺ˳ʱϹŻѡ
ԭܼ򵥣ʷ̩zhngfrģûȴΪʱԶȫ޹ֻrһǿڣһߵйȴھսұϷֵ״̬У̩r˭
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ĿǰйܹúըֱӷɵrĻкܶ࣬Ҫֲɽֱɶһ˺Ŀվ⣬ʣ¼ɵĺըҪٵ۹ҪôӳϿտҪôֻƹʡ
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Ҳѹ֍ﷱ̫ɻôΪϾxngܿB-29H-40ըĿǰڻ״̬zhngfĸ߲㱾rкjngܽôܵĶr˿
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Ȼ˽ֻΪҪˣΪһȵľߣԶӢ˵Ȼǲɽܵ顣
Ҫ֪Ӣ̺ͲǳģʷСѧԺʱڵУһɻʱĶӢʱ˵ںôһѵģҪ۳ɼŲǰһģǿͲ䣬ȷʵһġ
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ûöأҲûöǩʲôԼֻö˰ۼ۸ϵ˳ϸ߼϶ǡɹź˰벿ֵΪй
˵ЩйͶzhngfĸ߲һģǶzhngfһֱûҪЩҲΪϵı߾ͻһֱȫġ
ˣϹᣬ׵Ľ߾⡣
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ȻǿȥƺܲӣϹԼ뷨ͬʱҲһط
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Ҫ֪ںǶԶ˵ҲҪעģ̫ƽ󽢶ҲλڶĽӡ
Ȼǵ֣Դḻ
ռǵĻܽжı߾̵ֻɽ϶һֵԼйı߾ѹҲǺЧġ
ǽǣҲ͵ǽ˰Ͽһߵİ˹ӡ
ȣҪǣϹҪսȻһֵѹ˵ԱԼѹ
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ĴǣֵغͷḻԴȻͲˣҪǰĴǵ˿ϡ٣սǰֻ߰սֻʣ򣬶ֻڲϵļš
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rĹһԱrȥռĴʵһ쾭飬ͬrռ˰ĴǺйrռĴҲһ˳µ顣
ҪǣڶʱڣҲһʱڣΪۡĹϵ޷̫ƽr˿ģҲ˵һڼ䣬ϹкܶʱĴǵ飬Ҹûܸ
˶ϹռĴҲûʵ
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ϹЭǩԼֵһ̣Ҳʹйʽ뵽ⳡսС
ȻЩûʲôҪйûм뵽ͬ˹նеκһԼһ
ԴӢͶҲûʲôϾйʵҪйҲԼСȦӣԽϡկЩСҡ
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ȻĴԼ͢䣬ڸǲòzhngfǰӡȵӡƯԼֻ͢ǺģֻȰЩʲôʱһʷ˹ͻȻ߹

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Ҫ֪ɯ׻ʺšҰֵĳ֣ʱȷ5000ˣԺûþͷ10000ˣˣʱͬ˹߲ʿȻδ
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յȻ˵սľܹʹӵǰԽݿ־塣ܿݵҪӢ߲ҲĬ̬ȡݹ̵УõĿռ䶼ˡ
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Ȼܹʿ˵ģϾʱвλҲֲˣֻܺ˯ʲôûеļװϡ
⡰ɯ׻ʺšĳˮҲͿˣԭѱߡսڼ䣬߸ɴͱˡ
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ȻôķҲǺܴģΪǸǴϵľͧز㡣ڡ̩̹˺šıӢϸҪȫ־ͧλӦúؿһһá
Ȼǵľܹͧṩλȴֻ3000֪һ㷢⣬ϵĴ󲿷Աֻˡ
ʱҲԳ
ج٣ٲŮ˺ͺ⵵ˡ


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ǸһϢġ
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ʷ˹ô˵Լ͢Щ
Ҫ֪һʱŷޡ޻ޣɶûʲôƵϺϢ顣
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Լܳ͢ƵϺµģܷƺֻһˣϾĪ˹ƵսѾܾˣʤһֱһԤ״̬
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Ȼ³ļ⣬ʣµĹҼѾȫ뵽սСҲֻһйûоսɹȥйһȴƫĹһġ
ͬ˹ڲԼ͢ĵλǺܸߵģϾô˵ҲǰĴǵйںͬ˹̸£Լ͢Ҳ֪ġ
ڹȥйһԼ͢Դʵûб̫ϣڡ
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ʷ˹ĺϢԼ͢˫ֺʮһллصơ
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Լ͢ôŵʱһԵʷ˹ȴյԼ͢ĶߣĵĽԼһݸ֪Լ͢
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ϹⶢϰĴѾһˣϾĴֵعϡḻĵطʵ̫ˣǰĴԳһûвϸǿ
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ϹŻrҶrŵrռ˰ĴǺڽӡ֧ǵؽΪϹⱾϵľء

Ȼйͬ˹жѾǩЭ飬ѾĹϾϵս±ϾҪڵһʱġ
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ҶϹ˵ѵҪҪһЩΪҪɱӺȻĻһĸѧǿɾǼ鷳ˡ
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ϹĹ滮Уϰ뵺ϵ顢̩ΡԽϺͼկȹΪˡĳԱ⣬ȺϵǡӡǺͷɱͲ¼ǵȹȻΪ׺ϿҪ㣬¼ϹǾԲdlġ
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Ȼò˶Ϊ˸õĻöĹʤ˾ͻὫеĹʽɢĿǰĸάž档
һߣڳˡˡ֯󲻾ã̩zhngfʽĹΪѾ֪йĹսĹϵĹļԱǲô̼йϣաīͶӢĿ˵ûеĹɡ
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ҿվҪǽ̩Ĺҵȫݻ٣˵ЩǵйģִݻҲǺ飬ںը
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ȣӦ˵Ͳʲô⣬ϾؿϾһվأڻڲŴķɻַʩǶҪǿھ120mmϵĴھshڣؾٶţиһٶΪ150mmھĸshڡ
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˵ˣҲһûҲ˵ȷǿҪ˰
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Ҫ֪̩ڵʱ˿ɶΪԮ̩˵̩ȥ̩վǵȴǴݻ̩ĹҵҲûа취飬Ͼ豳߳ͷǱ飬ȻܱߵļշСҪѧɾͲðˡҪ֪йǸսˡ̨ӴȻĿǰˡܿҲйһʣµԽϡկʲôĸͲСܱϾҲǺҪһ
ҡ˵ʵڵģzhngfڲ̩ıҲǺŭġ
ô˵أĿǰ̩еһУȫйġҵйæģйæѵģװҲйṩģ̩ѵʱйṩ˲ٵԮǰ̩ҪһСܣСȻҲԮĶһЩ
̩нĳ̶ȣȫйԮҲΪԹzhngfĸ߲;ڵĲ˶ԼΪߣҲǸһȵĳ̶ȡ
ҲΪԭ̩ıѲŸܣΪ̩˵־ٶЩ˿ǡ塱Ȼ̩˵ΪҲ⣬Ͼ̩ҲһdlĹңΪһdlĹң̩ô׻ҲԼġ뵺ô࣬ȴһԼҪ涼ûеõ̩жҲǺ顪Ҳ𣬷Ҳֻйһѡ̩˿ĹһҲйοrҲŵ˲棬Щ̩Ҫġ
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뷨Ѿڹzhngfĸ߲һ¡
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Ͼrӡ֧ǽйεȼѾ׳Ϊйĸκ̩йǽġ
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룿̿zhngfҪ̩̩ϱ߾вãȵĸۿڲ̨ΡԽϺͼկйУկ̩ͬҪйһ֧ǿĺҪǳֵйںȵ̩˵ҲǸܴĴġ
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˵ʱָӹҲԵúʹ࣬Ͼй˵ĺըУ̩ղӵΪһԶ޷ֵľĻںըΧĹҵ󣬺ըĵҩȽϸԣĹϵղӵΪ˺ըȺĴָӹٵһѾָӸshڲӵʱ򣬱һö250ＶĺУըһ֫кûҵҲϾֻ̩ΪйСܴڵģȻ̩йܵģͬʱҲֽ׶ΨһһСܣʹй̩Ž϶չˣڹzhngfļƻУֻ̩һϰ뵺ǣrڵĶӶѡ
ҲˣԹzhngf˵̩ṩ75mmھĸshھѾ㹻ˣϾ̩ļкǱڵ˽ֻrrrǲûпվģ仰˵r½ձͺձrûH-3H-40xngܵĺը仰˵ڹzhngf̩ṩ75mmĸshھѾ㹻ˡ
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˵ҵĲʵǵ귨ӡ֧ʱڵλӺ͵ֿ֯ɵģھѵ̩ӿֻһȺں֮ڣȻں֮ڡʮװjngں֮ڣҲ̩ѹˡοǵı󣬻мʮװjngƴĹ½İʮºը
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ҾҪ̩˺ǵõ̹ĵĽѵԶ뱳ѣ
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ϹתڳĹԱЩ⣬ϾһսݽͻȻתƵ̩κʵЩչһЩһֱȵһ󣬵һŷϹˡȴըĳɹʱЩԱǲ˹
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ĿǰǺܲģϾκһҶԲȱνġӥɡļһԽǿĹҴڵľԽࡣйȻڹҵʵϻҪѷһ㣬ۺʵȴǵ֮һϾӴĹǿĹҵڼϰڶ˿ڣйۺʵѾ˿Ҫĵز
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Ͼԭӵ沿ӣзֻṩоٰѵͬԽϵȹĲԭЩλӣûзİĻ޷ά֣Щλӵ϶зԱɵģҲˣzhngfЩӵĿʮǿģҲΥzhngfһԭ
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ҲֻԽ˺ͼկˣԼеʱҲ
ȻҲÿ˶ģҲһЩǺġҲΪԭڼʱ˴˼λƴһЩЦ̩˿
Խˡ˺ͼկ˻ûʲôоǸָǵĹȴʮֵκѿ
ҲΪԭЩں֮ڸ޷ṩٰĲ˵Ŀ󲻱̩˷ɱѾܺˡ
ǵãҲǶΪϷĲӼһЩʱˡ
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˵Ǵ̩rһȻԼڳ̵˳̩ף̩޷뿪й
ȻΪ˱鱨йԭϹǴϵĲӵȵ̩˺r˶ֺڼģϾ鱨Ǻǿģ缯ᲿӵĻr˵Ļɡ
ֻϧ̩˵ıѸһУϹŲòϼᲿӵͬʱԽϵȹһ󣬰Լһʱ䡭
ϹҲףȻ̩ʵǿں֮Ҳ˶ãԡ
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ܿ죬ЩڲͣŵʿͿʼ̾
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ԭڷﲻԸȥľҲ˳ȥ
߳ź̧ͷ˿գϽǧܸըڷţΪһµӵʿЩըѡ˵ͿշУһЩۼʿ;ܿЩըϵıǡ
Ϲ⣬ǹĽǶƾЩں֮޷в̩˵ġõĻĲпܻᱻ̩˸ƻȥ
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ȣôĻеװݵ˼ΪվĸըôȴFH-7ǳǿĹ
ոյķԱڽǸԼԼͬвķչҲֱ4ö100Ｖĺ2ö50Ｖĺӵȥ
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ȻڻǹֿôЧƺǺܺõġ

οϮų˰СʱȻû̹˵Ĳս޷ÿվ¹ŷսЧFH-7ʮǿġ
ҲΪԭԵϮսѾֻʣһƬǽ塣
ۼ֤ըʿҲ൱ʢȻΪû̹˲ӵĲսʹӵĽЧЩͣڿϮӻ໽ųȥ
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ȣȻոյĿϮȷ̩ܵ˲ٵʧôЩ̩˱Ͼǹѵģѵרźr˶Ÿɵġ
ȻЩ̩˵սȲϹrǺԣҲΪһըͱ
ڸոյĿϮУ̩˻Լķʮܵĺը
ֻ˵Щ̩˵ȷûжԲǵѵ֧֣ʹڸոյĿϮ⵽ʧҲǷǳصġ
ʵϣո̹˲Эͬս˳½ҲһϵĻ˵ǰѾˣֻϧ
˵սϾ˵㣬յЭͬĸһûУϵĻĵҲһըİʮս
ȻոյĺըŪЩͷת򣬵йṩ֧ȴӹɵġѵϵ֧֣֧־ԽĹ޷ȵġȻҲΪԽϹļǣʹϹԽϵӡ󲻺йء
ԽĹҲͬϰ뵺ԣӦ˵ǣϹעľ̩ͬʱӵҲ̩
ⲻΪʱ̩ѾΪǳйr⣬Ψһһôdl״̬ĹңҪǣ̩һйϵʮеĹҡ
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̩̩ͬʷϣǹȥڣᶼռкܴӰ̩Уֻλǻ
̩ʷϣ룿̩̩̿ˣҲͬǻ
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ǰΰʵҲһˣԬˡ
λԬ˵ǰ̲£ɳҲλˣβš
⻹ǸڵعʺܸߵţҲǻˣ¡̩ʷϵ23λ31ΣҲӢ(Ӣ)ĸ磬ҲǸո˵ЩλǸ̲£ɳߵģҲǽβŵģŵ̩ʷǷǳԶģôĻܿĳ
ʵ꣨1367꣩ʼǰйʹߵмл˲룬ͨµݳ֣5꣨1372꣩壬˺14꣨1381꣩ʼʹݳ֡Щ˶þ꣬jngͨ
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ҵʱ̩ҲйrڶǵΨһһdlңʹϹ̩࿴
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ҲˣȻոյһϵпϮҲƵˣ̩˻ܳܵס
Ҳס̶ֳȵĿϮڿϮĹͨйṩķ˲йĸը
ʮܵFH-7ըǶԹ˵Ҳ㲻Сʧˡ
Ȼ͹վȣ̩˵ʧҪһЩ

ڿϮһս̩ʿ˶ͷϵ˳һԼͷԡոյһϮ˵ûܽ˵̩ʿը̶ֳȵĿϮǽըͷ͵ġ
ڵսʱû͵ȻĻ
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ԭڼʶ˸ոյǲըԭڹʿǺܺõͻȻʿ񣬶ߵһʿãҲ͵ͷˡ
ڹߣԹ˵Щνֻʱ䣬ǱߵĲܸٶȼڻҶѡڻҡڻҵ
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ͬô˵һԵһҲЦ
Ȼô˵ƺЩѪҲֳ˹ڲһЩ˵ʵӳȻйЩһֱŶһ˼룬ֻ˵ڹzhngfڵĺܶ˿ǴܱߵЩƽȵġں󷽵ָӲĹ۲ŻѪЦţʿȴѾ໽еĳȥ
ЩʿڿϮҴ̩ʿһŷϵʧһ󷽵Ⱥ
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οڿϮЩԭǺܶĻڣҲݻ˲١ֻ˵ǵڻ󣬳̩߳ʿֻ˶ѣ˵ƤëѡҪ֪Ȼ޷йȣΡԽϺͼկҲֱһٶǧٶ˿ڡ
֮ȣһʱڵ̩Ҳһǧ˿ڶѣȻκͼկ˿ڿ϶û̩ȣԽϿĲˡ
κͼկֱʮ򲿶ӵͬʱԽȴǳеʮ֡ȣ˳˵һ£һʱڵ˿һǧ߰򣬱̩ӡӦô˵أֻ˵Խϡկңǲµ֣˵ٶҲνοֻٸ˶ѡԣںָӲ£⼸ڴ̤ǰšա
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Ӧ˵ǵֿǺȷģϾֻһȺλʱתļһЩλӻûдӲ̵֣ڷ˵ͳʱڶҲըը·ʲôģ̩˵ĻǹֿʼߵһʿɨʱһڻͻȻ̩˵ϡ
ĽڻʵǺңϮڵĿھձֻ75mmңֻмĲܴﵽ105mm120mmĳ̶ȡ
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ڵʱеʱʿѾ¶սˣԵȵڵµʱʿûЩսµͬһڵƵл߸ɴ౻Ƭ˺顣
ȻΪ˫ıŲǹͬʱҲйȥ˼Ϊʲôǰں֮ڵڱܴô׼
û˼ˡΪں֮ڵĲֻǹ̩ʵҲΡҺ͹ȣ̩˿ܻҪƲһЩΪڹڲڧ˺üΣм˻𣬶Щɶǿ̩˵ģҲΪԭ̩Ƿǳġ
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ڷֳͳʱڣλӶǶزصģսʲôľͲҪˡҲΪԭʱڹzhngfûжλṩʲôھĻڣ˲Ҳ60mm80mm120mmȻڻ37mmĲڶѡȻҽ󣬹zhngfҲ֧ԮһֵĻڣһ㶼75mmģⶥ120mmٴĻûˡԣҲ˵ûУһЩеİǹzhngfṩģھΪ210mmȻԽ˻ǼկûǸڲ˵ʹõġȻλʱڣҲӴȻڻ˵СھĲڣǸ˶֪ھҰսںЩڵ
Ȼҽ󣬹zhngf֧ԮһֵĻڣһ˲ٵľȥǽڱӣô̵ʱڽڱӣ˵ʵڵܲڵŷžѾˡΪûУʵٵŰȻڵŽȻͷٴΣǾͷһΡȣսΪ5zyuһöȻڵŷŽȻȻҲҪˣֻ˵ʱڳÿһվšҷǳǣǸ˽ڵŷŽȻʱΧȻΧŲˡȣԹ
һ˲ŲµڱӣܲʵսнڵŷŽѾˣڲЭͬôѶȵ飬ǲҪǿˣȻʱ˿̣ȴĴôѶȵ飬Ҳѹ̩˲ˡ
ʵǡʵЭͬĲԽˣҲˣǼկˣΪЭͬйˡʵϹҲսʲôӣԹzhngfŻ˽ǧܸըȥȻתΣЭս
һߣǵڱսʵ̫ˣ䲻װĻڵĵزɳվӽ֧Ԯͬʱzhngfͨ˵ķʽһֵڱͨ䵽ȥĲcoڣṩڻϵ֧֡ʵ϶Թzhngfԣ˵ʱڣϲ̫ܽϵļʮȫĲ࣬Ҵ͵ǰߵĻôԽСڱͨ˵λǺܼ򵥵顣
οֻǽڱ˵ΣڻʲôĶֳɵģֱľͿԣô򵥵ʵ̫׵ġ
ҲΪʲôڱͻȻô͵ԭ򡪡ΪǸͲڱǹЩѾ۶
Ҫ֪йǾмѵģڱʲôģÿ궼Ҫڵȥ
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Թڱ˵ȻǵļܺãʱĻڵjng׼ȣԺܶʱΪ˲ͬ飬һҲҪͣڻġ
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ͷвҲֹǵˣʱ˾սҲͬˣͨú󷽵󣬾ǿʼвԼΧʿ
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ֱӵı־ǡЩԸǰʿһһshɱʱĵһѶսӡ
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ʵӲҪ˵ĻڷϵĲҲû̩ܽ˻ˣֻ˭Ҳ֪սϻ᲻ֿսʷϺ**Կrʱ֣˱ٸ˵׷ĳԡȻҪվȻû̹˲һ¿յЭͬϵӸҲֻǰѵĽsըӻǷӵ൱sûзղϮŵ£ըӵıֱּ
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ļҲԹƽ̩˵ǿֿ£˵ΪԼ̫ĹϵԸһչҲûС
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Ҫ˵ǣʽҲΨһһܹйZD-20ս
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ȻڶԸ˵սʱʽЩȱ㻹̵ܹģϾڵսȣʽ൱Ƶġ
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ֻϧ̨庣ϿϿգűZD-20սһɨաڵ֪зɺѾλ̨徳ڵr½ͺձܿҲʽͼ綼սǳеڻը׻
ȻǼִɺϿյʱZD-20ȴռٶƵ´Ӹ߿ո£xngܷĳǿxngܣټϻϵ420mmںͻ·ͦ12.7mmھǹǿʹⳡսܿݱһɱ
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H-40ʲôģ̫ˣȻxngH-3FH-7Ͼ޷γɽϴƻ
FH-7ըȻҲ൱һ̩Ǳߣֺը϶࣬ڿսڵļҷɻ쳧ڿȫҪϵ⡣
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ڶҡҡҡҡҡȻտʼļһٵܵrĹעų̲ͷĵ½ͧԽԽ࣬rҲʼæˣʱ̲ͷĹʼ̲ͷ̲ͷء
һߣ½ͧϵĹٱҲʼõ½ͧЯСھrĹ½з
ȻͬʱЩ½ͧҲڽȥϣȺ۵ĺܻ۾.赽ǵﱤ!
ӵ½ͧ󣬿űѹ̲ͷĹһʽԶǹʿһˮһߴ
˵ʱսǹʿƺ˹ܿһԾ˸͵
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˵ڽ80%ֻ˵,ʵ80%
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Ȼrѹ£һֱ̲ͷϻ̲ͷ£ʱһȥ̲ͷϵĵ½ͧҲԽԽ̲࣬ͷϿʼΪλĵ½ӡ
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йı׼ʦһڱţڿ۳ڱźҲֻʣšŸŵǡʦ˵ֻǾŸţЩŶ䱸˴ھȻڣҲ120mmȻڵĹϵټ൱60mmȻں80mmȻڣԼ̲rµľ벢ǺԶĹϵĳ̶ֳϵ½ӵĻʵδؾͱr̫ࡪ̲ͷϵr൱һֻҪչȻڳеĵ½ͧ͸֧ԮĺʱںйһκըҪ󺣾ṩڻֺ֧󣬵½Ӷϵrһν
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ԴҫҲûа취Ͼҹκ˵һܺõısĿǰûкܺõҹսװʵǺҹսҲװȽҲЩͷۣ͸ֽĹˡ˵ڵĹѾjng񲿶װҹǵװˡ
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ԭܼ򵥣ĿǰrǿĽػʽʽZD-20Ķ֣¾ϽӱˣĽҲ൱ңϾսĳ̶ֳϾľǽػxngܡȻΪĺĸҲҪǺĺĸ˶Ծͱȳ涯ơǸ⣬ĴõĺǱͧģԾ⣬һʱ൱һֵʱڸۿά޵ġеshģǱȻԾĺãҲû취ġĿǰΨһshģǷ˵ĵshʵҲǺġҵshҲsh͵ŵshĿǰѾŵshˡ⻹нĴСȵȵȵȡȿȣЩˡˣͺðˡ
ڳŵ½̤ͧһеķ⡪Ӧ˵Ǳܴݲкķ⡣
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ָõĺΣϾе̨Աߣr˵ĿվҲһʵҪʲôʱ͵Ϯ˹ӿɾʹˡ
Ҫ֪ؼľ뻹ǺҪģrҪǹˣǱҪ֧ԮrҲܵˡ
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ҲΪԭȻʺйڳʺйı߾ҲٶڻŽĲӣϹȴûжԳչơ
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ںϣŴѲɵСͽϮrֳ̨ؼ䣬ǺͶǺͰĴǵϵr͸ʵ佢ӣڿҳͻзӼãʹrò͵ǱͧҲʼá
ȻΪrǰ֮Щ൱ӷǱΪо൱ƵĻٴʹķǱװĹϵһǱͧӽеƽսûܹҳͻʱһŪryy
ǼˣҲͬӳsҪǣҪȻй̨廥żٹ̨庣ϿrйȾֻԶĳ̨ȣҲ൱ңԶһξ롭Ҳԭʹ̨r˶Ծͬһ㡭ȷǺܿϧϾrѾ̨徭Ӫ̨꣬źĸ飬ǫ̂壬r˵ɲһܼ򵥵ľ
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ڣǽ̨ûᡭڶ󣬹zhngfһ߽ʵݺţһ߽൱ģĿվӵеѾ޺õļվء
͹zhngfȣr˶̨֧־ٵĿˡҲû취飬ΪrѾڹzhngfĹ̨ǻᶪʧһֳءΪôһᶪʧֳͶԴԴܽŵr˵һֵõ顣ȻrϾ̨徭Ӫ̨꣬ǱҲһЩĴƷڣЩƷrzhngfҲкܴӰټ̨rеҪλҪԶԶսĶõֳأô׷̨壬ǶͨrҲһý顭ڱϣӢzhngfǶ̨һֵ֧ģֻϧֻǱ϶ѡʱ򣬲ϷļʮѾʼִ̩߾ҫĵʮžʹĵʮ߼žҲѾ׼İʮϮ
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ҲһϹļƻǽһר̨ġûĺĸ
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кܷˣϾһʱڵ״ЧǺܺár˲õǵͿշУ״ѷֵǣԶĽһ֧r˵Ϯ¶϶Ľŵġ
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jng733ʦʦʤЩĵ
ʤƢҲǲģЩrӲr˸Ūı
ҲǿģϾ˭һֱڰҹ賿ЩѾ˯˵ʱ򣬱÷jngըıըŪѵĻƶʤһӡ
ˣûҪô𡭡һһӵʦЦҡҡͷrҲֻܸЩСˡ
㵱Ȼô˵ÿ갲ҩ˯ĺһǿɲͬ
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ⱳ˭Ҳ֪λʦһЦûʲô棬ϾںνġǺǡʵǡSB˼֪֪治֪İ
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ϧϧװsh̲ȻĻǿԿڵϲ𼸸أȻҲСݵģ
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ʵڵĹڣҲܹһֱ̨½ĻڣǸ280mmڣһгڣshȻﵽ110ȴЩѰǲڱж߾ͻȽƵʱsoŶ˵ġ
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280mmھĴھũ⣬ʣµľͶ240mm210mmھͼũˡ
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վĺըڽ̨Ͽպ󣬳һЩ̶ľĿ⣬ûзŹκζϳ˳кլ⣬һк;ĿƵĽûӹվĺը
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ѵõʱڣйĿxngǿֱĹؼͨ˹ϵת似ɹרʱĹ˵йһڵĻ𳵣ȥǣȡĪ˹ƣٵڿȶңסϣ֪˶ԷЩԽк֮ϾдڿרҸĿ
йʱĻȽ󣬸տʼĲαȽϵͣģҲȽСйṤƷȽ豸ڿרҿʼģЩרҴǾʱϲʲάˣȽ꣬Ҫ󲻸ߣϽʱش𣬼ϺˬṩͷΡ
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Ϊá˫̡ԺȨרҾ1991ʽҡ꽱ԱרΪйĹףʡͬطzhngf꽱ڿרҰ¼ƣ÷¡ŵǡ̻ùҼ꽱;ǿάҮάýʡ꽱
2002꣬Ժչоĵһڲƣݲȫͳƣ10ͨ񲢾٣εؿչ˫̡Ӷ˹Լ˴Լרң2000Ŀڿǡ˫̡صÿ궼дרҡѧӦѧ¿Сйפڿʹһǫһƪ˵2006꣬ڿƼרѧ߸Լ150Σ2000˴Ρ
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Ͼʱκ깲͹㽫Щ˲ڹҲ޷ṩǵĹǽȽƼоˡ
֮͵йȥĻܹõоҽȵ¹ָˣܽعڡ
ʱйõһоɹȻҲǵ¹ˡ
Ե¹˵뷨ϹҲ֪
ڽЩڵ¹첻ȥ˲йϹⲻṩԽֶͨζǽ
ĳЧǺܺõģȵɴȨϣ̨ҿʼָ¹õʱȻڵ¹zhngfٻ൱һֵĵ¹ԱԼȻһĵ¹йѾʮĹҡСϢ˵ϣΪ˻ƢǲΪrˡڵʱе¹ϵ㲻¹Ҳ⣬ټϵʱκzhngfҲƶĿԵʱйĸ˲Ų˵ӣȻֻһ£ҲнˡˣҲйȫ׷ŷ൱Ĺס
һ߷壬ôʱڡľô磬rŷ޸ܴʱΨһܹһЩģҲֻܾúЩҽȻͬйȻһ࣬ľϵҶһԵʱȫľôԶûʲôӰ졣
ҲΪԭԵʱĶΪһҫŵ顣
һйھôܴǺټϵʱ󡣻ֻҪϵֻͷɻʯȼϣͲҪzhngfûǮ⡣
ھô󣬳ЩҶشĻᣬzhngfŷ޹˴˲š¹⣬Ϊʱ¹˲ѾĲˣھô󣬾һЩҲ൱ޡ
ʱzhngfҵ˲༸ʮĸ߼˲ţҲЩ˲ʹй40ǰĳԽȫĳԽеĹҡ
Ȼȵôĺ֢һЩ󣬾¹һ⼸ʮҲвһ˷˸ԵĹҡȻһйڹzhngf¼ǵо
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˺ܿģڶܡܡļܺ͵֤ˡ
ҲЩ֤³Σڼʶһ֤³󣬹վĿߺܿһǾֽ׶εĺշxngܻǺܿɿıɱԱĻŪЩմʩ
˵˫ĳɵһһˣһҲܼսԱƽĴ档
֤Էɣ׹ٵĹУµʽսܿҲ˳ҲǲǰŸոԷɵģڴΪӦF-1ʽս
ȣ˵ںҲĳʹõFͷıţֶͺǵϵͳǷshƵһӮǹʷйˣֻñˡ
ŷⳡǶλϵͳƵ֮Դŷ2002٤ԶλϵͳGalileoPositioningSystemȫλϵͳGPSõ¢Ͼ棬й٤ԼƻйΪһŷ˵Ĳ
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й쿪ʼעתƵıǵλϵͳϣ200611йԼȫǵͶλϵͳ2007ףȫıϵͳƻˮ档ŷȴֱ2008꣬٤ϵͳĵڶʵǲգƻƳꡣ
2009꣬٤ĿԶԭȼƻ򲻶ǰйڿԼıϵͳϽչѸ١
šʱEutralexϯЪйЭߴʱ˵йȷΣߡûۣû̸Сŷ޲ͬŷʲô֮ǰͳһ27ֲͬ
ⱱǵλϵͳϱ٤ԸȽλjngﵽ0.5߼ڱǵλϵͳƵ٤Լƻصŷ˹Ա顣չʵͨõĳйѾ֯ͨ׼ʹõǷshƵʣһƵ٤ϵͳ׼ڹƵʡйռרָաӮĹʷԭ˭иƵʹȨ˭ƵȻãô٤ֻѡͨƵʡô˵F-1Ӧĵһʵս
ҺͽʽսɺըϣղͬϹ⻹ǾڵĽ춼ʽսԺ
ȻڶF-1ʹúͶϣվͺȴкܴ顣
ȻⲢ˵ǿʽɻľ޴ǱʵϵF-1ӵеٶȣֻҪЩ˵۾ûϹ;Բῴ
ڿվͺ൱һֵĽ췴ԽF-1ͶǻôԭΪǿF-1xngܻ죬ȻF-1սװ430mmڣټ900ÿСʱʱپҪʱκһսǿǲ˫ƵF-1ڿɿxngͰȫxngҲҪ֤ǿࡣ
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ֻǱĻ˵Ǻ̵ĻҾϵļֻսϵõʵоôܵõȷеݡ
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һߵΰȻԼ൱ģϹĻֻ൱ŵĵ
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İٹǸը㺽̿ҲǲģοH-3H-40սԺը
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Ϲ⻹ǽ⼸ܾڴĿˡ
ԭ򲢲ʽϵģҪ⼸Ŀûʵ֡
ϾϹδģЩǰĿǼʮҲδܳ֡
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һߣ¡սۣҲˡ䣡
˵̨ܹ庣ϿڣĿǰûװҿҲ׼װڹzhngf̨ȻЩѶȣսȴѾ˵ġôһͶȴ޶ʵЧĻڣһǵ顣
ȻһֱܹӴɽrĳԶͻڵĻǼ۸ٸ߰zhngfҲʵġ
ֻϧĿǰļûʲôˡҪ֪ںЩν150mmھĴͽڣʹ̵Ҳ100๫sh̶ѡ
һսΪİڣǸھȻֻ210mmȴ34ףڿܳ10¥¥ĳڣshҲ131ͬΪK-5гڣȻ280mmھҪǿڰڣsh̲ǰڵĶ֮һѡҪһsh̴ﵽ߰˰ٹԶڣǾԲܵһ顣ڲܣδʮҲͬܣοֱõԶĿ꣬ҪôһֹԵĴʵڵĶࡣ
ʵĿǰҲ쵼ҳƷҲѾˣֻĿǰʹҺȼϵĵshֻ̽ٹѣûɵrȥھrĺҲС
ֶҲǺܴĿǰֻһнͷͬʱҲзչǱѡ
ʷV-1ȷʣȻ켸öĻʵЩըըϾȼյ500ＶĿõġ
ȻĿǰҺ嵼ʲôѾˣĿǰΪֹȴûдģװļƻϹҲˡ
ݵxngټϺշĽһֲΪĵƵСҺ嵼ȣʽ͵ںԻõ
ͬʱоҲڸݵxngϵĵһַɱνĹ½ʵöˣֽ׶Ρ
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װĻǽС͵ĵͧҲܹӵжԴ͵ΪвͺһսʱڵͧһԶͧӰȫ
1967ɰshṩڤӵsе𽢰غţʹsкΪϵһĹҡ
sȡϴս۵Ĳʹѵ˶伶ͧصʹһ
˵ֶͧʺδй޺ʹãϾδ൱һʱڣй󲿷ֵνѶ޷ӵһʵ
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ԣ̩Ǿ޷ֵսĩڵġ
Ϊںضɽҡŵ̩ߣѾ̩δˡ
ڻѾʱˣ
ָӲڣμž˾ĺڿŶѾһƬ𺣵̩ͬʱҲѯԼĲı
һСʱӡ
˿ϵֱ󣬲ıش
ѾһСʱ𡭡
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ڻֹͣڵĹҲڲսܹϰ뵺ʹõװڻ£̩ƽ
һߵ̩ˣһСʱڻȻڷڶʱģڹڻҳ̶Գ̩Ԥ룬ڻĹ̩Ȼء
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ⳡ̻Ǻôء
ƺѾ˳ռصļӣıЦŶԺ
Ҳδء
ҡҡͷ
ֻ̩˵ĵһضѣĵҲܷǵƣĹƾûôˡrԮʦţԲܻ̩ôҡ
˵Ҳԣ̩˵һǲôá
ıô˵ҲһЦ
Ҳһ
ȷ̩ܽôõrİ̩zhngf˴˼ʵ඼ǲݺӵġr˽ڰĴǺͶǵľȫԮ̩ҪסĽŲҲǲܵ飬Ͼ˫ʵʵ̫ˡ
һߵƽӣڹ̩˵غҲܿͣ½Ųתʼڵ̩²Աȵȡ
ǲһƽȥ̩ĵʵڲϡ
ȻȽ죬ҲһƵ¹˵սһսֻۣϧΪȴҵ̩ʵǲʺϻսǡ꼾еҪһǺ鷳飬͸ʲô;ϮˡԹʵƽҲ̫࣬˺˵ҲǺż
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ǰߵĲڽ²Աͻʱ򣬺͵һӣȵƽҿϺܿͳһʬ̩ȴͬʱҲкֵܶĹңóʲôʵ˺޵ĶȻڽ̩ǰzhngfѾ׼˴ҩЧȴʵڲǺܺáˣ̰ɣǵҪ̩˺̫ˡ
ô˵ʱ򣬲ıӱӶҧĵط
ڹ˵һߺ̩˺rҲô⣬Ͼһ߲һθ˶ѣͻں档
Թݳ޵ֲڻr˺̩ȴ൱ӡϾװײʩչĵطڵըǺʵڵĶΪ˽ڱԷߵв̩˺rɳһЩӣҪԹڱؽƻֻϧЩжjngӷֲʧˡ
̩˺r˻취ʱڻȴѾʼˡ
ȴֵȥչж˹û䱸̫ھڣڱСھĻҲ120mmң210mmںڸǱȱȽǣ˸һ𣬾Ѿr̩˵
ȵڻ˴һСʱr̩ɵĹӵֻˣٵr̩ʿǱڵķڶӵҲ˶һԭ
һĹʱȴûʹshȼյϾ֣ҪĻ˵ԼҲһˡ
r̩ߣrҲȥߵȷҪǿֻ࣬ϧܶʱ־ȻҪȴ޷ãһߵ־߲ʱ
ȻͷεĹУĹƶrˣھҹķս¡ߵһϣйĹ졭¡ݣҲζͨȵĴѾ򿪡
٣˵̩ĵĺ鷳Ϊ˷ֹ̩ǰеεֿһֵĲչԱս󣬺Ǵһıȿš
ʱ̩zhngfҲʼ̩ͼկ߾ϽرĲӻЭȡ
ֻϧЩӲս㡢ǰִʱҲǲβ룬ЩȻʱϵ˺ǰ棬ȴһһ
ȻҲһҲû𵽣ǻǱȡ˴һڵʱġû취;λʵ̫ˡ
һڵʱ䣬zhngfҲʼȴһһ㣬ݾǱߵļȡ鱨̩ƺȴһĪ˹һҪ
ֻϧԵ̩˲ûж˵ǷʵйҲǺزĵ¹˵ȵһں󣬺ָӵĲڻ;̩ӻô˵λӺڵִȳ¡𡭡
վһߵϣ͸ԶԶȣƺ˵ʱľ
ΪڱȽһԱ죬ҲΪzhngfɵľǰ̩Э̩zhngf齨ѵӡҺһ˲ͬǣ̩һꡣ
ʱ̩ΪϤҲ˱Ƚĸ顣
ʵҲܲıɺԭ˵ڹڱȺսв٣Ϥ̩ȴʵûм
Ȼ˿̿Զȣȴٱøࡣ
ϾδŲӹ׼ʮϤĳбΪҽġ
ںվһȽľˣ˺ܿ׿˸˸飬ת˼Ӧιڶָĳˡ
һ棬źĵִλȵ̩zhngfƺҲźֻм˵ĻᣬȽԵ
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ʦһʦŵУʦ˸УʣµĲҲò£ԣжĽǴ˲СĴ
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̩ͶĹΪйܻ̩ܿԶӢڸ㽫ɽ·ĴӡȵȥЭ?̿зء
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Ҳɽ·ĶԡǷȷĿǰǱȽᡰӡ֧֮ƺŵġ

뿪𡭡
ɽ·ô˵?̿ҡͷ
뿪ˣȿҲزȥˡ
ǵȻģͺĪ˹ΪʲôصȥΪ˹ֻڣҪ˹ܵɽĻĪ˹ͱ¹˸ˡ
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ʵ鲻ɽ·ĶӢҲ
ȫΪɽ·ĺͶӢͬϵ˶Ӣ˵ϣɽ·ȣɽ·ıڹʲôģԴɽ·ĶҲЩ
Ȼ?̿Ͼ̩̩ҲrҪѣɽ·ҲֻܺȰ
ʵ̫Σˡǻһط
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ѵûй𣿡
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˵̩ڵ̩ȫrɽ·Ȼұ֤а취ԵȳĹ
ĲᣬĹǹ¾룬ֻҪ̩ܶ˹ĺ·Ȼ̩ص͵ƶԺԮôԵǰ֧ĿxngǺܸߵġ
Ȼ̩ӱϾrȻ̩**Ҳһսȴ޷rڶӵ¼ս
ǰεսСֻ⵽ըĿϮȺڻսʧȥĲˡ
˸ûϵĺ·źҲڿǵͷŻ󵨵ĶȽͻս
ɽ·ϵĿЦ?̿ƺҲʲô
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ԴԴϵսҲڳﱸŸ׼
Ȼ˵̨Ͼ̩½̩䲻һϿ̨ҲrӪĵطʮrʤr̨岿
һʱr̨ĿǺǿ
ھ˽ʮͳrһֱڶ̨ԭסϴԺͬʩ
ʷսʱڵ̨弮rʿһЧʵrnhk̨ĽĿй
ں̨ҲǻġrˡھͿʱr̨Ŀ
ȻҲ˵̨û׻˱Ͼ̨ҲǻֻͬrҲٰˡ
㵽ǷĿ̨ҿɾ͵ùˡ
ĵͼ̾ŵ
ҵĿĲ߾͹Զˡ
˱Թˡ
ô˵ҫЦŵ
ݼƻҫĵʮžʹĵʮ߼ž·̨ϺڸҲѾ˴ıֻ˴һͨ·ڻڸĲӾͻһӵ̨
Ҫȴιȥ
ǱߵʤϢҲҫһ̼
ϾΪͬĽǱ߶߻û˵ȥе㶪˵
ʱ׼ĶѾ׼Ĳ׼һкҫʹѾbijng׼жվͺ֧Ԯ
ҫʹ˵̨ܸܲٴ̨ȫվͺ

ȿʼȻǿվǵذĴը
̩ǱߵսѾѾҪh3ըȼкըʱصh3ըѾȫ˸
սۿʼһǳľh3fh7ɵĺըȺ
ǧh3ըͬfh7ըͬǵذķ̨϶Ժ̲һпĿкը
̺ʽĺըʹú̲ӵĶ
ȵ˽СʱĺըըȺŷλڸĿվ
ҫĵʮžʹĵʮ߼žںĻ¶̨Ϻط˵½ս
½Ľ״ųںˮ˳ųĴŽ봬ںһҵĵ½ͧӵ½½ʹ
ȻҲֻǵ½ͧҲս
ڵ½ͧҲһ30ּ15̹
սۺǳս۲ͬǴγ̫޷ʹ̹˳ʩչεĳԱǱߴ⹥ѶҲ˹̹˲ܹǳ
һߵrڵ½ͧӵ½гڵ½ͧsh̺Ҳ׷׿
СھĻڡǷջ˵ھԶˮʹõ½ͧҲĹϵrرӵ׼ȶЩϾǰ
Եȵ½Ӽʻ̲ͷʱ½Ѿʧʮҵ½ͧҲһЩִĿĵصĵ½ͧй˵Щ½ͧǿǿĵִĿĵصǴӲŴȴûм˻߳ͿԿĳ澿жʧ
½Ĺʿûչƶһͬʻ15̹˵ı޽̲ͷ
ʱ15̹˵þ͹ֳ
˵15ĵսԲzt40zt41ھ˸Ľ15̹˵Ҳﵽ100׵ĳ̶̶ֳȵķȻ޷ھ̹ڻ88shķ̹ڵһھĻʲôȴû
ڵ½½ӼΧЩﱤ޽̲ͷ
һߵ15̹Ҳ̹ڶr˻
15̹r˻ǱȽ˽ıϾйrҲܹһʱʱ䵱йrйཻʱйͬʱҲΪ15̹Ȼǽе
r˺̹һֶûõԵЩ15̹رӵָӹپѾ̲ͷĴھڽڿ׼15̹
䡱
һںȻвٵڵƫ˵Ҳм15̹˱
˵15ĵװ׹һ̶ȵڵ˵Ҳмöھ̹shڵᴩ̹˵װ׽̹ճһ
mlgbd
̹˱ѾܵԶԶſΪҩѳը֧15̹ƿڴ
˵ʱѾʮ̹˵½̲ͷrǰϾֻԴʱĹȻǳڱľ
ʱ½ӻԴԴϵĳ̲ͷȻٵĵ½ͧ;б˵ǲʮӺ̲ͷĹѾǧ
ȵСʱ̲ͷĹǴﵽһõ
Ȼr̲ܲ͸ֽ̨ǰϾǲһ
˵Ǻ̲Ĳӽֻڵ½ԹԵ̲ͷصûʲôıϾʱȫѰɱ
r˻뽫ºȥռݶrǷγҪ̲ͷĹºȥֻڵ½ĹװŴԶڻռžԵټ̲ͷн15̹Ϊ⼸ιƶ׵߽
û취rҲֻýк󷽵ȺԺ̲ĹиʽȻտʼʱҲôö䵽rԼͷھ˵ܿڵֻŹˡ

̸оǴѴ򰡡
һѾ޺õ̲ͷһĨĺˮһ
ĲԶһ15̹˲ȴһ㶼Ҷ̹˺û취˵ڹ̲ͷصʱЩ̹˵ȷ൫ǵȵγɺЩ̹˵ĿԵ̫һЩ
r˵İںͷ̹15̹˴һԶҲչ̹Χʿڸ̹˺ȫһΪ
һ骵ͬĻҲǿЦһȴʲôû˵
һСʱʱ̲ͷĹѾﵽ̲ͷҲװ˵ĸо
һοվĺըڻ¹̲ͷr͹ֻϧ͹ʧ˶ʧܺƵĹǧʬֻʣЩŹһԱ
ʵֻǺ󷽵ҫҲǰĿѿ
ǲκʱ̲rȵ½ȥĹҪҫͷ
Ȼô˵սȴǾԲܷ
˺󷽵ҫҲֻҧӲͬʱÿվṩ֧ܶԵĻҫϣÿվĺ̲ͷrȫըδİʮһ
r̨ϵֿ쳣ǿҫĵʮžʹĵʮ߼žʧܴ
ϹҲ̨岢ôµľr̨Ҳ׾ͽ̨óսۿʼǰϹѾڸ˴ıҫʹǿ·ȷ
ֻ˵˵ǿŲϴϸʧϹǰߵҫʼջһ۵ĸо
¿վ漸rΪƽ
ȻÿҫΪصrѾ˲ʱЩrȴ²һ֪ôľͳˡ
˹˼rʱ½ӵѹ
ͬڹƿվǰrҲԲС
ЩƵ500ＶȻֻH3սԺըܹصǶ500ＶĺrЩν塢ֽ̨ȴʲôˡ
Ȼ⵹˵500Ｖٻ޷ôھڵı˵װ406׽ڲsh̴ﵽ38ܷshش1ֵڵڵ͸9׺Ļ
ֽһ̶ȵ̨Ҳֽİˡ

ϮΡ
̶ĿϮjng쳹սʱĿһ߷Ÿֿһ߶Χ˺
ʵҲҪȥôrĺըں̲rѾϰйըĺըjngĴ̶صrʿѾʼѰܵͷն
ĿҲѹΧ˺ĿҲæһȥ
ĿɺܴսʱԲ뿪̫ԶǰЩεĿϮҴ
ʱĿͻȻһХ
ѾĿɺй˵ĺըѾʼͶȻʱʮಽľ벻Ҳûа취ֻܳڳ˹ȥ
ӺĿɳʱҲ˾޴ıը
ա
ڵĿռ䷭˼ºĿıը෭ʱʯͷ鵽ĵطȻһ
ȻĿɲŸոһͣһǱըҪҵѾ˹ĿɻûôӦѾԼĶһƬǾҵ
ĶϷɰʯĿɺڵrٱ˵ͬضɽҡһĿɱǵȥЩһΪҵıըҪĻڵȫˡ
ںըʱѰΪ㲻֪ʲôʱԼͷͻһöҲҪ䵽ͷô׼ֻΧ500ＶҲԽը
ʵЩrĿѾֹһεļ
ҲȻĿѾοϮҲұ֤ԼܰĹһΡ
ֻ˵һһ󡭡
ĿҲȻϮһʮֵҵĿ»ǰοϮ
ֻϮĿ»űըͷ͵Դͬһ߳ʱrȴѾڿϮһƬǽ
ʱں̲ķȴѾһƬɱ
˵ĿȻΪϮĹϵЩ֮ȻĿµĶ
ʱһͷrҲ֪˳ֻǻָӵԱĿЩ˵ȥ
ĿµҲǽʱҲӾٵʽǹս
ȵĿ·һʱȴǴĳѾըȥʱ滹˵ĻҲѾȫ
Ȼ˵ĻʱʩȻпܾȳǱĹѾĿȴûʱҲֻĮͬȥ
ֻǾܳŶء
ĿǿԼǰߵսȥʱԼ
˵Щrrһֱйĵ½ӵǰйվֹĿϮrҲ˲ٵ
ȻֻĻҲûʲôϾΪrӪʱֳ֮һr̨岻ô˵Ҳʮr̨ͬ岿ټǷһ˵ҲҪֵ
ǾôεĿϮ̲ĹѾʧĲ˶rڿվܼը³ôʱ俿ľЩ¡Ҫ֪ЩվĺըһҪ˸ʱһСʱҪһһʮΡ
˵̲ͷķߵʱr˾û͵ûʲôʲôĿôҵĿϮȻܹŵġ

еĸ̾ȵĿɸϵصʱ**ӾѾ׵ľ
˵ЩrҲһɹûڿվĺըrɥʧ˺ܴԹǶôըĲص
ȻЩڴްġ

ڵִغĿµھٵ°ս״̬еʽǹҲ׷׶׼
Ŀµڵ˽ЧshǰѾ׼ԼĿ
ȵһԵľٷĿߵ
ء
һոձĿ׼ŵʿѾ
ͬʱĿߵЩͬҲ׷ߵ
һǹĿҰΧھٱʮʿȻû˵Ͼʽɱʵܶʱ㱻Ҳɥʧս
ҲΪ˽һԵȵĿµ˿ûڿϮеĻǹҲ׷׿
ʮһʽʽžʽһʽʽ;Ŷʽʽ
ò˵rװĻǹ໹ǱȽ϶ֻڵҩҲͷһЩ
˵ʮһʽ;ʽǹ߲õĶ6.5mmĵҩ
žʽʽŶʽ;ʽõ7.7mmĵҩ
ʽػǹõ13.2mmĿھ
ȽϷʱֿھҲƵǴM2ػǹ͹װ19ʽػǹʹõĶ12.7mmĿھ
ʮһʽǱȽġӡǹʮһʽǹʽǹ״ɢƬʹʽǹͬ6.5x50ײǹӵԼ׼5sh̽ԶjngȽϸߵǹ
shʮһʽ޷͹װ19ʽ8mmûǹᲢ
ҲΪԭrڴʮһʽ˾ʽֻʹʮһʽһʽõҲ6.5mmھĵҩ
ʷʽ϶Ϊֿɿʹõ6.5ӵȱ͸ڻ1937ʹýϴ7.7ӵľžʽǹΪ
ڴʮһʽʽʽõ6.5mmӵ̫Сʷrʼʹýϴ7.7mmӵľžʽǹȡʽǹ˿ϴĿھľʽǹıҪ
ǾžʽǹֻͺʷһΪսĹϵžʽǹ;žʽǹ޷ȡѾģװrĴʮһʽʽʽǹrֶֿھҲrĺڴ˺ܴ
ϾǹʲôֻҪһֿھͺֿھĻʵǼ鷳ǹҲǷΪֿھĻô¾Ǻ鷳
ʽػǹ
ʽػǹʵrƵM2ػǹ13.2׿ھʽػǹӵʽ12.7׿ھ13.2׿ھʽӵںʽջǹrйվBF2Cй˳ΪĻ)սõʽػǹrĻػǹҪΪҪװս
rʽػǹr½Ho103ػǹһʽڵ涼ǡʮ̶率ʽ13.2׷ʽӵHo10312.7ʽӵrӵͬʱֹһҩȴͨõĻػǹ֧Ԯʹöֲ˷ʵڲսԭ෴ƲM2ػǹȴǺ½ͬĻǹӵʹõırܼ
ΪʲôʽػǹҲ
ǰЩrڿվĺըrڷߵĸʽǹͺǵĻһʧ˲ټڹվռ˾ԵƿȨЩڻսҲ
½ĽһҧɴͽսĻǹ½ʹ
˵ЩǹԭǻصĶǸʹõĵ13.2mmĿھսҲżЧ
ֻڻϮЩػǹҲĻǹһʧ˲
ʽǹǳػǹr½ڵڶսʱ̹˳װ׳ı׼ǹҲǹʹþʽ1937꿪ʼòеr̹˳װ׳ֱսΪֹΪ򺱼örҲŶʽװ׳װ׳ʹþʽ

˵ڿϮrʧ൱ֵװϾȻһĻǹͻڡȻڼͲrҲȷǸ൱ɱ
ս뵽ȻʱrͨͲȻ̲Ͷsh൱Ķ
ǵ½սЯװԻԵúܲټҲû뵽ʱrȻҲʹûѧ˹Ҳ⵽˲СʧûķߵȾѾ͵Ҳr˺Ľ֮
ʱĹȴǶrǹֵrط
һֱ˶׵ľһֵĹʿͣ¼ǹȻڵһʿ沢Ҳʱ񵯷shrصĻѹ
ͬʱ̲½ӵָӹҲںſվ֧
˵ʱ϶ǲܳH3ˮƽը˵ǸըĸըʱǺЧ
Ҳڿվڻ³Ĺrķ
ȥġ
һ׼һȥ20ʿһö׼ȷrս
սﴫըrĲҽʱҲ֪ôö񵯾Ȼսr˸˻
һĻʿȻɵ۲ԱߵϱӦǺܿһŽſ½ԼҲһӵ
ء
һǱըʲôҲûС
ġ
ոձߵʿӵȥƺҲЩ߳ŭ
һ˰ԶǹҲֻʣһЩʲôԳŭҲɲ˱
ʱһʿҲ˹Ҳ˵ֻ񵯷shͳս˼
˵ոյr˻ܳûӳĻôЩ񵯾;޿˺οô񵯾ǲҪӳҲ
ǡ
ܿǸͷʿͿսըĳȻһЩ֫кʲô
족
Ǹ񵯷shʿҲûдʿǳĺ
ʿĻһװʿѾ˹
ܵսĸֱӽе׼ս

һʿǸƵsh˳սĹʿͿսмȼĻʹ຿˳
Բۡ
ǰһĻǸѪЦһԵһϱһֿ
˵ǹըըƬϱܽܵĻôǰһĻ;޷˱Ͼ˻ʵ̫˵
ȻʱһƮƮһ仰ȴ˵˻ȥ
Щröʱѵʲô˵𡭡
ȷȼյһ˵ǻѧͬҲһ˵οϱۼԼսʹr˵Ķ仰ϱҲ˵ʲô
ʱһҲ˹
ȻûܵǸһȥܵһ̨ڴsh
shڵоǿɱҲ൱ұ˺ֹʹûshҪڶԸ塢ﱤȸּӹ̹ڻshshʵܹĴȼҺܹЧشshڵӰлshЧsh̼Ϊ޵ʵƬΪ˱Աȫ˳бsh
ʵִshܹ5080׵ľ뽫ĿճɻҽҲĿshȼҺ岢ºȼĿĵƻȼ
coԱ˵shкܴΣxngȻshЯԱĻսshcoԱΪзѻֵĻʷshֺٳΪսΪ²Ļshͨᱻ͵ǹͬȼȻshЧshȷʵϽʹcoǲòֽӽоػshϵͳͬһǵshԸֳʽshԱȲ
shдӶ´ըΣձӰӦע⵽Ӱһ𻨻ӵsh´ըĳǲװصǶxngĸѹcoֶ౻ڵض͹װصȼϾȼǶԷõȼյһĵҩ

׼̨ʱһӿ̨
ûõʱʮΧĻ˾ѾŴ̨һ˳ȥ׵ľ
ͬʱshͬʱҲϵķŴ̶Ц
Ǳڼȫѹסо²óһΪʵ̫̫ͬʱshҲʵ̫
ͶսǡΪrڶrĽͺըѾʣ¶Ե
һᷢЦҲΪѹ̫Ե
Ͼô˵ǵıҲǱŻȼյȼ˵ʵʲȼϲȼյϾҲǻȼղǣͺɻһȻɻȫһֽͨߵмɻĲɻ
ټһʿսҲǺϲ̫ϾҪըΧһȦ˶ޱȡ
ҲһЩϲñȽķʽйԼеѹ֡
Ȼַйʽȥƺôһ̬ҲȫֻеļѲȻĻû˸ҽӽ...δİʮ»
˵ڹȥĺըrһֱӺԴԴϵĲǰߵʧЩںĹ·ȴһʱ޸ͼӹ̵ĿǹվըȴԴԴϵĴ½Ǹݱصıв
ȵrĺըȻذߵrʿȻ翪սʱһеĹºͷȴѾ𻵵Ĳ
ûЩrĵֿҲͼ
ҲҫʮֹϵͶʹûsh
shɱߵһʱshshȻﵽʮ׵ĳ̶ȾӰʮ׵ľ붼
ʮ׵ĳ̶Ѿһ****Чɱsh̸
һ㲽ǹЧshҲŶ׶ѡ
ζҫϲֱϾʵ̫Σ˹ЯȼըĻǺĲᵥΧһȦ˹ƶҪ˵ı
Ȼоľר֤Ǻܰȫٲ㱻һǹͻᱬըʲôȼյһвȻͲܻᷢը
ʵʵսڲԵʱҲ֤һ
ȻĻôΣٴҲװıϾѾ˫нŪõĻֶŪԼ˺ܻܿȵ˻Ҫ
ȻȻ˵ǹлϲֱȻٱϾѱըᱬը˭ҲԸֶ̫ҲڹенȻǱȽ϶ֵھеѷǺܶ
ټcoĻָΣȻΣճ̶δرȵûըŵĲǹжҲôһЩ̬οըҲǾԵ
ɡ޲أ
ɡŵ151944ꡢŵɽ
Ϊǽ˰װҩŹܵһͻshʹѵԸǲѶսʹװ𣿲л˾ܾɺܼս㱻****ǹǻǹ޷Ҳһ۶˵㲻ұŻshһССĵƬҲܰճһ򵱵оʿĻshеӵ䵽ΧûĸʿԸⱻоʿǵӵչˡǸͼûshǵļһ
Ҫ˵ȫҪҽľױȼ֡

Իshзʼڵһսڼ䵱ʱսսĲпxngȫҪһʽ˵񵯡Ȼڡ̹˵רսսȻǹ񵯷shҲ
shִȻҲзĿ
ʵ̵ֲڵһսڼ䷴ûʲôϾʱͬ˹ЭԼսӶȻԻshʲô
shʷҪԶڻǹͻڹԪͰռͥ˾밢˵ĺսʹһֽϣ𡱵ҺȼռȼռƽʱװľͰʹʱҡôͨһ֮ܽսϣ𡱵Һȼռ䷽ȼ
ִĻsh䷢߱Ϊ¹`ѵ1901һshƷ¾ѵյװѾִ߱shһװΪЯһܳΪ12׵ͲڲˮƽΪ°벿Ϊѹƿ벿Ϊȼռƿ
shѹȼͲĽֱʱѹҺȼռһƤܴӸʵķshܿshܿһ򵥵ĵװҺȼռȼγһĢ״ĻĿװsh18ܹshӵŹһxngʹõÿηsh뻻õֱ1911ű¾ɵ¾齨һ12رװִʷһֻshһֱ4shսʾ˵
19152·ڷȳ˵¹˵2º1915730rӢڸµHoogeսҲֻ͡𽺺ǵĵ֮ζսӢʧ31ٺ751ʿսsh޴ĽɱҲһαдս
˿ͷӢ˺ͷҲʼԼĻsh˱Ƚʵǵƻ¹˵Ĳ19171918ͶʹöӢ쿪Ļsh2ֵȻķӵӢ˲̶ֹװھ¾ǰ55׵ķǰ˫ŵ̨ͻshΪķսרsh̰ʮڲǰɨ¾ĵһ߲191771rķս۴¾ķڻʹݻŻshеµ¾һߺҲʧȥ
¾ڻȡ˳ɹ֮ӻshǽСÿ߻shɢǰҪǵ¾ʱɨЭԼ**ӵǰط1917¾װĻsh˸ʹÿɶεŹʹûshĻxngshƵʴ߾ӢԵ¾shjng¾ĻshshʱӢ㼯лshһ²¾sh̾͵ǹټ޷ṩԶĳսսҲûзڻսľxngһսе¾һ˹650εĻshӢͬ๥ƼΪ
ȷshսи˫ԶȲǹڵڽⲫսսе¹˵ĻshɸˮɪɪЭԼʿ˾޴
ڵһսڼ˵ڵһսҪʱzhngfſʼսԷòĻshչоڵһսʿʱսŷսûгֹйӰ
ȵһսȻʱж߾ͻϵڵʱдڽϺƽһʱ˹Ҳûװsh˽һֱڶо
һֱһſʼʽװһsh
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Ҳ֪Ӧ˵ǹzhngfǿǸ˵sh̫ٷսʱȫѾװʮͻshԭʮȫ֧Ԯ˹ȥˡ
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ΪսshʹڶսսһսûбʵҪڶԽﱤ͹µĹԼԲее
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˵Ϊһʿ̤սʱҲôһо򲻴ϲʵҲǲϲһԭ
սѵĿûôϾھеʱ򾭳Ŀʱ䳤Ҳϰ
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ֻҪ׼rʿֻʣѡҪôܳҪôǵűճɻ˻һΪϢȻϢҲһǸ㲻Ҳ˱ϾϢʱҲ͵ʧȥ˵ֿ
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Ȼô˵ȻѾذһ½ǫ̂͵ѾбϾ̨嵺r˵˫ıʵ̫
һڵ֪һӢפ̨rطߵͬʱҲʧȥ̨׼
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˵ĿǰΪֹͲʲôĻǹڵһĵͻȻóһģһǶ׼ĵһӦǵʲôǰȸɵ
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ȻѻǹϾһθɵü˶һһĻ״ݾr˵jng
Ҳֻѡܹһθɵ˵

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Ͼô˵ĴҲһdlôһطûЩĻӢǾй̲ġ

Ȼɷʤ׷йжʵĹӦټӶڽ¹Ī˹ƵĹҲ൱ʧڽ¹Ī˹ƺɷҲֻжͷתȥʣµĲӽԾǻָս
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ҲڸֽͷĪ˹Ƶı̨Ϣȴֻڵڶ
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ȻֻǶͨr˶Զrĸ߲˵̨ʧݱǿԤϵ̨ʧݺȻҲ۵ǵĿ⻹תе˽ɻ񵽵Զǹ
½ۺܸߵȻҲж½Ϊ̫˷ӵҲһЩΪҪĻʿjngʲôġ
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ڻսʱƽʱshѵʲôľѾܽսʱڵĻҩֻȺƽʱڼӴ
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ȻⲢ˵ǳԲƵĳӶڰСʱʱȥ󸽽վصĹվѾɳս͸ը֧ԮڸҲ൱ĹȥĻԿֻrԼ
ƵĳӿȥֻҪСʱҾȫԵ˵r˻Ƿڿȥܷʵķ⡣

r˲һڿվؽӵԮɳͬʱĹڽӵԮҲʼƳڵλÿ£
ҪrڶʮӵĻԵûĻ¾ûôˡ
ʱĹȴǶЩ˵¾ڶʱ
һ桭
𣿡
ڵǵĿվһнεĹһԵĻָӹٵ
ĶѾˡ
нʻָӹæĺá
Ǿͺá
нͷ
ЩʿҪƮǳĻǿǽ첻Ӧеز顭
ָӹٵͷûж˵ʲô
ʱָڵĵ绰ͻȻָӹæ绰ѯʵ
ʲô£
Ƭָ̺ӹٽ绰Ҷ϶н
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á
Ǿɡ
ڵõɺ󡣻ܵķɻʼתĶһܼȻҲʼڻܵȻӵ롭
H40ĿǰйĹ̶ɻͬʱҲȫĹ̶ɻ˿ɽļɶǵĿĵǾɽǧԶĶ
ը
ǵ
ĿǰҪװսԺըһ־ִйըȡ̨H3ըһ־۵H40սԺըˡ
H3ըxng൱ҪըĻپǿһЩH3ص3ֵº̽3000ĻȴҪ3200һҲҪһ㡣ˮƽըĻH3xngܱܲİȫ
Ҫ֪ͺͬr˿Ǻӷյġ
H3Ҳֻ൱B17ˮ׼̶ȵĺըȥ˶ôʧʵ̫ˡ
տվѡH40ը
B29ӵͬxngܵH40ҪH3ʺ
һվҲH40䱸൱ȼյ˵ҲҪĸ߿սˮƽըʱ׼ȷ⡣ϾȼյȫճһƬ𺣵ġ
ͬʱҲѾ۵ĽټH40ըһʮҲǶֲ˸߿պըjngȲȱ㡣

нһʮH40ըܿʹӻɲʼ10000׵ĸ߶ȿʼŶȥ
ںB29ܹ4000ӢߣԼ1192ףĸ߶ʱ350ӢĶԿնȷеʱĹĴ󲿷սָ߶ȡܹ಻׷B29Ķȡ
H3B29ӵͬxngܡһʮH40ɵսԺըȺûöʱͷɵr
ȻǵĿ겢rֻrĻH3Ҳ˱ϾɽrĳȵزҪʱ䡣ֻǶԳкըĻ޷ﵽrʿгشĿĵıϾrĶǶǳ顣
һڶҲr൱̶ȵĹҵܹԶгشĻҲ൱ЧļrĹҵʵ
r˽ͰĴ°ӵԴ˻رr˵תȻήͲ١
һҪҵr˲ûװ״Ҳװ˵ǲûв𵽳һĵطҾװЩ״xngܿҲ൱һ·ûֺըȺ١
˺׵ĺըȺҲͷɵ˶Ŀա
ʼͶ
ȷĿһըӳ
ڵõͶըͶַ׷װ˰ťڵڵȼյҲһööĴӸ߿¡
ҲʱڶĿķjng

ԶĺըûгñϾըڵĵҩôҶҲһȫĵطĲ˵ǸshڵͶڽȫĵҩͶºըȺҲźصķȥҲΪ˱ⱻr˵ĽػӸס
˵r˵ʽȷɻ޷вH40Ĵڵʽʽɻȴ˼ʻԱҲòС¡
ϾH40H3H40ļбÿһܳҪ൱Ĺʱͳɱ
һըȺͶµȼյҲڶȼ˴
һʮH40ըڶ´͵ѶԼ2.56ƽǧ׵ĵطٻ١
ÿܷɻЯ˶ȼյȼɴ6500ƽסͬʱΪⲻҪϮʱըըбӶڵ춫˻硣
һʮH40ըͶ˹һǧȼյĸʹпȼ壩41ƽǧ׵ĵطٻҪǻʾԶĵԼķ֮һΪƽ18%ǹҵ63%ҵסլƻе22ҵĿȫݻ267ǧറ֮һ޼ҿɹ顣ڿϮĹлдԼʮ˱ճˡ
Ϯ˳ɹܴԭڹضrûжȼĽиĽȻһͬʱҲҪһrܵĵһըֻǵһޱû⵽Ϯr˳˺̶ܴȵĻҶrĹҲȫ֪ӦôźҲֻʹúըĻ˼ʧ
Ȼ۴ķ濴εĺըǼΪɹġ
һ⵽˺ըһ⵽ϮrʿܵӰͬʱҲʼǷܻⳡսʤˡ
ͬʱⳡըҲʷŨһʺҲⳡըΪ(δ)
İʮת
⵽ô£
վһԿΧЩھȻڸһѧУﵣνʦɽ忴Ѿճɺs
һʮH40ըЯһǧ͵ճһƬȻκըrȴǺ޲ࡣ
ҲѹֱϾڹȥİrδ⵽һϮrȻѾս״̬ǱĹսʵûкܴjngxng
ڿϮͺըʲôģ
H3ĻҪըrûʲôҪըʵ̫ǿټӹȥʱվĺը˵ǶҲûкըһrȻҲûôһ졣
ټӴʱrû״װ޷ṩ㹻Ԥjngһεˡ
H40Ⱥĺըr˾ͺľõһֻһͷĿѣȴһ㷴ӦûС
һڿϮܵʧǶӢڸԱҲyᡣϾһʱڵrҲŰǧһӾʮ۴ĸǶȿС
ʵʷrĿϮгȼյʧԭӵҪ
ͬʱȻĿǰr滹ûнϮʧͳƳǿŶڵսеǿҲΪսԺըȼյԾš
ѾB29ҿʼ׼B29ԷɵҲû뵽սԺըȻܴز
Ҳѹ֡ϾȥװB17ըں̻صB29ҪȴB17гЩٽһֱûбģϴսȻҲûʵսһµĻᡣ
ȻH40ȺܹӳôͶĽȺľƵҲкܴĹϵϾľƽ͵ȫܹϳ͵ĳ̶
˱ȽϳԾȴr˵ĽģʽȻһֱûı䡣
Ҫ֪1923Ĺضʮ˵ʱ硣û󷹵µط˺rܵǰ뵺غ̨ǿ絼´ѸһЩϯСΪǵĽۻİ·Ѷһ½أڵĺ԰ʱԼ3000˼һտĿյرĻڵˮѡֱ93r硣ڽ֮ӵնڴɥ
˴ƽҲɶλҳԱʱ17ԺĸŮŮеĶǹڶʦֵĺڶŮŮݵ
ڴʺʺΪʱ˶rԷû⵽κεΣա
ϹΪr˻ȡѧϰĽѵġǽչĵЩľƽ½ṹġȻڵrڶȴȻʹľƽṹĽ
Ϊr˾ضĵ𡣲ڶˡ
ҲΪ뷨˺Ķը
Ϲ⡭
ȻrԼȡѵϹҲֻܺÿվ׼ȼյˡ

ԶĿϮrʿ˼ĴΪrܵĵһϮһôصϮrѾʼrܷʤˡ
ҲдrǿҪzhngfйչжֻϧʱrûH40ĺըھH3B17һսԺըҲûȻҲ̸ʲôˡ
úĽغըɳϽӶйغнкը
йĺŴѲ߻ڽѲҪ־ʻй캣ʵǼйֵĻйվ½վǽϽȫҲûпܵ顣
ο㱨жɹ˼ֻҪβŽбĽػȥϽʲôλõʱ
ϽҲͳΪʷˡ
˵ϽʱǵһĽӵǽػϾǸɲ½սľͺF35ɲF22һ11£ðϽȫûķվΪ˽һα
ʷӢ۵ȷߵûԲеز
ӢûɱжըͲ
ԺrﲻH40ɵĺըȺٴι˶һΡȻr׼ҸյҲյĲˡʧûһôڿϮĹл˶H40ը
H40Ⱥ˶һH3ɵĺըȺҲ˳ȳС˵ЩըҪըĻôһǿֻǺըʲôĻû⡣
H3xngܲH40ڿϮĹСH3ʧȽ϶಻Щʧr˵ȾͲʲôˡ
ģĺըʹrԭͲôĹҵ⵽صʧȻʱͰĴӵʻԴԴϵrrЩתɳƷȴ
һҲΪըĹϵʹrʼ¹Ҫշļ
ȻҪݻȷȷĽӦǽ
ü˵rʱԼҲǲ˿Ǻ͵¹Ȼǲ൱Ĵr͵¹ҪԴҲ˵Դ
rսһЩװͨҲͨǱͧȷʽ¹˵б˵һεԶǹ
һԶǹ뽻״﷽ļôһ쿪ǵrѵټrṩЩԴƺҲ㹻ˡ
ȻԶˮⲻ˽rͬ¹ڽд̵ʱrÿ춼Ҫ⵽һκը
һըָӹҲ˺ըķʽ
H40ըrĿԾ¼ҵʩΪH40r9000ҵĸ߿ս롣ʹjngȷͶrվǿҵֿϮԻӳЧʵǺըʹõȼյĻ½ϴģƻС
µָӹȴıֿϮʽH4015001800׵ĵͿսrµָӹΪҹrսΪ塭
ʵ֤Ƕˡ
ͬʱH40սԺըӵľ޴ùվԲʽնսԺըҲ˼ȤϾʽɻڶȻڸ߶ȵȷ涼ԶԶûH40
ͺըѶȺ͸ӶȱϾҪսټĿҲǸողԶʱڿ޷ֺըˡ

վrĿըʹr⵽˼ʧںܾǰr˾ѾйվǿվװĴͺը˺ܴĽ䱸ΪǰʽսܹػH40ʽսͽػ
ڿϮĹйվҲʧ˲ٵĺը
ټH3xngܻH40r½вٵսֺܶըнػH3ʧҪH40ʮ౶ȻԵH3ҲҪH40ʮҾըӵʧٶҲܱr˵ʧࡣ
һڱܺըͬʱrҲʼǽҵתƵ뷨
Ȼ˵ҵתƵĵʲôıϾô㲻תҲ޷Թվĺըʲôв
rνתָҵתƵĴǵռȥ
H40ըxngܶr˴һ˵H40ըܹɵĴȥĻrȴһ㶼š
rÿ춼ܺը佫Դ˷ڲϵ޲СϵĽҵתƵĴȥһŹվҲûа취˺οĴǱҲ൱̶ȵĹҵ
οrzhngfĴ㡣ǹͰĴǵͳβƾЩԴͬԿ
ȻôĻ϶ǻкܴġͬʱٲֵĹҵȴѾʼĴתˡһrռ˰ĴǺҲûռĴǵͬʱ԰ĴǹҵлָĹѾʼˡĴǵĹҵѾָԭеˮƽ
ƾŰĴԴrͶĴǵĹҵʵĻôĴǵĿеĻࡣ

r˴㽫ҵתƵĴȥȻ󽫰ĴΪ֧뷨жϹҲϹȴûһ㶯
˵жҲû
ԭܼ򵥡Ĵʵ̫Զˡ
ҰĴǱعϡ700˿սֻʣ򶼼޵ĳνĵֱֿ֯ٵĿҸ޷γЧв
˾֪r˴ʲôϹҲֻ￴ųH40ĺܹйͬĴ֮һ
ҪʵҪ˵Ǵӱ˾ǴԽϳH40ĺҲҪ֪ԽϾĴ˵Ĵǧ߰ٶ๫һǧ๫H40սȴ˲١
οĴǵĹҵ˿ڼϤīжԽϾĴǵĳв˹ҲǧٹľϤǧ˰ٹľī
īĻǾһЩǧ߰ٹľ롣
˵˵ôľH40˵Ȼ̫ʵH40亽Ҳ9000ѷɵĴǵĻûпܲٷɻĻʵǲ̫ˡ
ȻrһֹҵʼתƵĴȥЩ鷳ٽôըrҲֻܶrϰˡ
rս߼תƵ˶ǴӰĴǽֵ֧ĻһЩ
ЩҪΪʱڲѾӡˡ
ЩӢ˻ǲʶడ
һ̫ʦν˵
ǰr˶ѾӡвǾȻԸǽӡȡ
Ҳͷ
ȷ̫һЩ
ҲѹֱϾǵĻҲὫһȺδĵ˷ŽԼļġ
ǡǺһЦǲѵǾͽȥ𣿡
˵Ĳ¶һߵġ
ͺͬʱйѾŵںһҷֱǹ˹̹˹̹ȱ˹̹˹˹̹˹̹
˹̹ͬӡȵľȴǺܽȻطм仹һڵǰȴֻһ鱡ƬһҪĻȫʮ׵ԽƬµӡȡ
ʵzhngfҲôġ
λ̩Ĺʼ½zhngfҲӢzhngfϣӢzhngfܹ½ӡЭӢzhngfз
ϧӢzhngfԹzhngfġ⡱ȴ˿ûҪڽӵ˹zhngf󲻵ֱӻؾӱʮ޵ıгһЩӡ߾
ȻôĽr˵Ĳƽ˲١(δ)
İʮºը
Ӣ˶йķҪr˵zhngfӢzhngfǳ֧ԮӡӢʱ𼪶zhngfԥĻؾˡ
Ϊ˷zhngfӢ˻ԭͲıһЩӡ߾ȥȻôĺǰԭıør˼ƽĻɻ˳ࡣ

ӢҲǰ׳ֱr˵Ǿǡ϶r˲ӡȸƽʵӢ˵жȷΪڹzhngfϺ̩ԭӡȸƽròϼ
Ӣ˵ѹȻͼ˲Ҳܳӡ߾
ͬʱrҲȫ齫սߺӵϼڡ
rôϣʩͬʱΪսɷ齻йr˵ĿǰrĲҪͨˮ·Էô鷳
ȻԹ˵սټĻʩиӵĴֵԼɽ·ǰµλܸܶ鷳
ɽ·뷨֪ró̶ȴǲòռϾͦӡȶҪӡǲòռµŻ
Ȼ֪ڵѾΪһ̶ǲòȫƽ顣
һӢ˵С˼zhngfҲǲмһˡ
ȻȻйԳһйΪ֯ͬ˹һӡ˺ͬ˹ϾͬһսӪĹͬ˶Ե¡rΪĹӪ
ڻûлܵ¹rǰûбҪͬ˹
Ȼzhngfڲкܶ˶ڽӢֱӽӡֱӴӡȥչzhngfûô
ʵǶԹzhngfռӡҲǼ鷳顣
ȻⲢ˵ӡȵܴʵӡȵȻ󵫺йĹұȻвСĲĸοӡȱʱ൱ĽͨϵͳȫûбҪĹ⡪ȻȽĽͨϵͳһ궼ûиҲǻúĺӡȾôӢ˽һǰ·Ȼõһͺ
˵ĵĲӡȵҲӡȵĽͨϾӡȵĽͨǺܴٱйһЩƫԶҪ
˾鷳ӡȵ˿ڡ˵ʱй˿Ѿﵽ˰ڶࡣӡȵڶ˿ڶйȻһܴ鷳
ȱĲ˵ҪռӡȫĻҪӡ˵Ķӡ
ӡ˶Ӣ˵ĵִܴ󲻴ǾϲйҪֻǱֿĻ˵ʱֱӿɱˡƫƫӡڸʵصӰϲʲôǱֿ
ǱֿͨҲν˳ܡ۾ǲЩܸ˿ͬʱҲڶֵҲ
ܵ˻Ǻ鷳ıϾҵԸĽڡ
ҪռӡȫһﲻźĴүôܲȫɱˣοӡҲǷǱֿļһҲһЩǺֲܱȻĻʵԼҲܱ˸ˡ
ԡ
ǲҪĺá
˵𣿡
ƳһԵĸݵӡϹЦſڵ
ʵ

ʵشûзɹйjngΪڹȥһʷйչֳ˺̰ڵڶսոձʱйǳļһսĻ̲˾ӡȲǺңԶʡ
Ȼ**ӾӡԽԽӡȵȨԽԽǿոʵػǲòܹӡ˵йˡ
ȻⲢ˵ʵط˶й˵jngֻζѡ
ʵȴϹźĵķ硣
Ըʵ˵һͳһӡǱĶӡȲ˺ӡͬʱҲ˰ͻ˹̹ϼ
ȻϹ˵ӡȴǷѵĵǺǸӡȾѾǲܽܵĸοһͻ˹̹ϼ
˵ڻǺӡȵʵֵһᵫһ־ζҪڷһͶϹ⻹Ǻġ
ŸʵصϹȴûн뷨ϾʵصjngҲһǵ顣
ͳΪйzhngfӦûӰӡϾйӡһֳܹߵ衭
Ȼ˵ûҹҲȷ֧ӡdlٴ뵫ڱϾսʱһûǵս˵
ʱʵѾ綼൱һλ˵ʵؾϹʱ׵ľͼϹ⡣
ڼϹ󡣸ʵʮֱӵϣйͨӰ֧ӡȵdlйľӽӡȺֱӰӡdlȻdlǴͳһӡȡϹеıָΪüǸӡȡ
Ϲ⿴ʵصֱ쿪
ϾӡȷָĻҰʲô
Ծʲôġ
zhngfԾʱϹ鷳
Ҫ֪й鲼ŷǱĲᵥǡ϶䡢ǡۡ˺ʵȵЩɶԾĵط
Ҫǹzhngfվ֧ʲôԾʲôġԾĹˡĳ̶ֳȹzhngfǺӢվһǾǼԾ
Ҫйֵ֧ĻҲҪȵйЩͬ߳ɹ˵
Ŀǰͬ߻ǽеĺ˳ĳռǡ۵ռĵѾﵽ11ĳ̶ǵȼ˿ڽٵĵԭй˵ﵽԭסļ֮ࡣ
Ȼ˵ͬȻԭסĵִʱڵĵ˿ڽٵʱڲٵĵǵعϡ־㽫˿ǨƽȥҲûʲôϵټйǱȽº͵һ屾ҲûʲôʲôʲôŵĻǲšжĵԭסĳͻ߲ͬûгʲô⡣
йزŵĹơôʮĻƾܽͬЩˡ
Щȴǲܸ߸ʵصϹĽھĿǰսʱڲʱӢǽǡʵϹҲû˵ڻսʱڵȻӢ˵ǽǿǵȵսǿҪʱʵʵҲ˼
ҲʵŲϹһڡ
Ϲ֮ûиϸʵһΪȽϾʵصΪˡȻϹԸʵصķǱֿȫĲΪȻһϹҲҪͨʵȥӴĽеλӡˡ
ϾӡȵļƻֻͨЩӡ˲ܴɡ
ʵزϹĻȴòΪûбѡ
һʵҲҪй˾ЩʲôſйҪ̲ӡȵʱǰ׼

ըr˼ΪʹĴҲʹòٵrʼЩʱʤ˹Ҳʼϸĥrܷⳡսлʤ
һrڲҲʼǿҪйб
ΪܾΪ˳ΪЩڿϮȥrա
ȻrȴûH3H40սԺը޷ӱйкը
Ⲣr˾ûа취ˡ
𣿡
Ȼô˵ʵӢѾˡ
·ļƻԿС
ڶӢǰнһԼĵ
֪ҹйźܴľǴͳ̺ըǾԷɲڳҪɵĺҲҪһǧٹĺصټսʱͣʱĻ̻ҪһЩ
ȻֻǴӱɡӳɵĻܵõ½
ƽĴͳдٶ๫ľ롣Ŀǰ½۵ļͺŵĺըܴﵽǵըҲԳ⻹bijngĿƽľΪ߰ٶ๫bijngľǰ˰ٹ
Ŀǰ½װĺըͺŶܴƽɺըǺըbijngĻֻоžʽ˫ըһʽ½Űʽը1900๫ĺǿܴﵽ
ֻҪѡһĿꡣȻָһܵļƻͿˡ
еĽ˵ӢڸԱ˵ͷ
¶⵽ըĹϵٹΪʿйʵʩжǱĶǵʵЧĻΪõĿbijng
ڻһܺӢڵ
Ҳ޳ɡ
һڸԱ˵ͷ
Ҳ޳ɡ
޳ɡ
ڸԱ޳˶Ӣ顣ʵҲѹ֡ϾܺըĶrĶ˵ĻֻнԷĶҲը˲Ǳ
һܹըbijngĻĹʿҲһ
ϾĿǰΪֹйһֱû⵽κεĴһŵйӵҲûй
ܹɹйʵʩըĻһΪʿ顣
Ȼ޳ˡǾͿʼж

˵ǱrĳԱбrڳĵǶӢµrzhngfڡйļԲ١
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ȵȻƺЩֲ˼ʵǲġȻϹ˽ʵıȽϻ˵൱áڹȻŲٵŮٶϹ൱ĳ羴˵㽡
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ҲᵱʱЩ˵sˡϹȴǶ뵽һЩ

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ӵĹҪըɵĲк˻ʬҳ˳㽫һЩըĵ¹µĳڱ˵ǰըǸ̳һͨİܹȫĳ
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԰յָӵĹٱҲ޻˵ϾȷǵҲֻһ߼кһڶѷ˾Ϳվʮ˴ȫһ顭
ҺοϮɵʧǺȫҲֻǧҲΪrĺըͬʱصҲǺܶࡣټִпϮըûͶºѾķջԵʡٽĿվսû㹻ʱbijngĵطջ൱ġ
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Ͼô˵Ϊ˾˾ȷҪеܴΡ
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ںըٺصСĹϵټbijngܲķջr˵ĺըû̫ٺͶܵһˡ
ȻrǶԳнеĺըȻǧ˵˵ǹԳжǹҵеĺը
r˺йĹҵʵԶԶr˾ϮЩνĹҵҲ޷Ťת޴Ĳ졣
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ͺʷֹĶؿϮһȻؿϮɵʧֻxngȻοϮȻr˼Ӱ졣Ϊrһ⵽Ϯ
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ϮɵȻǺܴȻй˼Ӱ졣
ĸײԭ൱˷ͬrսڿϮⷽ۸˲١ڽս״̬۷ѾŹƽ׶۲ûнһ
֮Ӧǫ̈̄ıʩȻѾս״̬ԷôȻһǹzhngfһȺըĶԷ˱bijngٱ
ȻһǿԿ϶ǾǾڳʵr˹̫ˡ

rbijngĺը˼Ӱǿ϶ĶԴͬ˹Ƕ˰ڵȴֻ֪ʲôӱϾһйѾǷ˹˵ҪҵΨһһûܹϮĹҡ
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һӡr鲢˵ϼһȻĽͨλӸ˼谭ͨͶʽһ·ƽϼ
쿴ɻˣ
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1857ʼڹӶһ˵ӡȹ˾͡ţͻϵͿǹǹӵֽƤװӡȽţΪʳţ˹Ϊۻ֮ڵʱļװ֮ǰʿֱҧǹӵֽƤҪӵʿǶܾʹЩӵ
ʱӡȹ˾˵ֻҥԲѾµ󻬼ӵӡʿȻͲɾܾҧǹ֧ʹͿ󻬼ӵǡ
Ϊԭ屬˵ȻҲʧ˶ʧܵĴ۾ĪԶ۹׵ʧˡ
˵ӡ˵xng൱˳ҲѾһǰ˲ǰ֮֮ʦܶиѵǺõġټǱѾ൱λӴˡҲϣӡҲһǵĵԺܶʱҲֻίһԼĲˡ
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ȡֻ˵̫Ҳǻкġ
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ΪǺϼ˵ӵȫ300ͨںִ
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˿޷󲻹ӶȷӡĳжǶµȽӶһ˿ڶûдﵽ
Ӧ˵ʷӶһbijng򺣸
ʷbijng˿ԼΪһʮ򺣵˿ΪʮӶ˿ȴʮ
Ȼֻ˿ڵʷӶȴǺʵ˿ͬʱҲһСȻ󲢲ζȴӹɵĶҵ˺ǲԼӶ˷ҲǼӶܱȵġ
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ӡdlǳӱԼĻŲͳΪ˱żʷǵӡȽó屣ڵ¶
Ȼӡܶ顣ԴȴòʾΪرһŶ³ȻҲͳˡڰ˳ǡӴµͳΪdlӡȹ͹ĶšҲΪʲôӡȻڵµطԭ
ȻӶѾӡȵĶΪӡȵǰͬʱҲӡȵĵһмӶȻžصӰҲΪʲôϣ칥ȡеԭ
ȡӶ𲢲ֻΪ˸rһѵͬʱҲΪδĳһܹӵоӡ˵Ӱ
ӡȲʲôɵ˵ǲܵϾӡȻ൱һӢ˵жӢǲ׳ֵġ
սӶӡȵһлڼӶ͵ĵԼӡȵлǸֶĴͳйеĻô˭˵йûоӡ˵Ȩ
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ԺӶ԰rĹչĺܿ쵱˲ӿͶ㹻չһսۺոռܺõĽǧŻھѾԺӶ԰r˺
ֻڱϾټӿվҲʺ˴ھũԺĲװҪ75mm105mmͻڿھҲֻ120mmѡ
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ڵҩͨ˵ķʽеĵҩҲǺܳڻֻһСʱֹͣڻѾ׼ʱĲӽжɺս
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ٺҲûֻǼϵӶ԰rshڵֻҲڴŬһһӶ԰ʻȥҲûа취ϾİӡȡҪҵ㹻ӵȼĴֻһܵʿʹõĶǷ緫һĴֻ
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졣죡
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120mmȻڵsh̲ٶߵrڴΧ˫ҲƵȵߵr൱һע̲ͷصĶɺӲӶǺЩʱɺӲӵѹ㿪ʼ
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Ӣͷɽ·ǲҵġæ
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˹Ҳ˵ɽ·ӡ֧뵺ټ³zyuӡzhngfطҪr͵¹Ա˹ûжʡ
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rӡȺ֪¹б˹ôںrzhngf˹rzyuӡʱzhngfĳͬʱҲϣͨ˹ӰrӡȵͳΡ
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ڵ֪󷽵ĿվҲǳһȫû뵽õľ¾Ȼ顣
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ȫûϵսװ׳ɽ·˸ֲǿĿ֧Ԯ¹ܿͶɹ˲
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ھļսռӶ˹zhngfейֵ֧ӡzhngfҲڼӶ
ȻʱһõϢȴ˹
ġδİپʮҪ
ɱսĽ˵ͬʱҲóܿԵ׵ǡԵסڷɱս󼸺˶ʼעʽ
һӢȹҲʼй᲻ô˻һٶ±rռİĴǺ
ΪӢɳ⽻ʹͬzhngfнӢ⽻ʹڹά⽻Ҳűֻ֤ϧ
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һڵõӦеֺ֧Ҳ˳ĹӡȵһмӶ
Ϊ˹¼ӶǰĲӺڳﱸƵͬʱҲһڵʱļ»ͨ˵ķʽսʻԱ
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ڼӿվҵĺըȻrȻڼֵҲֻ
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ȵָӲӵִӶµʱrѾɥʧս˺Ĺս൱˳
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ǰʱ䲻鱨˵¹˵ľ޴Ѿٴμ𣿡
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ҡҡͷЩɬĵ
սǰ˲Դ¹˱սһֱԵ¹ԴĹϵԴ¹һֱûжöΪսԴڵڵ¹ȻǶԴ
ɵŪԴʵսԴõĶרΪʨƻ׼ֻʨƻûмִжһڵ¹սҲйֱ֧ԴҲڷǱûж
ȵйж˶Ե¹ʹӦ¹ǻһʱ
ȵӦ¹㿪ʼЩԴŷǰֻڶŷǱߵԴʱŵסǵ֧˵ҲǺܼЩԴĶҲ
ȵĪ˹սʧܵ¹ӿʼ˺¹˲ſʼż
ҲʱʵĶԱȲſʼӿ
Ҳֵ¹嶯ԱҲսҪʧܵʱſʼ
ƫʱڷս˳˹ֿʼ¼սʤЩ˵ɷǱڽ¾ϳĪ˹Ʋҿʼ׼һ׶սʱɷһԼŵùĽ
˹ֱ˸ξǸֿ۾ָӵĻ»ϣǸһսϱ
˹Ҳû׼滻һȻɷҲ㲻Ľ
Ȼ˹Ȼ󻻽ԹǱҴ
ͻȻһָӹٶٻöһЩҵȻЩʲô˹ֿ˵ıϾķһֱ˳˹ȻҲͽĿתڲ
Ҫ֪ǰڴϴͱ¹˴Ī˹ƵĹϵ˵ﲻ˵λҲ˶ЩҪȻӦιԼĵλɷȻܵĲ¼
Ȼ˹ֲ˲ôⲢΪò˶þͻƽsoȴĵ¹ץס˻
˵Ǳ˵ĻsoҶ˵ʲôǰȷ˹̹սʱΰĽ˧֮һ
ƫʱӷԱҲѾ͵
ʳԣץסôһ˿˹̹ɹĽĶ˺ΧеĴ󲿷ֶ
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ʱͬr˹̹Ѿ˳ĲҲǺĶټӸոȫ˶һ˹̹ûаչĪ˹
Ҳڵõ˹̹ŻԹԵ˳

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˹ֶɷĲ¼ϹⲢǲںɷΪܵ˹ֵĲ¼󱻱ᵽȥ˾Ա
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ʵ˹ҲԼɺʷͬʷĪ˹ƱսڼĪ˹ƱܵʧֽĪ˹ȼֱû⵽κʧһ
ʷĪ˹Ʊս10¼¾Ī˹ƽ31οϮ2000ܷɻμ278ֻܱ72ܴĪ˹ƿ
ʱĪ˹սڼ䲻һĪ˹Ƴ¾ΪĪ˹ĵĿķֹҲΣʱ쳡ҲΪսеһ
һֱ˹ֶûпǹνġĪ˹ơĻĪ˹ѾˡȻ˹ֻôҲΪԼǱϾյսʧڴϴĹϵҲΪԭ²˶ԹʱڶĪ˹ƵĻ˹˵ɽһ߶˵¹˵ķâҲԻᱻԼ˸пҶһɵ
˹ֲΪػһ·˵ĻǾ·һ
ȻĪ˹Ʊսʤ˵սжܵʧ̫ʷв˹ֵĵλҲʷӲ
ΪԿָĪ˹սйӵо޴ɷ˹ֲŻôͬʱҲеΣС

Ҳ˹ǱҪǵθ˹ʰ̯
ԶϹĪ˹ݵĻпܻ͵¹ĻôйҪֱһĳͳһŷ޵ĵ¹ˡȻӢҲŷһֵĻǾͿܲ˲൱һǲӢŷ޵
ʵںҲӢŷ˵еһʺ
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ҲΪԭŷ˲ſҪҪӢ߳ȥ
һӢҲ൱һΪӦ˳ŷ
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ʽԭԲӢ˶òӦŷ
ӢzhngfżĿ»
㲻ǰҶ°ͬ־ŸոjngӢ࿨÷ײҪ˳ŷΪӢ뿪ŷ˺ʧȥǫ̈̄еӰ
׶زٱΪһܹӰŷ޵⽫𺦵Ӣϵ⻰ʵӢΪһʺŷ͵ĻǶ˵ɾͺΪһŽŷ˶Ҳһ
ȻЩҪҪĻӦʰҾ
й֮ԸŷĽʵûпܡǰȰӡȺľͣսĻǶйҲǼ鷳
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йԵ¹սĻô»ʤ˸ʧҲἫʤϹҪġ
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Զ֧Ԯ
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ŷ޵սȴת¹ͳһŷ޵Ŀ
Ըһͳһŷ޼ǶԲɵҲһѹܴԭӵʲôⶫûǰɵʵôⶫ
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ĿǰڷӺϲʮı˺Ҳжʮ
ܲıⷽȻ൱Ϥ˵˳
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뵽οҪԵ˹̹͹ŵﰲϹµǰｫЩĲټӹߵľǲɺͽ˲ɱҲȽϤǱߵͳϹȻҲ뵽˲
ϹĻҲ˵ͷ
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ڵõսĪ˹ٴΣ鱨Ӣ˺ҲӢ˹̹ĹĪ˹ƵĻǵ¹˿ɾܹ޹˼ɵĽȫѹӢ
ϢӢ˺ҲԲۡ
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ԴҪ̡١þпˡʯӢʯʯʯȴ⻹ʯͺȻʯʯ󲿿ؾδҵԴḻɭָΪ13%
Ϲ˵ʯͻûЩҪӵˡʺͿغɳĵطȻĻϹѾûȤϹĵλ
λǶԱ߶ǶǸʿ˺ӵıؾ֮·ܽ캣ǶҲ͵ǿʿ
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ʵӺﺣܴôͿԿĳλþжˡ
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ӢȻϹ뷨ͬҪxng
ʵӢΪʲôռȴвϲУΪǶֱӵϵвϲϵ򲻴Ҳûʲô
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ǾԲܴӦġ
ڰһ󳼶𼪶
λ󳼵ĻҲֱ˵ͷ
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ֺγ֪Ҫxngʿ˺ӻӢҪǺй˵Ļ´ӴʿҲá·ͨ
ȻµĶսͬҪΪ˹һʱ޴һ˽ֻ൱Сһֵı˳ȥĪ˹˹̹ľвϽһ취ĻĪ˹Ҳǲܵ顭
սټӰͰеʧڶȫƾĪ˹ƵĴ֧Ī˹ҪռĻôzhngfֻгɽһ·ҵʱ¶ҲҲû͵¹ʤ
Ǹʱû˶вĵ¹ȻҲͿԽȫתӢҪǸʱӢΣˡ
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˳һᵱӢ1945ĴѡʤԺ󰬵ǵıصΪ˷ԵθʱܶΪ𼪶ӦðǼΪһ𼪶Ըһ氬ʮЧ𼪶ûΪ˴𼪶ʱսȻѽβȴΪһλѺͶӵѶܴ
ЩҪҪ1950갬Ѿ͵һ1952ӭȢ𼪶ֶŮ1920Ŀɯ?ʷ𼪶С㡪һλʵ̽ͽ
Ȼʱ˿𼪶ڼ󰬵ǻȢԼֶŮ
˵ǾԲܽｻйˡ
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йӡȵȵصľٶԿĳй˵Ұʵrе¹Сйܹǯʿ˺ӵǶսzyu罫ṹɺܴв
ΪʲôĬйӡȣΪϣһǿӢйŵӡȵҲĬ˱ϾǸʱҪйrս
Ȧʲôģĺ԰Ļ˿˵
Ȼʿ˺ȴͬͺӡҪĴһʿ˺Ҳ൱ҪӰ
ӡҲͰҪʿҲйӰ֮µĻǶ˵ʵ̫
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ҪȴǽҾҪ֪Ǳ߿ɳŲ˶ҪǶһпɾͶˡ
⡭
𼪶ôʰȴֻǿЦһȻʲôҲû˵
¼̫ƽ󽢶ӵȫûȻ㿪ʼָʵǺĸϾһ㽢ֻzyuָװĻĸȻĻһĸҪָԭеʵҪ43
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ϹζЩ̫϶ĵ
Ҫxng֪ȻǸطԴǺܷḻλȴʵǹؼĺζ治ȷӢ˺û˻᲻Ὣطó
ǲõĻ
ҪǲõĻǱߵսϲ̫ʱ䰡
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ҲûָǻὫ˵Ϲ̧ͷ˿컨塰ֻթһǶҪǹԹԽҪǲ͵ĻóǸϾǱߵҪʲôľ͵Ƚ˵
ϹȻﴹyοǶǱߵҲܲǱϾҪõ¹һĪ˹ﵽҲʲôֵϹ˵
Ժ͵¹ϹⲢȻ¹˺ǿϹԼĹԲ¹Ĺ
ںʲôûڵʵȥ·ҲǱȽ鷳ϹѾ˵Ĺҵغ͵¹սĲȫԴֱǰʯ͵ҲֱӴˡʺͿڰݽİͿҲһܺõʯ͹
Ǻ͵¹սĻʧ»ܴ
ҵ¹վҲrܱȵټӵ¹ձװ88mmshǿվ½Ե¹˵Ч¶̫
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Ľڵһֱ϶Ļʩ൱Ϸı׼Ļͨһ־10û˵
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ҪǴ̵ĻܲܰŶ˰·Ҳһ飿
Ӣ˺ĴӦĻԭסô죿
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ϹⱾˣϹ⵱ȻܺʱһοʱҲڱӵһԱ
ϹԺ˵軹˽һЩҲǱȲϣ˻ȽϹؼϹںԺ˵ӡȿȹһƬĺϹӡʲôĺʺϵ˶ﾶһʲôıĺûʲô
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Ŀǰйаڶ˿ڿǵĿǰռеĵڻ˺Ͱ˾סĵйĹлûһǺs

ⲻϹϣйֺs֡
ں˵ķֳϹӡټӺͺ˻ĻֻԽҲϹ⻹Щִ
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Ƭ̺Ϲ⿴ζ˵
ҪӢͬ˾͸ĺÿ˷һǮȻǵڽķ޵ȥ
ϹõǹҪΪڷѾȫΪŷ޵ֳѾһdlҶû˲Ҳʡ˺ܶ鷳˵Ҽĳɱʲô
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Щ˵Ϲ뷨ʵں˿ڲһǧӿʱȴֻһһ˿
һٶ˿ȫǨƵĻǲܵ
ں޵սʲôĲҲʮʮ
ֻǹģ΢һѺοzhngfǷŰҷѣ
ҪҪԼǮʲôĸɴֱӷʳӲͨ
ôҲһôǾȫûк˴ڵڵִ󽫲ᷢκε鷳顭
һҲһܴĹֻҪһЩĻܱ֤ûκ©֮㡪ʵҲûϵȵҵĺ˶ǨƳȥ㽫кsֳûҲֱ˶ϵ
˵ʲôģʥĸʲôģֱɱԭסļϹԼǺʴȵıϾǸǮĶֱȥ
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ȻڽʱzhngfһӢͬ⽫øйzhngf;Բ̬ʵ϶zhngfȴѾ˳׼ӲѾ˻ִ϶ܿĳ
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ΪЧӵ¾ٶȣվٶԵ¾߰˴εĺըЩըУ¹վսйվĻսҲ˶ζԾ
ڶԾĿǶZD-20ȽƵĸ߿գµ¹վսxngܻмʻԱǳãڿսе¹վҲòƵС
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Բ⣬˿һССЦ˵ĿսӺܾܿͻ˶ҷ

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һ档ݹڲڣ882000׵shڡвZT-40ZT-41̹˵档
ZT-4045ص̹˵Ϊǣ֮ZT-41ҪϺܶࡣ2000׵ľڣֻҪһЩ㱻Ҳδؾһᱻ
ZT-40ֻҪеĻƾ͡
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˶ԣ3000ףҲ3ľǺܳģǶ̹3000׵ľȴǺңԶ
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ҲʱĬĲѾ2000ȽΣյľ롣
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һеZT-41̹ˣһshֿڵ
ڸոգһZT-41һȵĽ뵽88ڵЧshںshͬĻǣڿڶ׼̹ˣ׼ȷĻ
ڵ̹˵ʱڵȴϵĵˡ
˵йƵ̹ˣôӲҲȻ顣
ô˵ʱװѾһڵװá
ȷװϺٴνڿڶ׼˸ոյZT-41̹ˡ
ΪϷžһԱΪͰжеһԱЩshּٹʮĶ̹ˡҪҳһֻٹʮģǸ˶˼̧ͷ
ȻոյöڵˣǸshȴûôţֻ½ڿڶ׼˸ոյ̹ˣ
䣡
ڵٴ׼ȷĿ꣬Ϊ̹˱ȸոǰ˲پĹϵڵڻĿꡣ
ٵ̹ˣֲû±һףǽڿڶ׼һĿꡣ
εĽЩϣȻĿ̹˺͸ոյǸʵ࣬ƺҲȷǻĿ꣬Ǵ͸Ŀ꣬ڵûСûбըװϣ
⡭
ֵǶЩԾˣϾֵļҲʵ̫СһЩ
ҲֳԾĹ̹ٴǰ˲پ롭

ȻսĥģǱϾÿֶиոǸĺüϾһǧĿ꣬Ҫ׼ĻǱȽ鷳ģοЩĿ껹ʮٶƶĻĿꣿ
ңǽ뵽2000׵ںҲÿĿ궼ᱻ88ڻġ
һ棬൱һֵ̹˶2000ĬҲ´
ܵǸӪϣ
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ĬŵZT-40̹ӪӪʮZT-40̹ˡڸոյĹУĬZT-40øƶĻ˦ԼZT-41˶òԵ˵Ļ
һֱ2000׵ǰĬǺԼZT-41һٶȵġ
ڣȻҪˡ
ڵĬҪǾ칥ϵ˵ķߵİپʮԻǳ
ӦýZT-41̹ˣͺʷϵ¹Ļ̹һ㡣
Σ涼ˡ
ȫΪϹⱾ˵Ľ顣
ȻҲеĵطˣΪһӵľԣϹԻ̹˵һЩȱ㻹ǱȽ˽ġ
̹ˣҲսIIȻӢǱʼһȫΪʲôӢ˻ôС
̹ǵڶս¹̹ˡII̹˽ϴ󲿷ɱʽ̹ƸȴͻIƣĿͼսơ͵װ׼ǿĻȻʹ˾Ī㼰δӦõˣս߲û̫Ӱ졣
̹˺ͻIһװײɺӶɣװͬT-34һб״ͺͱʽ̹ƣʹ߷öس룬ռҲԵÿ80ڵ״ܺ͵ذϣҲСƷܡĶҰãĳѡԼͷ⡣
⻢̹װĳ88/L71ǿ1000ܹᴩ180׺װףǧֱܻ30ȵ132׸ְ壬ʹISϵ̹ˡM26Ҳ޷ֵԴ˾սĽս⿪𡣵ڵĸ߳ٵڹĥѸ٣ڸĳʽԷ
̹˴Ƕսڼ䵥սǿ̹ˡЩսųֵ̹˾Ͳˡ
Ȼǻ̹Ȼźܶ༼ϵ⣬תϵͳڹشѹͻȻϣҳĵ©͡
⡣̹˵ķͺľˣ׹ϨΪ̹˲ûвΪרſķֱӲֳɵ700ƥͺHL230/P45ͷԭڽıʽ̹ˣ45֣ͻI̹ˣ60֣ʹش70ֵĻ̹ˡһ֡С󳵡Ϊʱ̱ȫתܴ̹ˣȻἫ̶ȵļ𷢶ɿxngƳҺлԱܹʦ?ս͵̹˵ĹƵҪδִ֤ͶϵͳĹȸ̹˵ͨڻ̹ϱֵԡ
ѾһרΪ̹˶ƸHL234Ƴ׼Ϊ̹˻װûûеעͼȼֱ磩ȡP45ϵеĻṹȼЧʣ¿ĶԤ1000ƥ736ǧߣңѹ÷Ķǣڵ۹ĩڵ¹ս³ԽԴѷ֮оʱܵϮвЩֱսֻͣͼֽ׶Σһ̨ƷûȻܲҪⱾҲһ⡣
⻢̹ǽ70ֵҲΪˣΪ·޷޴ѹһֲֻýȸӵĻеҲΪһ⡣
ϹȻֻһӵľԣкһΪWOTҲ̹ĶϷĸԻ̹˶ҲЩ˽⡪Ϲ⵱ʱľDϵҲǵϵ̹ˣԻ̹ȻŹ
ҲˡϹҪϷŻҪٶȡ
ʽ̹˵ʱϹⲢûǿ̹˵ǿɿxngͻxngҪ
ƳZT-41̹ˣȻϺͻ൱ƣȴֻ60֣ʱڼרΪZT-40̹ʽʲͻ
750Ĵʲͻټ60ֵʹZT-41̹ܹ35ÿСʱʱٽʻ
ٶȣȻֻͬ45صZT-40ȣ̹˵Ҳ൱˲ˡ
һ棬ZT-40װ׺ȣҲﵽ൱200׾װ׵ĵزͺﵽ100ףͻ̹ҪǿһЩ
ڷ棬װҲ105mmL/68̹ڡ
2000׵shڣʹо£ܹ۵̹ˣǴӲ滹档
ܹ60ֵأﵽԽ̹˵ĵزҪһԭйʦǺ͵¹ʦǵͬ
¹һص㣬jngܺ͸ӡȻͨЩ¹װĿɿxng㲻װjngܺ͸ӵĻɻܶ鷳
˵ʱĹʱͳɱ˵ϵĲ㣬˵ڸӶµĿɿxngȡ
ZT-41ܹﵽ̶ֳȣҪΪǼΪעװļ⡣ȻϵȷܻƣڲĹȴر
ҲΪ˼򻯵ĹϵʱҲࡣ
Ȼ̫T-34ǿܹγ̹˺ZT-40ZT-41ȻҪȺڱͻĶࡣ
һ档ͱȽƶĵ¹ͬȻڽʱô˵ЩšǺ;ĹȣйȻڵشﲩһ֣йҲ൱ϡн
ʽ̹˵ʱЩʽ̹˵װ׵а൱̶ȵϡнҲʹ̹ڼͬʱҲװ׵ķ൱200׺ĸװס
ֻȻӵ൱200׺װףڽ뵽1000׵ľʱԵ¹88׸shڵʱZT-41װȻԵ൱Ĵ
ZT-41ˣ͸װ׺Ƚ120׵ZT-40̹ˡȻZT-40ͺͺڱ࣬ǺԾǺڱҲ1000׵ľڵֵ88׸shshڵ
սϣҲϷֻͨٱshshеĿxngڸѾĳȻ״̬Ļ¹˵ĸshҪsh̹˵ѶȻߺ̹ܶ࣬ͬײѾĿxngҲࡣ
ڽ޻ͬʱ̹˵ļʻԱҲֻܾ̹˵ٶȡȡһЩĳϵ¾ء

ۼЩΪٵZT-41أϵĸshҲ׷׽ĿתЩв̹ˡ
䣡
һ죬ס˶װ־ͿһZT-4088׸shڵڵֱСеڵ͸̹˵װףֱڵĵҩ
ѳĵҩ˾޴ıըըɵϡ
88׸shڵsh൱졣ﵽÿ1525ĵزȻĻҲܱǶսڼɹĻڡ
һ̹˺󣬺ܿ־ͽڿڶ׼һ̹ˡȴװֵװ
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ڽҩװںװִĶֺ
ҲôϾڻڸÿ춼ҪŻshʱľ޴ǵĶĽʵ൱ĺãοڻǹϵսϣ
װֵĻڵһͷҲٴνڵshһµĿꡣ
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ЩֵǡεڵȻĿ꣬ڵȻˡ
˵ո׼һZT-41̹Ѿ뵽1000ڣ˵ǲӦû״ġ
ҲԾʱ̹˳˷ߡ
𣡣
ڳϵ¾ߵʱ򣬳ִ󺰵
Ҳû˵ʲôֻԼе105mm̹ڣһ88׸shͬڵʿһ졣
ڸshڵĸ൱88ڵڱըƬѳ巢˾ҵıըű88ڵĲк䵽˵ϺҵһսС
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װֻװŵҩʱź̹ڲе12.7mmǹЩ¶ͷĵ¾ʿɨshš
˵12.7mmǹshٿ϶޷8mmǹ1500shȣ12.7mmĿھȻɱ˵
ֻǴŰңʿ˻ǹ¡֮ΪֻҪǱ12.7mmھǹshеˣshе֫ȻĻ۱ֻһ³ܿϧʿûһ֫
Ȼ12.7mmǹܺãҲֻú̹ڲеĻǹɨshȴûһóĻǹսڱϾڵоصС˭Ҳ֪Щʲô©֮֮ģ˵ǹҲЯһ滤ܣҪԻǹλϵĻǹִǹ滤Ǿܱסǹֵxngġ

һ̹˳ϵ¾أ¾ķıˡģȫ̹˶ںŵģװװ׳еĻеǣҲʼ̹˵Ĳһ
죬죬죡
װ׳ǰͣº󡣳ڵİ೤Ŵ򿪣ȻԼĲǴĺ
೤ʿҲһĶӲų˳ȥȻԼеԶԶǹ׼Щڵĵˡ
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ʱһǹҲܵһȽϺõλϣԼ8mmǹãȻżŻ֧Ԯ
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Ϊ˵塣ҲΪ˹͵¹˵꣬ϾҪǸĻҲܶԵ¹սˡ
ԭڣжļǻеӻĦлӣʿҲڻϵġҪЯshʲôģֻҪһװ׳٣ֿɾʹˡ
ĲᣬٳڵʿһܹҴڳΧˣҲꡣ
ҺһĻ治ͬshڵĻ棬ֻҪŵģɾͺŪˡ
ǴӰȫǴʿǵϿǾܽshŷսġŷսҲ̫ƽĵ죬صЩɽrˣԾʹõĻҲʲô󰭡
һ棬źĻеҲ𽥵ĸϵҴӴǵװ׳뵽˶Էߵ󣬷ѾĿʼС
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ǹ죬ȴѾʼ򼺷ƫսĬһԵĲʵ
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193991rսʱ¹װʦʵʱƸΪӣװʦΪ4̹Ӫ3sthװʦıƳ4̹Ӫ⻹䱸һװ׽̵Ӫ391̹ˣ³10sthװʦʱɵġշװʦ2̹Ӫ¹19396װʦ⻹4װʦӦ䱸1̹Ӫʵ1sthװʦ̹ӪΪ32sthװʦ̹ӪΪ2
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1941ʱ¹װʦΪ21װñƣԭװʦԳ1̹µװʦ³11-20װʦͬʱ5sthװʦΪ21sthװʦ˵2ƺ3װʦֱ䱸150-200̹ˣսʷ˵Ƿֱ䱸135209̹ˣʵΪҡֱ3Ӫ4ƣ12̹3Ӫ3ƣ9̹2Ӫ4ƣ8̹2Ӫ3ƣ6̹Ȳͬơ
1942¹װʦһΪ27ͬʱͼƶһͳһƣǾ1942̹űơ2̹Ӫ̹162ʵʱȻΪҡȻ޷ͳһ
1943˹սǰϦ¹28װʦ16װײʦװʦ19439µ¹ٴͼͳһƣƶ1943װʦƣ1̹ţϽ2̹Ӫ1Ӫͺڱ̹ˡ2Ӫ4̹ˣÿӪϽ4ÿ22̹ˣӪŲ8̹ˣÿӪ96ÿ200̹ˡ
йõľÿ200̹˵ıơҲ˵ԭĬӦ200̹˵ġϽ̹Ӫ̹ţһӪװľZT-40̹ˣһӪװľZT-41̹ˡ
ֻȿȡڱϮٹĹУȻڿվĿͶԮĬЩװײӵľٲҪȼϵ⣬ʱ̹ȻźܶëЩëֽZT-40ZT-41̹Ҳ޷⣬Ǳȵ¹ʽҪǿһЩڱϮĹУжʮ̹˲òԭء
Ҳ˵ڵִսĬе̹170
ڡ
ʧȽϴ󣬻ʣ²һ̹ˡ
Ҳ˵ʧ˰ʮ𡭡
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װײӣ¹ˣ
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Ҳ˵벻ǺԶ˰
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Ȼֻʣ¾Ƕ̹ˣĬԼĲȴȻ൱ţ˵ǶԲǵţĬΪװ̹ˣԲѷκˣ̹˴¹Ͷ

жϳСʱʱ䲻Թݵоأһ붼кĬʣµľǶ̹˼άޱս̹˽άޡ
̹ܲܶڲڵõվ鱨оֻʣ²ʮʱĬȫ̹˳
Ȼһսڱ˴˫뵽Ĺľ룬Ĭúõķһµʱȴ⵽˵оӭͷʹ
䣡
ڻھҵʱĬһZT-40ˡ
һĻĬüͷһ壬Ҫ֪ZT-40̹ˣҲ120׵װסڽ뵽2000׵ʱ򱻻٣Ĭ֣ھ3000׵¡
ĬôŵʱǰԶһZT-41ҲУ͸ոյZT-40ͬһZT-41ȴǱȽ׵ĵ˶ֵڵ
һĻĬһҽոյ⡣
Ͼںս߶ʲôģҲбʱǣ
ȻĬ̹˲Уȴ̹˱١
ڽ뵽2000׵ľںZT-41̹˱١
Ҳʱ򣬶Է̹˽һĬıȽľ롣
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Ŷһһȵ̹ˣĬԾĵ
ʱ̹ڵߵҲϴ˳Ծ
Ϊڶ棬ĬһZT-41һģһ̹ˡҪϹĻʶľǵ¹ڶսʱǿ̹ˣ̹ˡ
Ĭȴڿ̹˵ͬʱǶԾˡ
ҲĬԾʱһZT-41ˣһκһͬҲ2000ľϡ
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ϹҲԾΪӦǶսĩڲŻǳǿз̹˵İپʮ̹ս
Իз̹ڣǶսʱڵ¹װһַ̹лڣ1944һֱ۵սڶߺߵսжʹãͬʱԻʽз̹ҲǶսʱͶʹõصװս
ʷͻΪ̹лڵĳɹɴ¹ľ쵼еװսĵĵΪ̹лڵĵĵ̡Իʽʹù̶ṹʹ̵ͬĿתṹԻʽװھĻڣ̶ṹҲܼںͳɱΪװ̶ҪĸӻеһЩ
1942ͳ˧´һ128mmھװװ׵̵1942518rԪϣҪ128mmӦװ̹ս֧Ԯshʾ128mmھӵвshʣͬʱԽСھ88mm105mmھҲԡ
1943꣬ͳ˧128mmھ䱪ʽǻʽ̹˵̣ľģ͵Ľ֤ʽ̹˵ĵ̲ʺϡ19431020rһľģװһ̹˵ĵϣڶ³ʿԪ׵ǰչʾԭͳɡһװ8ֵĲҵİ汾305001һװ9ֵĺҵİ汾30500219442£ʹû̵ĲƷʼʱ򣬱ΪԱVI͡ΪԻԻʽ̹˼߻ʽװSd.Kfz.186
ͬԱʽ̹˼߻ڱʽ̹һԻҲԴ̹ˡԻһӳĻ̣֮һεĹ̶ЧʹԻװصķװ׺һܻսʱκ̹˵128mmPaK44L/55ڡ
Իװ׺ȴﵽ250mmװ׺Ҳﵽ150mmڵshֻ10ȣʹԻڱҪʱòת׼Ŀsh
ڹڿŵĳغķԻҲĻеͼϵ⡣ִսʱԻê֪ļ¼ûκһ˾ĻڿԻԻװסʵϣԻΪеϺȱȼ϶ģԵзĹ
һ棬Իװ128mmPaK44L/55ڣԭǸʷصʽ̹װġܶ˶սʽûһܹͶսûһʵ̹ܹ
ʱĵ¹ûϹֵĻᰴԭʷ켣չ
һսսܡսܺ𣬶սĺɨŷޣһ·ƽĪ˹ƣ󱻶Ƶ֣ϣյɱա
Ϲĳ֣ʹõ¹ʷһЩı䡣
˵¹ĵ˶ûʷǿ
ڱϹĴ̼ʹòٵҪԭʷֵĸ硣
˵ʽ˵˵Ի
ᵮʽԻΪе½ʱڣйװ̹˶Ե¹ϣɵĴ̼
ϣһõˣټ˶̹˵Ȥʹ̹ⷽȵ¹ǿ
ϣյʱڡһʽ̹˱˳
Ե¹˵42ʱҲǸʽʲôġսϱ¶ZT-40ZT-41̹ˣרڶԸǵĻԻҲˡ
Ի
ȻԻ128mmڵıֻ55ȻܹΪ׵ĻZT-41ߴ200׵װס
ZT-41Ȼװ105mmL/68͵Ļڣʹо£ҪԻߴ250mmװҲһ׵顭
Ȼ¹Ի̹ˣʱϾж̣ҲûϵȥټȻںйĹʦǽй󣬵¹ʦעؼϵ⣬ʹ̹˵ɱ͹ʱȱʷϵ̹ͬҪǿ࣬ڿɿxngȻźܴ⡣
ټҪӾԶսϱ۶ٵ̹˺ͷ̹˳êòͣԭأԵִսĵ¹̹˲Ǻܶ࣬и൱һֻǱʽһ̹ˡ
ڹΪʲôûװԻз̹˻ڣ
ӵӴĿվ½󣬹ȻװǱҲչ˼xngܻ㲻ķ̹ͻȴûб½ۡ
Щ̹ͻȣ½ǸϲZT-40ZT-41̹ˡ
νԷ̹ˣ½ĽǿֻҪ̹ԶǿڶԷġȻҲͲˡ
ĿǰԵǣйװϵļҪǿ¹̹ǿҲҪй֮¡
£ȻҲûбҪչǿ̹˼߻ˡ
̹˼߻ĳ֡Ҳԭġ
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ȻľһеĻ󣬺ȻģｫĿת˶
ҲܹľһУҪ֪ʡΪǿrͱռϵɡսɶڸһ
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սɳrŽȼ죬ʹľһʡĴȨҲǼءأϰ뵺ѾȫˣӡҲˣзɱھȺҲڶʧУôȥĻľһеĴʡҲûʲôܹܵĵطˡĴΪ̫Ҫˣǲʡܵġ
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Ȼľһе飬ڵõӢɺȴǱ˼ĸˡ
˵һֱԡĸ١ƣǼȻϺ󳼣ô;Ǹ֮
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Ϊ˵ĽУĵؾһεĻǡ
ȻûںսзӵӰҲòٵr˸еͷۡϾֻҵӲһǣȷսʤ
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ǾݷݡԵϷ⣬ҲΨһһȫλȴݣ밢˹УеݷݣҲΨһһûκλ޴½ݡԣǳغȺ⣬϶˵һݡ϶˵϶˵ĦȺȺֲϣǰ˾Ӷݷݵ֮һݡӵ˿ڱаԼռ֮һΪrˡˡɱˡйˡˡ
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Ȼһʱڻûô˿ڣĵԭסmnzhҪˣҲԳƿɿˡֲ̫ƽ󶫱ȺϷɹֺͰĴֵĻ͡Ϊ˵һ֧ĲǺԭס˳ŷֳߵԡͳΣ˿һ˿𲽻ΪѪˡֻв˱ͳĻԣͨӢرռֻܵͲֲ԰ʹϵϵ塣ŷ̡ıײ㡣
ҲΪԭԵǰ˵r˵½ĺr˲û⵽Щԭסĵִ
෴r˷ܵЩԭסһӭΪšrˣ˵࣬вrͬʱҲȷҪһЩΪṩһЩƷ˵Ҳûһ˽Ⱥ
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Ȼ⵽һеش˱ҲһοȻװǷִװصģǲǹһĵȴЯġ
Ȼǹһˮ󡣱ϾɱܼһĻˮ10ûʲôɱˡ͸˴һˣҪϮ˵ĻʼҪˮġ
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2050ڣӢԴӼװ䴬ʹüװ䴬Уװжװ䲢㣬Ҫװú豸뽫װװжʽΪ˻ֱ¼װ䴬װжʽӵϵ¸Ϊˮƽҵ
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ΪսҪˣԸŻῪʼý
˵սʱ򣬸ĹϵҪñսǰһЩбȽԵľӢͶսǰӢͶĹϵһ㲻ãӢǹõ¹Ϊļȷ档
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ڣӢȻˣǶףսʱǾԲìܵģΪ𼪶ԸͶ˺
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ڣûиʮʮʱ䣬ЩǲָԪģǸʱ򣬱˵ԭӵˣ¾ҲѾŪˡ
ǸʱһȻֻսʱһ㣬Ȼ࿴˳ۣȴҲֻܰǸʱҲǹzhngfõķչʱ

ۼսܻܿʧܣrˣСѱ˼Ѿǽȫϣ˵¹ѵϡϾɥʧ˼ȫֳغrѾҲûʲôʵܹˡ
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һսʱ򣬾;۵ЭԼһߣȻĲǺܶࡣҲɹĳΪսʤһԱʱĵ¹Ͱٵ۹ǰ˹⼸һơ
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Ȼۼԭǣֻʣ룬ĹڶδȴԽԽˡ

ۼĹԽԽĹڲ̬ҲԽԽۡ
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Ȼ󣬹㵺ͳûˡ
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ʱrѾɥʧ˰ڵĴ󲿷ֻʣһʺrﹶӲдš
ڳʱɽ޷ЧĽкըͶװټrڳʵı൱ǿΪ˱֣Թûжء
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ԭӵǡǡЩ˵ǰ֤Լ
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һУҲ֤ԭӵ
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Ҳԭӵ⣬ܺըԽ˴󺣺ڵִǴ˴εĿĵأr
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ԼԿǼܺըһֵĵ
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ϵըĲ״㵺в¡ըʱþͽǣڱըߣԼ֮ݱ˵ڳҽƴѧסԺĲҽԱǣ󲿷ݶڳսʩУ˵Ҳʿ
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ڳԭӵͶûã㵺ҲͶһöԭӵ
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ͬҲΪԭʹĹӳ׵ɥʧ˶ȡʤϣ
ԭӵʲôģzhngfһҲֻöеһö޲ˣͶöԭӵ󣬹zhngfûмrͶԭӵٴҪrzhngfͶ
ԭӵ̨rzhngfҲ൱ľ֣ϾǿܹһеǶͶͶrȴó
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һ棬zhngfȴrĺըҲֻͣڵȴrͶϹҲr˼ʶԭӵǵͶҲǲܵģϾʷϱԭӵըrҲǹһڲžͶġ
ȻѾʶԭӵôžrͶҲò˶ˡϾrѾȫûлʤĿˡ
ȻʱzhngfҲʲô鶼û
ϾzhngfһĿԭӵ˵һ޲Աӵ˹㵺ͳ⣬ʣ»ôһûء
ԭӵⶫһõϵĻҲֻôһΣϹɲöԭӵ˷ˡڹ㵺ͳ⵽ԭӵĹûáϹÿվһöԭӵ͵ŷȥ׼õ¹Ҳʶһԭӵ
Ȼͺϵ˼һϹֻõ¹˼ʶһԭӵѣ׼ԭӵӵһĵطȥˣ˵ĵطҲ׼ӡ
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ܼ򵥰ΪʶԭӵĻrǲͶģĻҪķѰ˵Ĵ۲пܹrǵ¹ͲͬˣֻҪ°֣սˣȻȻҲûнԭӵӵ¹˵ͷϵıҪˣ
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ȻЩͲΪ˵ҲˣϾܶ黹ǲ֪ġ
Ϲ´󣬺ܿһöԭӵͱͨ˵ķʽŷսʷrڳ鱻ԭӵ˵һںͶģϹɲϣr͵¹Ͷԭӵû˵
ԣͨ·ķʽʵ̫ˣõĽпˣϾ˵ЧҪ½˺ͺ˸߳ܶ࣬ǸǸ⡭

ڲһո޺òõĻϡɽ˺һƬ˶ѼΪľǿԭӵǸʲô
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ԭӵrսûãzhngfѾѼԭӵ鱨
˵֪ԭӵ¹սʱ򣬺ܿһȺĶѾϣΪҫɡɲûоܾˣ˾ҵĽһιۣĻҲѧĵʲô
ڣ˾ĽǣҲĽ죬쳤ӵĿŴĵöԭӵ
ʵԭӵֶǲ˽⡣
ʵڶսڼ䡣оԭӵĹҳй⣬зӢr
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